define "Initial Population":
  AgeInYearsAt(end of "Measurement Period") in Interval[18, 75]
    and exists("Qualifying Encounters")
    and exists( (AC.QualifiedConditions([Condition: "Diabetes"])) Diabetes
      where FC.ToPrevalenceInterval(Diabetes) overlaps "Measurement Period" )

define "Denominator":
  "Initial Population"

define "Numerator":
  "Has Most Recent HbA1c Without Result"
    or "Has Most Recent Elevated HbA1c"
    or "Has No Record Of HbA1c"

define "Denominator Exclusions":
  Hospice."Has Hospice"
    or Frailty."Is Age 66 or Older Living Long Term in a Nursing Home"
    or Frailty."Is Age 66 or Older with Advanced Illness and Frailty"
    or PalliativeCare."Palliative Care in the Measurement Period"

define "SDE Ethnicity":
  (flatten (
      Patient.extension Extension
        where Extension.url = 'http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-ethnicity'
          return Extension.extension
    )) E
      where E.url = 'ombCategory'
        or E.url = 'detailed'
      return E.value as Coding

define "SDE Ethnicity":
  SDE."SDE Ethnicity"

define "SDE Payer":
  [Coverage: type in "Payer"] Payer
        return {
          code: Payer.type,
          period: Payer.period
        }

define "SDE Payer":
  SDE."SDE Payer"

define "SDE Race":
  (flatten (
      Patient.extension Extension
        where Extension.url = 'http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-race'
          return Extension.extension
    )) E
      where E.url = 'ombCategory'
        or E.url = 'detailed'
      return E.value as Coding

define "SDE Race":
  SDE."SDE Race"

define "SDE Sex":
  case
      when Patient.gender = 'male' then Code { code: 'M', system: 'http://hl7.org/fhir/v3/AdministrativeGender', display: 'Male' }
      when Patient.gender = 'female' then Code { code: 'F', system: 'http://hl7.org/fhir/v3/AdministrativeGender', display: 'Female' }
      else null
    end

define "SDE Sex":
  SDE."SDE Sex"

define "SDE Age":
  SurveillanceDataElements."Age"

define "SDE State of Residence":
  SurveillanceDataElements."State of Residence"

define "SDE Postal Code of Residence":
  SurveillanceDataElements."Postal Code of Residence"

define "SDE Food Insecurity Risk Status":
  SurveillanceDataElements."Food Insecurity Risk Status"

// Jurisdiction of residence (jurisdiction of the patient)
define "Most recent physical home address":
  First(
    Patient.address A
      where A.use = 'home'
        and A.type = 'physical'
      sort by end of period desc
  )

define "Postal Code of Residence":
  "Most recent physical home address".postalCode

define "State of Residence":
  "Most recent physical home address".state

// Jurisdiction of care (jurisdiction of the most recent encounter)
// TODO:
//define "Most recent address of care":

// NOTE: Included in eICR
// Occupational Data for Health - Past or Present Job
// http://hl7.org/fhir/us/odh/StructureDefinition-odh-PastOrPresentJob.html
// Observation: LOINC#11341-5, valueCodeableConcept in https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewValueSet.action?oid=2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.7186

// Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
// http://build.fhir.org/ig/HL7/fhir-sdoh-clinicalcare/StructureDefinition-SDOHCC-ObservationScreeningResponse.html
// Food insecurity risk: http://build.fhir.org/ig/HL7/fhir-sdoh-clinicalcare/Observation-SDOHCC-ObservationResponseHungerVitalSignQuestion3Example.html
// Observation: LOINC#88124-3, valueCodeableConcept in https://loinc.org/LL2510-7/ (At risk, No risk)
define "Food Insecurity Risk Status":
  First(
    [Observation: "Food insecurity risk [HVS]"] O
      sort by issued desc
  ).value as CodeableConcept

