Quality Measure Implementation Guide
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Quality Measure Implementation Guide, published by HL7 International / Clinical Quality Information. This guide is not an authorized publication; it is the continuous build for version 6.0.0-ballot built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) CI Build. This version is based on the current content of https://github.com/HL7/cqf-measures/ and changes regularly. See the Directory of published versions

Measure: EXM108 - Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis (Experimental)

Official URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cqm/Measure/EXM108-FHIR Version: 8.2.000
Active as of 2022-02-22 Computable Name: EXM108
Other Identifiers: http://example.org/fhir/cqi/ecqm/Measure/Identifier/cms#108 (use: official, )

Usage:Venue: EH

Copyright/Legal: Measure specifications are in the Public Domain.

LOINC(R) is a registered trademark of the Regenstrief Institute.

This material contains SNOMED Clinical Terms(R) (SNOMED CT(C)) copyright 2004-2017 International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization. All rights reserved.

This measure assesses the number of patients who received VTE prophylaxis or have documentation why no VTE prophylaxis was given the day of or the day after hospital admission or surgery end date for surgeries that start the day of or the day after hospital admission

Title: EXM108 - Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis
Id: EXM108-FHIR
Version: 8.2.000
Url: EXM108 - Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis
Official

108

Effective Period: 2018-01-01..2018-12-31
Experimental: true
Publisher: HL7 International / Clinical Quality Information
Description:

This measure assesses the number of patients who received VTE prophylaxis or have documentation why no VTE prophylaxis was given the day of or the day after hospital admission or surgery end date for surgeries that start the day of or the day after hospital admission

Use Context:
code value
venue
Jurisdiction: US
Topic: 57024-2
Copyright:

Measure specifications are in the Public Domain.

LOINC(R) is a registered trademark of the Regenstrief Institute.

This material contains SNOMED Clinical Terms(R) (SNOMED CT(C)) copyright 2004-2017 International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization. All rights reserved.

Disclaimer:

These performance measures are not clinical guidelines and do not establish a standard of medical care, and have not been tested for all potential applications. The measures and specifications are provided without warranty

Scoring:

Proportion

Type:

process

Rationale:

Hospitalized patients at high-risk for VTE may develop an asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and die from pulmonary embolism (PE) even before the diagnosis is suspected. The majority of fatal events occur as sudden or abrupt death, underscoring the importance of prevention as the most critical action step for reducing death from PE (Geerts, et al, 2008).

The estimated annual incidence of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), known collectively as venous thromboembolism (VTE), is approximately 900,000 (Geerts, et al, 2008). Approximately two-thirds of cases of DVT or PE are associated with recent hospitalization. This is consistent with the 2001 report by The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). AHRQ indicates that "the appropriate application of effective preventive measures in hospitals has major potential for improving patient safety by reducing the incidence of venous thromboembolism" (Shojania, 2001).

Despite its proven effectiveness, rates of appropriate thromboprophylaxis remain low in both medical and surgical patients. A recent analysis from the ENDORSE survey, which evaluated prophylaxis rates in 17,084 major surgery patients, found that more than one third of patients at risk for VTE (38%) did not receive prophylaxis and that rates varied by surgery type (Cohen, et al., 2008).

In a review of evidence-based patient safety practices, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality defined thromboprophylaxis against VTE as the "number one patient safety practice" for hospitalized patients (Shojania, 2001). Updated "safe practices" published by the National Quality Forum (NQF) recommend routine evaluation of hospitalized patients for risk of VTE and use of appropriate prophylaxis (National Quality Forum. National Voluntary Consensus Standards for Prevention and Care of Venous Thromboembolism, 2006).

As noted by the ACCP, a vast number of randomized clinical trials provide irrefutable evidence that thromboprophylaxis reduces VTE events, and there are studies that have also shown that fatal PE is prevented by thromboprophylaxis (Geerts, et al. 2008).

Some select surgeries have previously been monitored in the Surgical Care Improvement Project; since performance on these surgeries has achieved very high levels, they are not included in this measure.

Clinical recommendation statement:

Failure to recognize and protect patients at risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) increases the chances for acutely ill hospitalized patients at high risk for developing a deep vein thrombosis or dying from a pulmonary emboli. Screening all patients is the only evidence based practice in reducing incidence of disease. All hospitalized patients should be evaluated for primary VTE prophylaxis, and given appropriate prophylaxis when indicated.

