AU Base Implementation Guide
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AU Base Implementation Guide, published by HL7 Australia. This guide is not an authorized publication; it is the continuous build for version 4.2.2-ci-build built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) CI Build. This version is based on the current content of https://github.com/hl7au/au-fhir-base/ and changes regularly. See the Directory of published versions

Sex and Gender

Page standards status: Informative

The guidance below addresses how sex, gender, and related concepts can be structured in FHIR and conformant to AU Base.

Name to Use (NtU)​

AU Base supports representation and exchange of the Name to Use data element (as defined in the HL7 Cross Paradigm Implementation Guide: Gender Harmony - Sex and Gender Representation, Edition 1) in:

Name to Use is represented using “usual” in name.use.

Example: RelatedPerson resource with name to use

{
  "resourceType" : "RelatedPerson",
    ...
    "name" : [
    {
      "use" : "usual",
      "family" : "Franklin",
      "given" : [
        "Stella"
      ]
    }
  ],
  ...
}

Pronouns​

AU Base supports representation and exchange of the Pronouns data element (as defined in the HL7 Cross Paradigm Implementation Guide: Gender Harmony - Sex and Gender Representation, Edition 1) in:

Pronouns is represented with the Individual Pronouns extension. In AU Base the value element of the Individual Pronouns extension is constrained to be Australian Pronouns (extensible).

When populating the value element of the Individual Pronouns extension:

  • they/them/their/theirs/themselves may be represented by sending the LOINC Answer (LA) code LA29520-6
  • she/her/her/hers/herself may be represented by sending the LOINC Answer (LA) code LA29519-8
  • he/him/his/his/himself may be represented by sending the LOINC Answer (LA) code LA29518-0
  • Prefer not to answer may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “asked-declined”
  • Asked but not known may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “asked-unknown”
  • Not stated or inadequately described may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “unknown”
  • Where the workflow does not support obtaining a pronoun, it may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “not-asked”
  • Where a pronoun is provided but does not correspond to one of the Australian Pronouns terms then a text only or alternative specific coded value can be supplied.

Example: Practitioner resource with pronouns

{
  "resourceType" : "Practitioner",
    ...
    {
      "url" : "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/individual-pronouns",
      "extension" : [
        {
          "url" : "value",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                "code" : "LA29519-8",
                "display" : "she/her/her/hers/herself"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "url" : "period",
          "valuePeriod" : {
            "start" : "2001-05-06"
          }
        }
      ]
    },
  ...
}

Example: Patient resource with prefer not to answer for pronouns

{
  "resourceType" : "Patient",
    ...
    {
      "url" : "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/individual-pronouns",
      "extension" : [
        {
          "url" : "value",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/data-absent-reason",
                "code" : "asked-declined",
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    },
  ...
}

Gender Identity (GI)

AU Base supports representation and exchange of the Gender Identity data element (as defined in the HL7 Cross Paradigm Implementation Guide: Gender Harmony - Sex and Gender Representation, Edition 1) and aligned to Australian Bureau of Statics Standard for Sex, Gender, Variations of Sex Characteristics and Sexual Orientation Variables, 2020 in:

Gender Identity is represented with the Individual Gender Identity extension. In AU Base the value element of the Individual Gender Identity extension is constrained to be Gender Identity Response value set (extensible).

When populating the value element of the Individual Gender Identity extension:

  • Man or male may be represented by sending the SNOMED CT code 446151000124109|Identifies as male gender|
  • Woman or female may be represented by sending the SNOMED CT code 446141000124107|Identifies as female gender|
  • Non-binary may be represented by sending the SNOMED CT code 33791000087105|Identifies as nonbinary gender|
  • [I/They] use a different term (please specify) may be represented by sending only text and no coding
  • Prefer not to answer may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “asked-declined”
  • Not stated or inadequately described may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “unknown”
  • Where the workflow does not support obtaining a gender identity value, it may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “not-asked”

Example: Patient resource with gender identity

{
  "resourceType" : "Patient",
    ...
    "extension" : [
    {
      "url" : "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/individual-genderIdentity",
      "extension" : [
        {
          "url" : "value",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                "code" : "446141000124107",
                "display" : "Identifies as female gender (finding)"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    },
  ...
}