// Age
define "Age":
  AgeInYearsAt(end of "Measurement Period")

define "Has Hospice":
  exists(
    (AC.QualifiedEncounters([Encounter: "Encounter Inpatient"])) HospiceInp
      where (HospiceInp.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition ~ "Discharge to home for hospice care (procedure)"
        or HospiceInp.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition ~ "Discharge to healthcare facility for hospice care (procedure)")
      and FC.ToInterval(HospiceInp.period) ends during "Measurement Period"
  ) or exists(
    (AC.QualifiedEncounters([Encounter: "Hospice Encounter"])) HospiceEnc
      where FC.ToInterval(HospiceEnc.period) overlaps "Measurement Period"
  ) or exists(
    (AC.QualifiedObservations([Observation: "Hospice care [Minimum Data Set]"])) HospiceObs
      where HospiceObs.value ~ ToConcept("Yes (qualifier value)")
        and FC.ToInterval(HospiceObs.effective) overlaps "Measurement Period"
  ) or exists(
    (AC.QualifiedServiceRequests([ServiceRequest: "Hospice Care Ambulatory"])) HospiceSR
      where FC.ToInterval(HospiceSR.authoredOn) during "Measurement Period"
  ) or exists(
    (AC.QualifiedProcedures([Procedure: "Hospice Care Ambulatory"])) HospiceProc
      where FC.ToInterval(HospiceProc.performed) overlaps "Measurement Period"
  ) or exists(
    (AC.QualifiedConditions([Condition: "Hospice Diagnosis"])) HospiceCareDiagnosis
      where FC.ToPrevalenceInterval(HospiceCareDiagnosis) overlaps "Measurement Period"
  )

define "Lives In A Nursing Home":
  Last(
    (AC.QualifiedObservations([Observation: "Housing Status"])) HousingStatus
      where FC.ToInterval(HousingStatus.effective) ends on or before end of "Measurement Period"
        and HousingStatus.value ~ ToConcept("Lives In A Nursing Home (finding)")
    sort by issued ascending
  ) is not null

define "Is Age 66 or Older Living Long Term in a Nursing Home":
  AgeInYearsAt(date from end of "Measurement Period") >= 66
    and "Lives In A Nursing Home"

define "Has Criteria Indicating Frailty":
  exists(
    (AC.QualifiedDeviceRequests([DeviceRequest: "Frailty Device"])) FrailtyDeviceOrder
      where FrailtyDeviceOrder.authoredOn during day of "Measurement Period"
    ) 
    or exists(
        (AC.QualifiedObservations([Observation: "Medical Equipment Used"])) EquipmentUsed
          where EquipmentUsed.value in "Frailty Device"
            and FC.ToInterval(EquipmentUsed.effective) ends during day of "Measurement Period"
    )
    or exists(
      (AC.QualifiedConditions([Condition: "Frailty Diagnosis"])) FrailtyDiagnosis
        where FC.ToPrevalenceInterval(FrailtyDiagnosis) overlaps "Measurement Period"
    )
    or exists(
      (AC.QualifiedEncounters([Encounter: "Frailty Encounter"])) FrailtyEnc
        where FC.ToInterval(FrailtyEnc.period) overlaps "Measurement Period"
    )
    or exists(
      (AC.QualifiedObservations([Observation: "Frailty Symptom"])) FrailtySymptom
        where FC.ToInterval(FrailtySymptom.effective) overlaps "Measurement Period"
    )

define "Up To One Year Prior Including Measurement Period":
  Interval[start of "Measurement Period" - 1 year, end of "Measurement Period"]

define "Outpatient Encounters With Advanced Illness":
  ((AC.QualifiedEncounters([Encounter: "Outpatient"]))
    union (AC.QualifiedEncounters([Encounter: "Observation"]))
    union (AC.QualifiedEncounters([Encounter: "Emergency Department Visit"]))
    union (AC.QualifiedEncounters([Encounter: "Nonacute Inpatient"]))) OutpatientEnc
      with (AC.QualifiedConditions([Condition: "Advanced Illness"])) AdvanIll
        such that FC.ToPrevalenceInterval(AdvanIll) overlaps "Measurement Period"
      and FC.ToInterval(OutpatientEnc.period) overlaps "Up To One Year Prior Including Measurement Period"

define "Has Two Outpatient Encounters With Advanced Illness on Different Dates of Service":
  from
    "Outpatient Encounters With Advanced Illness" OutpatientEncounter1,
    "Outpatient Encounters With Advanced Illness" OutpatientEncounter2
  where OutpatientEncounter2.period ends 1 day or more after day of end of OutpatientEncounter1.period
  return OutpatientEncounter1