Improvement Notation:

Increased score indicates improvement

Population Criteria:
Initial Population: Patients age 18 and older discharged from hospital inpatient acute care without a diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) or obstetrics with a length of stay less than or equal to 120 days that ends during the measurement period
Numerator: Patients who received VTE prophylaxis: - the day of or the day after hospital admission - the day of or the day after surgery end date for surgeries that end the day of or the day after hospital admission Patients who have documentation of a reason why no VTE prophylaxis was given: - between arrival and hospital admission - the day of or the day after hospital admission - the day of or the day after surgery end date (for surgeries that end the day of or the day after hospital admission)
Denominator: All patients in the initial population
Denominator Exclusion: * Patients who have a length of stay less than 2 days * Patients with comfort measures documented anytime between arrival and the day after hospital admission * Patients with comfort measures documented by the day after surgery end date for surgeries that start the day of or the day after hospital admission * Patients who are direct admits to intensive care unit (ICU), or transferred to ICU the day of or the day after hospital admission with ICU length of stay greater than or equal to one day * Patients with a principal diagnosis of mental disorders or stroke * Patients with a principal procedure of Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) VTE selected surgeries
Supplemental Data Elements:

SDE Ethnicity

SDE Payer

SDE Race

SDE Sex

Libraries:
EXM108 - Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Library
Terminology and Other Dependencies:
  • Supplemental Data Elements Libraryversion: null2.0.0)
  • http://fhir.org/guides/cqf/common/Library/FHIRHelpers|4.0.1
  • MAT Global Common Functions FHIR Libraryversion: null5.0.000)
  • TJC Overall Libraryversion: null4.0.000)
  • VTE ICU Libraryversion: null5.0.000)
  • Condition Clinical Status Codes
  • Logical Observation Identifiers, Names and Codes (LOINC)
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.307
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.263
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.279
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.264
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1045.39
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.223
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.219
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.211
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.232
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1110.48
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.214
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.230
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.256
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.1743
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.134
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.202
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.259
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.261
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.400
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.213
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.218
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.222
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.205
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1045.41
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1111.143
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.292
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.473
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.93
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1110.23
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.105.12.1004
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.212
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.247
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.255
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.257
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.258
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.260
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.272
  • http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/1.3.6.1.4.1.33895.1.3.0.45
  • Parameters:
    name use min max type
    Measurement Period In 0 1 Period
    SDE Sex Out 0 1 Coding
    Numerator Out 0 * Encounter
    Denominator Out 0 * Encounter
    SDE Payer Out 0 * Resource
    Initial Population Out 0 * Encounter
    SDE Ethnicity Out 0 * Coding
    Denominator Exclusion Out 0 * Resource
    SDE Race Out 0 * Coding
    DataRequirements:
    Resource Type Resource Elements Valueset Name Valueset
    Patient(Patient) extension value birthDate url
    Encounter(Encounter) period type Emergency Department Visit http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.292
    Encounter(Encounter) period type Observation Services http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1111.143
    Encounter(Encounter) period type status Encounter Inpatient http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.307
    MedicationAdministration(MedicationAdministration) dosage.route dosage medication Unfractionated Heparin http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.218
    MedicationAdministration(MedicationAdministration) medication Direct Thrombin Inhibitor http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.205
    MedicationAdministration(MedicationAdministration) medication Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1045.41
    MedicationAdministration(MedicationAdministration) dosage.route dosage medication status Low Dose Unfractionated Heparin for VTE Prophylaxis http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1045.39
    MedicationAdministration(MedicationAdministration) medication status Low Molecular Weight Heparin for VTE Prophylaxis http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.219
    MedicationAdministration(MedicationAdministration) medication status Injectable Factor Xa Inhibitor for VTE Prophylaxis http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.211
    MedicationAdministration(MedicationAdministration) medication status Warfarin http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.232
    MedicationAdministration(MedicationAdministration) effective medication status Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor for VTE Prophylaxis or VTE Treatment http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.134
    MedicationRequest(MedicationRequest) medication Low Dose Unfractionated Heparin for VTE Prophylaxis http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1045.39
    MedicationRequest(MedicationRequest) medication Low Molecular Weight Heparin for VTE Prophylaxis http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.219
    MedicationRequest(MedicationRequest) medication Injectable Factor Xa Inhibitor for VTE Prophylaxis http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.211
    MedicationRequest(MedicationRequest) medication Warfarin http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.232
    ServiceRequest(ServiceRequest) code Venous foot pumps (VFP) http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.230
    ServiceRequest(ServiceRequest) code Intermittent pneumatic compression devices (IPC) http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.214
    ServiceRequest(ServiceRequest) code Graduated compression stockings (GCS) http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.256
    ServiceRequest(ServiceRequest) code intent Comfort Measures http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/1.3.6.1.4.1.33895.1.3.0.45
    Procedure(Procedure) code General Surgery http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.255
    Procedure(Procedure) code Gynecological Surgery http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.257
    Procedure(Procedure) code Hip Fracture Surgery http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.258
    Procedure(Procedure) code Intracranial Neurosurgery http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.260
    Procedure(Procedure) code Urological Surgery http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.272
    Procedure(Procedure) code status Comfort Measures http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/1.3.6.1.4.1.33895.1.3.0.45
    Procedure(Procedure) code Hip Replacement Surgery http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.259
    Procedure(Procedure) code Knee Replacement Surgery http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.261
    Procedure(Procedure) code statusReason usedCode id status Device Application http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1110.48
    Procedure(Procedure) code performed status General or Neuraxial Anesthesia http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.1743
    Condition(Condition) id
    Condition(Condition) code clinicalStatus onset Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.202
    Condition(Condition) code clinicalStatus onset Venous Thromboembolism http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.279
    Observation(Observation) code value status
    Observation(Observation) code id issued value status INR http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.117.1.7.1.213
    Coverage(Coverage) period type Payer http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591
    Location(Location) id
    Direct Reference Codes:
    display code system
    active http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-clinical
    recurrence http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-clinical
    relapse http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-clinical
    inactive http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-clinical
    remission http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-clinical
    resolved http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-clinical
    Risk for venous thromboembolism 72136-5 http://loinc.org
    Logic Definitions:
    Group Scoring Population Criteria Expression
    Measure scoring:

    Proportion

    Initial Population
    define "Initial Population":
      "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions"
    Numerator
    define "Numerator":
        "Encounter With VTE Prophylaxis Received on Day of or Day After Admission or Procedure"
        union ( "Encounter With Medication Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor Administered on Day of or Day After Admission or Procedure"
        			  intersect ( "Encounter With Prior or Present Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation or VTE"
        						    union "Encounter With Prior or Present Procedure of Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery"
        			            )
              )
        union "Encounter With Low Risk for VTE or Anticoagulant Administered"
        union "Encounter With No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Medical Reason"
        union "Encounter With No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Patient Refusal"
    Denominator
    define "Denominator":
          "Initial Population"
    Denominator Exclusion
    define "Denominator Exclusion":
        "Encounter Less Than 2 Days"
         union "Encounter With ICU Location Stay 1 Day or More"
         union "Encounter With Principal Diagnosis of Mental Disorder or Stroke"
         union "Encounter With Principal Procedure of SCIP VTE Selected Surgery"
         union "Encounter With Intervention Comfort Measures From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission"
         union "Encounter With Intervention Comfort Measures on Day of or Day After Procedure"
    Library Name Name
    SupplementalDataElements SDE Sex
    define "SDE Sex":
      case
          when Patient.gender = 'male' then Code { code: 'M', system: 'http://hl7.org/fhir/v3/AdministrativeGender', display: 'Male' }
          when Patient.gender = 'female' then Code { code: 'F', system: 'http://hl7.org/fhir/v3/AdministrativeGender', display: 'Female' }
          else null
        end
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR SDE Sex
    define "SDE Sex":
    	SDE."SDE Sex"
    Library Name Name
    MATGlobalCommonFunctions Inpatient Encounter
    define "Inpatient Encounter":
    	[Encounter: "Encounter Inpatient"] EncounterInpatient
    		where EncounterInpatient.status = 'finished'
    		    and "LengthInDays"(EncounterInpatient.period) <= 120
    			and EncounterInpatient.period ends during "Measurement Period"
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Admission Without VTE or Obstetrical Conditions
    define "Admission Without VTE or Obstetrical Conditions":
    	  	Global."Inpatient Encounter" InpatientEncounter
    		    where not (exists (Global.EncounterDiagnosis(InpatientEncounter)) EncounterDiagnosis
                  where (EncounterDiagnosis.code in "Obstetrics"
    								or EncounterDiagnosis.code in "Venous Thromboembolism"
    								or EncounterDiagnosis.code in "Obstetrics VTE"
    			         )
            )
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions
    // Note: added FHIRHelpers.ToDate() in R4
    define "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions":
        ( Global."Inpatient Encounter" InpatientEncounter
        		with ["Patient"] BirthDate
        			such that Global."CalendarAgeInYearsAt"(FHIRHelpers.ToDate(BirthDate.birthDate), start of InpatientEncounter.period) >= 18
        )
        intersect "Admission Without VTE or Obstetrical Conditions"
    Library Name Name
    EXM108 VTE Prophylaxis by Medication Administered or Device Applied
    // 10/29: Replaced DeviceUseStatement with Procedure with a new value set and procedure.usdCode for specifying devices
    define "VTE Prophylaxis by Medication Administered or Device Applied":
      ( ["MedicationAdministration": medication in "Low Dose Unfractionated Heparin for VTE Prophylaxis"] VTEMedication
          where VTEMedication.status ='completed'
    			     and VTEMedication.dosage.route in "Subcutaneous route"
      )
       union (["MedicationAdministration": medication in "Low Molecular Weight Heparin for VTE Prophylaxis"] LMWH where LMWH.status = 'completed')
        union (["MedicationAdministration": medication in "Injectable Factor Xa Inhibitor for VTE Prophylaxis"] FactorXa where FactorXa.status = 'completed')
         union (["MedicationAdministration": medication in "Warfarin"] Warfarin where Warfarin.status = 'completed')
          union (
              ["Procedure": "Device Application"] DeviceApplied
              where DeviceApplied.status = 'complete'
                    and (DeviceApplied.usedCode in "Intermittent pneumatic compression devices (IPC)"
                        or DeviceApplied.usedCode in"Venous foot pumps (VFP)"
                        or DeviceApplied.usedCode in "Graduated compression stockings (GCS)"
                        )
              )
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With VTE Prophylaxis Received on Day of or Day After Admission or Procedure
    define "Encounter With VTE Prophylaxis Received on Day of or Day After Admission or Procedure":
     	( from
       			"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter,
       			"VTE Prophylaxis by Medication Administered or Device Applied" VTEProphylaxis
      		where Coalesce(Global."Normalize Interval"(VTEProphylaxis.effective), Global."Normalize Interval"(VTEProphylaxis.performed)) starts during TJC."CalendarDayOfOrDayAfter"(start of QualifyingEncounter.period)
      		return QualifyingEncounter
     	)
     	union (
        from
      			"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter,