Recorded Sex or Gender

AU Base supports representation and exchange of the Recorded Sex or Gender (RSG) data element (as defined in the HL7 Cross Paradigm Implementation Guide: Gender Harmony - Sex and Gender Representation, Edition 1) in:

RSG is represented with the Person Recorded Sex or Gender extension. In AU Base:

RSG information includes the various sex and gender concepts that are often used in existing systems but are known to not reliably represent a gender identity, sex parameter for clinical use, or attributes related to sexuality, such as sexual orientation, sexual activity, or sexual attraction. When populating recorded sex or gender it is important to select a meaningful terminology for the value element of the Person Recorded Sex or Gender extension. For example, when representing a biological sex value it is recommended to use a biological sex value set. See Sex Assigned at Birth for specific guidance on the representation of Sex Assigned at Birth.

Example: Patient resource with recorded gender from a passport

{
  "resourceType" : "Patient",
    ...
    {
      "url" : "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/individual-recordedSexOrGender",
      "extension" : [
        {
          "url" : "value",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "http://hl7.org/fhir/administrative-gender",
                "code" : "female"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "url" : "type",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                "code" : "46098-0"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "url" : "effectivePeriod",
          "valuePeriod" : {
            "start" : "2024-12-25"
          }
        },
        {
          "url" : "sourceDocument",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "http://terminology.hl7.org.au/CodeSystem/rsg-source-document-type",
                "code" : "passport"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "url" : "sourceField",
          "valueString" : "Sex"
        },
        {
          "url" : "jurisdiction",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "urn:iso:std:iso:3166",
                "code" : "AU",
                "display" : "Australia"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  ...
}

Sex Assigned at Birth

AU Base supports representation and exchange of the Sex Assigned at Birth data element (as defined in the HL7 Cross Paradigm Implementation Guide: Gender Harmony - Sex and Gender Representation, Edition 1) in:

Sex Assigned at Birth is represented with the Person Recorded Sex or Gender extension:

  • the type element is populated with the SNOMED CT code 1515311000168102|Biological sex at birth|
  • the value element is constrained to be Biological Sex (extensible)

The FHIR Work Group is interested in views on whether Biological Sex value set should be a required binding in future releases of AU Base. Please join a meeting or contact the FHIR Work Group if you have any views or perspectives on this.

When populating the value element of the Person Recorded Sex or Gender extension for Sex Assigned at Birth:

  • Male may be represented by sending the SNOMED CT code 248153007|Male|
  • Female may be represented by sending the SNOMED CT code 248152002|Female|
  • Intersex may be represented by sending the SNOMED CT code 32570691000036108|Intersex|
  • Indeterminate sex may be represented by sending the SNOMED CT code 32570681000036106|Indeterminate sex|
  • Prefer not to answer may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “asked-declined”
  • Asked but not known may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “asked-unknown”
  • Not stated or inadequately described may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “unknown”
  • Where the workflow does not support obtaining a sex at birth, it may be represented by sending the Data Absent Reason code “not-asked”

Example: Patient resource with Sex Assigned at Birth from birth certificate

{
  "resourceType" : "Patient",
    ...
    {
      "url" : "http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/individual-recordedSexOrGender",
      "extension" : [
        {
          "url" : "value",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                "code" : "248153007",
                "display" : "Male"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "url" : "type",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                "code" : "1515311000168102",
                "display" : "Biological sex at birth"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "url" : "effectivePeriod",
          "valuePeriod" : {
            "start" : "1974-12-25"
          }
        },
        {
          "url" : "acquisitionDate",
          "valueDateTime" : "2005-12-06"
        },
        {
          "url" : "sourceDocument",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : 
          {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                "code" : "71230-7",
                "display" : "Birth certificate"
              },
              {
                "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                "code" : "444561001",
                "display" : "Birth certificate"
              }
            ],
            "text" : "Scan of birth certificate"
          }
        },
        {
          "url" : "sourceField",
          "valueString" : "Sex"
        },
        {
          "url" : "jurisdiction",
          "valueCodeableConcept" : {
            "coding" : [
              {
                "system" : "https://healthterminologies.gov.au/fhir/CodeSystem/australian-states-territories-1",
                "code" : "QLD"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "url" : "comment",
          "valueString" : "Patient transitioned from male to female in 2001, but their birth certificate still indicates male."
        }
      ]
    },
  ...
}