define "Has Inpatient Encounter With Advanced Illness":  
  (AC.QualifiedEncounters([Encounter: "Acute Inpatient"])) InpatientEnc
    with (AC.QualifiedConditions([Condition: "Advanced Illness"])) AdvanIll
      such that FC.ToPrevalenceInterval(AdvanIll) overlaps InpatientEnc.period
        and FC.ToInterval(InpatientEnc.period) overlaps "Up To One Year Prior Including Measurement Period"

define "Has Dementia Medications In Year Before or During Measurement Period":
  (AC.QualifiedMedicationRequests([MedicationRequest: "Dementia Medications"])) DementiaMed
    where exists(
      DementiaMed.dosageInstruction dosage
      where exists(
        FC.ToTimingInterval(dosage.timing)) timing
        where timing overlaps "Up To One Year Prior Including Measurement Period")

define "Is Age 66 or Older with Advanced Illness and Frailty":
  AgeInYearsAt(date from end of "Measurement Period") >= 66
    and "Has Criteria Indicating Frailty"
    and (
      exists("Has Two Outpatient Encounters With Advanced Illness on Different Dates of Service")
      or exists("Has Inpatient Encounter With Advanced Illness")
        or exists("Has Dementia Medications In Year Before or During Measurement Period")
    )

define "Palliative Care in the Measurement Period":
  exists(
    (AC.QualifiedObservations([Observation: "Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Palliative Care Questionnaire (FACIT-Pal)"])) PalliativeObservation
      where FC.ToInterval(PalliativeObservation.effective) overlaps "Measurement Period"
  ) or exists(
    (AC.QualifiedConditions([Condition: "Palliative Care Diagnosis"])) PalliativeDiagnosis
      where FC.ToPrevalenceInterval(PalliativeDiagnosis) overlaps "Measurement Period"
  ) or exists(
    (AC.QualifiedEncounters([Encounter: "Palliative Care Encounter"])) PalliativeEncounter
      where FC.ToInterval(PalliativeEncounter.period) overlaps "Measurement Period"
  ) or exists(
    (AC.QualifiedProcedures([Procedure: "Palliative Care Intervention"])) PalliativeProcedure
      where FC.ToInterval(PalliativeProcedure.performed) overlaps "Measurement Period"
  )

define "SDE Sex":
  case
      when Patient.gender = 'male' then Code { code: 'M', system: 'http://hl7.org/fhir/v3/AdministrativeGender', display: 'Male' }
      when Patient.gender = 'female' then Code { code: 'F', system: 'http://hl7.org/fhir/v3/AdministrativeGender', display: 'Female' }
      else null
    end

define "SDE Payer":
  [Coverage: type in "Payer"] Payer
        return {
          code: Payer.type,
          period: Payer.period
        }

define "SDE Ethnicity":
  (flatten (
      Patient.extension Extension
        where Extension.url = 'http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-ethnicity'
          return Extension.extension
    )) E
      where E.url = 'ombCategory'
        or E.url = 'detailed'
      return E.value as Coding

define "SDE Race":
  (flatten (
      Patient.extension Extension
        where Extension.url = 'http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-race'
          return Extension.extension
    )) E
      where E.url = 'ombCategory'
        or E.url = 'detailed'
      return E.value as Coding

define "SDE Sex":
  SDE."SDE Sex"

define "SDE Postal Code of Residence":
  SurveillanceDataElements."Postal Code of Residence"

define "Has HbA1c Lab Test":
  (AC.LaboratoryObservation([Observation: "HbA1c Laboratory Test"]))

define "Most Recent HbA1c Lab Test":
  AC.MostRecent("Has HbA1c Lab Test" HbA1cTest
    where FC.ToInterval(HbA1cTest.effective) during "Measurement Period")

define "Has Most Recent HbA1c Without Result":
  ("Most Recent HbA1c Lab Test" is not null)
    and ("Most Recent HbA1c Lab Test".value is null)

define "Has Most Recent Elevated HbA1c":
  "Most Recent HbA1c Lab Test".value >= 9 '%'

define "Has No Record Of HbA1c":
  not exists("Has HbA1c Lab Test")

define "Numerator":
  "Has Most Recent HbA1c Without Result"
    or "Has Most Recent Elevated HbA1c"
    or "Has No Record Of HbA1c"