      			["Procedure": "General or Neuraxial Anesthesia"] AnesthesiaProcedure,
      			"VTE Prophylaxis by Medication Administered or Device Applied" VTEProphylaxis
    			where Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed) ends 1 day after day of start of QualifyingEncounter.period
    				and Coalesce(Global."Normalize Interval"(VTEProphylaxis.effective), Global."Normalize Interval"(VTEProphylaxis.performed)) starts during TJC."CalendarDayOfOrDayAfter"(end of Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed))
    			return QualifyingEncounter
    	)
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With Medication Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor Administered on Day of or Day After Admission or Procedure
    define "Encounter With Medication Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor Administered on Day of or Day After Admission or Procedure":
    	( from
        		"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter,
      			["MedicationAdministration": medication in "Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor for VTE Prophylaxis or VTE Treatment"] FactorXaMedication
        where FactorXaMedication.status = 'completed'
          and Global."Normalize Interval"(FactorXaMedication.effective) starts during TJC."CalendarDayOfOrDayAfter"(start of QualifyingEncounter.period)
        return QualifyingEncounter
        )
        union ( from
        				  "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter,
          				["Procedure": "General or Neuraxial Anesthesia"] AnesthesiaProcedure,
          				["MedicationAdministration": medication in "Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor for VTE Prophylaxis or VTE Treatment"] FactorXaMedication
          			where FactorXaMedication.status = 'completed'
                    and AnesthesiaProcedure.status = 'completed'
          			    and Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed) ends 1 day after day of start of QualifyingEncounter.period
          					and Global."Normalize Interval"(FactorXaMedication.effective) starts during TJC."CalendarDayOfOrDayAfter"(end of Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed))
          			return QualifyingEncounter
          		)
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With Prior or Present Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation or VTE
    /*NOTE: Feedback at Digitial Quality Summit 2019 indicates verificationStatus may be difficult for implementers to retrieve
            both condition.clinicalStatus and condition.verificationStatus = 'confirmed'
    */
    define "Encounter With Prior or Present Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation or VTE":
    	( "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
    		with ["Condition": code in "Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter"] AtrialFibrillation
    		such that FHIRHelpers.ToConcept(AtrialFibrillation.clinicalStatus) in { Global."active", Global."recurrence", Global."relapse" }
    			and Global."Normalize Interval"(AtrialFibrillation.onset) starts on or before end of QualifyingEncounter.period
        )
        union ( "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
        				where Global.EncounterDiagnosis(QualifyingEncounter).code in "Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter"
        			)
        union ( "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
        				with ["Condition": code in "Venous Thromboembolism"] VTEDiagnosis
        				such that  FHIRHelpers.ToConcept(VTEDiagnosis.clinicalStatus) in { Global."inactive", Global."remission", Global."resolved" }
          					//and VTEDiagnosis.verificationStatus = 'confirmed'
        				and Global."Normalize Interval"(VTEDiagnosis.onset) before start of QualifyingEncounter.period
          		)
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With Prior or Present Procedure of Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery
    define "Encounter With Prior or Present Procedure of Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery":
    	"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
    	with ( ["Procedure": "Hip Replacement Surgery"]
        			union ["Procedure": "Knee Replacement Surgery"] ) HipKneeProcedure
    	such that HipKneeProcedure.status = 'completed'
    	     and Global."Normalize Interval"(HipKneeProcedure.performed) starts on or before end of QualifyingEncounter.period
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Is In Low Risk for VTE or On Anticoagulant
    define "Is In Low Risk for VTE or On Anticoagulant":
    	  ( ["Observation": "Risk for venous thromboembolism"] VTERiskAssessment
    			  where VTERiskAssessment.value in "Low Risk"
            and VTERiskAssessment.status in {'final','amended', 'corrected'}
    	  )
      union ( ["Observation": "INR"] INRLabTest
            where INRLabTest.value as Quantity > 3.0
                and INRLabTest.status in {'final','amended', 'corrected'}
            return "Observation" { id: INRLabTest.id, effective: INRLabTest.issued }
            )
      union ((( ["MedicationAdministration": "Unfractionated Heparin"] UnfractionatedHeparin
              where UnfractionatedHeparin.dosage.route in "Intravenous route"
             )
             union ["MedicationAdministration": "Direct Thrombin Inhibitor"]
             union ["MedicationAdministration": "Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors"] ) AnticoagulantMedication
             where AnticoagulantMedication.status = 'complete'
             return "Observation" { id: AnticoagulantMedication.id, effective: AnticoagulantMedication.effective }
          )
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Low Risk for VTE or Anticoagulant Administered From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission
    define "Low Risk for VTE or Anticoagulant Administered From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission":
     	"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
        with "Is In Low Risk for VTE or On Anticoagulant" VTERiskAssessment
        such that Global."Normalize Interval"(VTERiskAssessment.effective) starts during VTEICU."FromDayOfStartOfHospitalizationToDayAfterAdmission"(QualifyingEncounter)
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Low Risk for VTE or Anticoagulant Administered on Day of or Day After Procedure
    define "Low Risk for VTE or Anticoagulant Administered on Day of or Day After Procedure":
     	from
       		"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter,
       		["Procedure": "General or Neuraxial Anesthesia"] AnesthesiaProcedure,
       		"Is In Low Risk for VTE or On Anticoagulant" VTERiskAssessment
    	where Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed) ends 1 day after day of start of QualifyingEncounter.period
     			and Global."Normalize Interval"(VTERiskAssessment.effective) starts during TJC."CalendarDayOfOrDayAfter"(end of Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed))
    	return QualifyingEncounter
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With Low Risk for VTE or Anticoagulant Administered
    define "Encounter With Low Risk for VTE or Anticoagulant Administered":
       "Low Risk for VTE or Anticoagulant Administered From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission"
       	 union "Low Risk for VTE or Anticoagulant Administered on Day of or Day After Procedure"
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Administered or Ordered
    define "No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Administered or Ordered":
       ((	["MedicationAdministration": medication in "Low Dose Unfractionated Heparin for VTE Prophylaxis"]
         union
    	    ["MedicationAdministration": medication in "Low Molecular Weight Heparin for VTE Prophylaxis"]
         union
    	    ["MedicationAdministration": medication in "Injectable Factor Xa Inhibitor for VTE Prophylaxis"]
         union
    	    ["MedicationAdministration": medication in "Warfarin"]
           ) MedicationAdm
           where MedicationAdm.status = 'not-done'
            )
      union
    	   ((	["MedicationRequest": medication in "Low Dose Unfractionated Heparin for VTE Prophylaxis"]
      	union
      	 ["MedicationRequest": medication in "Low Molecular Weight Heparin for VTE Prophylaxis"]
        union
        	["MedicationRequest": medication in "Injectable Factor Xa Inhibitor for VTE Prophylaxis"]
        union
        	["MedicationRequest": medication in "Warfarin"]
        ) MedicationOrder
        	where	MedicationOrder.doNotPerform is true
            and MedicationOrder.status in {'completed', 'cancelled'}
            //11/5 discussion: all expressions for QI-Core must include a status.
            //Therefore, we need ServiceRequest.status = completed; and MedicationRequest.status = cancelled (or completed, since cancelled indicates it was once ordered but intentionally never filled).
            //So the not done issue is handled by ServiceRequest.doNotPerform = True  Or MedicationRequest.doNotPerform = True
        )
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Due to Medical Reason From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission
    define "No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Due to Medical Reason From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission":
       	"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
           with	"No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Administered or Ordered" NoVTEMedication
         	such that Coalesce(NoVTEMedication.statusReason,NoVTEMedication.reasonCode) in "Medical Reason"
          			and Coalesce(NoVTEMedication.authoredOn, start of Global."Normalize Interval"(NoVTEMedication.effective)) during VTEICU."FromDayOfStartOfHospitalizationToDayAfterAdmission"(QualifyingEncounter)
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR No VTE Prophylaxis Device Applied or Ordered
    define "No VTE Prophylaxis Device Applied or Ordered":
      ((
        ["ServiceRequest": "Venous foot pumps (VFP)"]
        union ["ServiceRequest": "Intermittent pneumatic compression devices (IPC)"]
        union ["ServiceRequest": "Graduated compression stockings (GCS)"]
        ) DeviceOrder
        where DeviceOrder.status = 'completed'
        //11/5 discussion: all expressions for QI-Core must include a status
        //ServiceRequest.status -  draft | active | suspended | completed | entered-in-error | cancelled
            and DeviceOrder.doNotPerform is true
        return {id: DeviceOrder.id, requestStatusReason: GetStatusReason(DeviceOrder), authoredOn: DeviceOrder.authoredOn}
        )
      union
        (
          ["Procedure": "Device Application"] DeviceApplied
          let DeviceNotDoneTiming: Global.GetExtension(DeviceApplied, 'qicore-recorded').value
          where (DeviceApplied.usedCode in "Intermittent pneumatic compression devices (IPC)"
                or DeviceApplied.usedCode in "Venous foot pumps (VFP)"
                or DeviceApplied.usedCode in "Graduated compression stockings (GCS)"
                )
             and  DeviceApplied.status = 'not-done'
             return {id: DeviceApplied.id, requestStatusReason: DeviceApplied.statusReason, authoredOn: DeviceNotDoneTiming}
    
        )
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR No VTE Prophylaxis Device Due to Medical Reason From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission
    define "No VTE Prophylaxis Device Due to Medical Reason From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission":
      "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
      	with "No VTE Prophylaxis Device Applied or Ordered" NoVTEDevice
          such that NoVTEDevice.requestStatusReason in "Medical Reason"
            and  NoVTEDevice.authoredOn during VTEICU."FromDayOfStartOfHospitalizationToDayAfterAdmission"(QualifyingEncounter)
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Due to Medical Reason on Day of or Day After Procedure
    define "No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Due to Medical Reason on Day of or Day After Procedure":
    	from
      		"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter,
      		["Procedure": "General or Neuraxial Anesthesia"] AnesthesiaProcedure,
      		"No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Administered or Ordered" NoVTEMedication
    	where Coalesce(NoVTEMedication.statusReason,NoVTEMedication.reasonCode) in "Medical Reason"
    			and AnesthesiaProcedure.status = 'completed'
    			and Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed) ends 1 day after day of start of QualifyingEncounter.period
    			and Coalesce(NoVTEMedication.authoredOn, start of Global."Normalize Interval"(NoVTEMedication.effective)) during TJC."CalendarDayOfOrDayAfter"(end of Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed))
      return QualifyingEncounter
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR No VTE Prophylaxis Device Due to Medical Reason on Day of or Day After Procedure
    define "No VTE Prophylaxis Device Due to Medical Reason on Day of or Day After Procedure":
      from
      		"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter,
      		["Procedure": "General or Neuraxial Anesthesia"] AnesthesiaProcedure,
      		"No VTE Prophylaxis Device Applied or Ordered" NoVTEDevice
      where  NoVTEDevice.requestStatusReason in "Medical Reason"
          and AnesthesiaProcedure.status = 'completed'
      		and Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed) ends 1 day after day of start of QualifyingEncounter.period
          and NoVTEDevice.authoredOn during TJC."CalendarDayOfOrDayAfter"(end of Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed))
      return QualifyingEncounter
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Medical Reason
    define "Encounter With No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Medical Reason":
       ( "No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Due to Medical Reason From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission"
         intersect "No VTE Prophylaxis Device Due to Medical Reason From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission"
       )
       union ( "No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Due to Medical Reason on Day of or Day After Procedure"
           intersect "No VTE Prophylaxis Device Due to Medical Reason on Day of or Day After Procedure"
           )
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR No VTE Prophylaxis Medication or Device Due to Patient Refusal
    define "No VTE Prophylaxis Medication or Device Due to Patient Refusal":
        ( "No VTE Prophylaxis Medication Administered or Ordered" NoVTEMedication
            where Coalesce(NoVTEMedication.statusReason,NoVTEMedication.reasonCode) in "Patient Refusal"
        )
      union ("No VTE Prophylaxis Device Applied or Ordered" NoVTEDevice
               where NoVTEDevice.requestStatusReason in "Patient Refusal"
            )
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Patient Refusal From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission
    define "No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Patient Refusal From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission":
     	"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
    	 with "No VTE Prophylaxis Medication or Device Due to Patient Refusal" PatientRefusal
       such that Coalesce(start of Global."Normalize Interval"(PatientRefusal.effective), PatientRefusal.authoredOn)
             during VTEICU."FromDayOfStartOfHospitalizationToDayAfterAdmission"(QualifyingEncounter)
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Patient Refusal on Day of or Day After Procedure
    define "No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Patient Refusal on Day of or Day After Procedure":
     	from
       		"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter,
       		["Procedure": "General or Neuraxial Anesthesia"] AnesthesiaProcedure,
       		"No VTE Prophylaxis Medication or Device Due to Patient Refusal" PatientRefusal
    	where Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed) ends 1 day after day of start of QualifyingEncounter.period
     			and Coalesce(start of Global."Normalize Interval"(PatientRefusal.effective), PatientRefusal.authoredOn)
                 during TJC."CalendarDayOfOrDayAfter"(end of Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed))
    	return QualifyingEncounter
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Patient Refusal
    define "Encounter With No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Patient Refusal":
     "No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Patient Refusal From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission"
     	union "No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Patient Refusal on Day of or Day After Procedure"
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Numerator
    define "Numerator":
        "Encounter With VTE Prophylaxis Received on Day of or Day After Admission or Procedure"
        union ( "Encounter With Medication Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor Administered on Day of or Day After Admission or Procedure"
        			  intersect ( "Encounter With Prior or Present Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation or VTE"
        						    union "Encounter With Prior or Present Procedure of Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery"
        			            )
              )
        union "Encounter With Low Risk for VTE or Anticoagulant Administered"
        union "Encounter With No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Medical Reason"
        union "Encounter With No VTE Prophylaxis Due to Patient Refusal"
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Initial Population
    define "Initial Population":
      "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions"
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Denominator
    define "Denominator":
          "Initial Population"
    Library Name Name
    SupplementalDataElements SDE Payer
    define "SDE Payer":
      [Coverage: type in "Payer"] Payer
            return {
              code: Payer.type,
              period: Payer.period
            }
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR SDE Payer
    define "SDE Payer":
    	SDE."SDE Payer"
    Library Name Name
    SupplementalDataElements SDE Ethnicity
    define "SDE Ethnicity":
      (flatten (
          Patient.extension Extension
            where Extension.url = 'http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-ethnicity'
              return Extension.extension
        )) E
          where E.url = 'ombCategory'
            or E.url = 'detailed'
          return E.value as Coding
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR SDE Ethnicity
    define "SDE Ethnicity":
      SDE."SDE Ethnicity"
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter Less Than 2 Days
    define "Encounter Less Than 2 Days":
      "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
      	where Global."LengthInDays"(QualifyingEncounter.period)< 2
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With ICU Location Stay 1 Day or More
    define "Encounter With ICU Location Stay 1 Day or More":
      "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
        where exists ( QualifyingEncounter.location Location
        		where Global.GetLocation(Location.location).type in "Intensive Care Unit"
        			and Global."LengthInDays"(Location.period)>= 1
        			and Location.period starts during TJC."CalendarDayOfOrDayAfter"(start of QualifyingEncounter.period)
    	    )
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With Principal Diagnosis of Mental Disorder or Stroke
    define "Encounter With Principal Diagnosis of Mental Disorder or Stroke":
      "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
        where Global."PrincipalDiagnosis"(QualifyingEncounter).code in "Mental Health Diagnoses"
            or Global."PrincipalDiagnosis"(QualifyingEncounter).code in "Hemorrhagic Stroke"
            or Global."PrincipalDiagnosis"(QualifyingEncounter).code in "Ischemic Stroke"
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR SCIP VTE Selected Surgery
    define "SCIP VTE Selected Surgery":
      (	["Procedure": "General Surgery"]
        union ["Procedure": "Gynecological Surgery"]
        union ["Procedure": "Hip Fracture Surgery"]
        union ["Procedure": "Hip Replacement Surgery"]
        union ["Procedure": "Intracranial Neurosurgery"]
        union ["Procedure": "Knee Replacement Surgery"]
        union ["Procedure": "Urological Surgery"] ) Procedure
      where Procedure.status = 'completed'
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With Principal Procedure of SCIP VTE Selected Surgery
    /* NOTE: 2 options to express Principal Procedure to retrive "encounter Procedure as an url" and proedure "rank as extension" in R4
              VTE-1 uses Option 1 - generic extension funtion
              VTE-2 uses Option 2 - Specific extension functions
      TODO:  Mapping Table needs revision on using "Encounter.procedure.code", "Encounter.procedure.sequence"
    */
    define "Encounter With Principal Procedure of SCIP VTE Selected Surgery":
      from
          "Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter,
          "SCIP VTE Selected Surgery" SelectedProcedure
          let EncounterProcedure: Global.GetExtension(QualifyingEncounter, 'qicore-encounter-procedure')
      where FHIRHelpers.ToInteger(Global.GetExtension(EncounterProcedure, 'rank').value as FHIR.positiveInt) = 1
          and Global.GetId(FHIRHelpers.ToString((Global.GetExtension(EncounterProcedure, 'procedure').value as FHIR.Reference).reference)) = SelectedProcedure.id
          and Global."Normalize Interval"(SelectedProcedure.performed) during QualifyingEncounter.period
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Intervention Comfort Measures
    define "Intervention Comfort Measures":
    	(["ServiceRequest": "Comfort Measures"] P
        		where P.intent = 'order'
      )
      	union
        	(["Procedure": "Comfort Measures"] InterventionPerformed
          	where InterventionPerformed.status in {'completed', 'in-progress'})
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With Intervention Comfort Measures From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission
    define "Encounter With Intervention Comfort Measures From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission":
    	"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter
    		with "Intervention Comfort Measures" ComfortMeasure
    		such that Coalesce(start of Global."Normalize Interval"(ComfortMeasure.performed), ComfortMeasure.authoredOn) during VTEICU."FromDayOfStartOfHospitalizationToDayAfterAdmission"(QualifyingEncounter)
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Encounter With Intervention Comfort Measures on Day of or Day After Procedure
    define "Encounter With Intervention Comfort Measures on Day of or Day After Procedure":
      from
      		"Encounter With Age Range and Without VTE Diagnosis or Obstetrical Conditions" QualifyingEncounter,
      		["Procedure": "General or Neuraxial Anesthesia"] AnesthesiaProcedure,
      		"Intervention Comfort Measures" ComfortMeasure
    		where AnesthesiaProcedure.status = 'completed'
    				and Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed) ends 1 day after day of start of QualifyingEncounter.period
            and Coalesce(start of Global."Normalize Interval"(ComfortMeasure.performed), ComfortMeasure.authoredOn) during TJC."CalendarDayOfOrDayAfter"(end of Global."Normalize Interval"(AnesthesiaProcedure.performed))
        return QualifyingEncounter
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR Denominator Exclusion
    define "Denominator Exclusion":
        "Encounter Less Than 2 Days"
         union "Encounter With ICU Location Stay 1 Day or More"
         union "Encounter With Principal Diagnosis of Mental Disorder or Stroke"
         union "Encounter With Principal Procedure of SCIP VTE Selected Surgery"
         union "Encounter With Intervention Comfort Measures From Day of Start of Hospitalization To Day After Admission"
         union "Encounter With Intervention Comfort Measures on Day of or Day After Procedure"
    Library Name Name
    SupplementalDataElements SDE Race
    define "SDE Race":
      (flatten (
          Patient.extension Extension
            where Extension.url = 'http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-race'
              return Extension.extension
        )) E
          where E.url = 'ombCategory'
            or E.url = 'detailed'
          return E.value as Coding
    Library Name Name
    EXM108-FHIR SDE Race
    define "SDE Race":
      SDE."SDE Race"