define "Qualifying Encounters":
  (
    [Encounter: "Office Visit"]
	    union [Encounter: "Annual Wellness Visit"]
	    union [Encounter: "Preventive Care Services - Established Office Visit, 18 and Up"]
      union [Encounter: "Preventive Care Services - Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up"]
      union [Encounter: "Home Healthcare Services"]
      union [Encounter: "Nutrition Services"]
      union [Encounter: "Medical nutrition therapy; initial assessment and intervention, individual, face-to-face with the patient, each 15 minutes"]
      union [Encounter: "Medical nutrition therapy; re-assessment and intervention, individual, face-to-face with the patient, each 15 minutes"]
      union [Encounter: "Medical nutrition therapy; group (2 or more individual(s)), each 30 minutes"]
      union [Encounter: "Medical nutrition therapy; reassessment and subsequent intervention(s) following second referral in same year for change in diagnosis, medical condition or treatment regimen (including additional hours needed for renal disease), individual, face to face with the patient, each 15 minutes"]
      union [Encounter: "Medical nutrition therapy, reassessment and subsequent intervention(s) following second referral in same year for change in diagnosis, medical condition, or treatment regimen (including additional hours needed for renal disease), group (2 or more individuals), each 30 minutes"]
      union [Encounter: "Telephone Visits"]
  ) ValidEncounters
    where ValidEncounters.period during "Measurement Period"
	  and ValidEncounters.status ~ 'finished'

define "Initial Population":
  AgeInYearsAt(end of "Measurement Period") in Interval[18, 75]
    and exists("Qualifying Encounters")
    and exists( (AC.QualifiedConditions([Condition: "Diabetes"])) Diabetes
      where FC.ToPrevalenceInterval(Diabetes) overlaps "Measurement Period" )

define "Denominator":
  "Initial Population"

define "SDE Payer":
  SDE."SDE Payer"

define "SDE State of Residence":
  SurveillanceDataElements."State of Residence"

define "SDE Food Insecurity Risk Status":
  SurveillanceDataElements."Food Insecurity Risk Status"

define "SDE Ethnicity":
  SDE."SDE Ethnicity"

define "SDE Age":
  SurveillanceDataElements."Age"

define "Denominator Exclusions":
  Hospice."Has Hospice"
    or Frailty."Is Age 66 or Older Living Long Term in a Nursing Home"
    or Frailty."Is Age 66 or Older with Advanced Illness and Frailty"
    or PalliativeCare."Palliative Care in the Measurement Period"

define "SDE Race":
  SDE."SDE Race"

define function MostRecent(observations List<Observation>):
  Last(
    observations O
      sort by start of FC.ToInterval(effective)
  )

define function LaboratoryObservation(value List<FHIR.Observation>):
  value Observation
  		where (
      //registered | preliminary | final | amended | corrected | cancelled | entered-in-error | unknown
      Observation.status ~ 'final'
			or Observation.status ~ 'amended'
			or Observation.status ~ 'corrected'
      and exists(Observation.category ObservationCategory
        where ( ObservationCategory ) ~ "laboratory" or (ObservationCategory) is null)
		)

define function QualifiedConditions(value List<FHIR.Condition>):
  value Condition
    where (
      FHIRHelpers.ToConcept(Condition.clinicalStatus) ~ FC."active"
    )
    and (
      FHIRHelpers.ToConcept(Condition.verificationStatus) ~ FC."confirmed"
    )

/* Common Resource Qualifications and Negations */
define function QualifiedEncounters(value List<FHIR.Encounter>):
  value Encounter
    where (
      //planned | arrived | triaged | in-progress | onleave | finished | cancelled | entered-in-error | unknown
      Encounter.status ~ 'arrived'
      or Encounter.status ~ 'in-progress'
      or Encounter.status ~ 'finished'
      or Encounter.status ~ 'onleave'
      or Encounter.status ~ 'triaged'
    )

define function QualifiedObservations(value List<FHIR.Observation>):
  value Observation
		where (
      //registered | preliminary | final | amended | corrected | cancelled | entered-in-error | unknown
      Observation.status ~ 'final'
			or Observation.status ~ 'amended'
			or Observation.status ~ 'corrected'
		)

define function QualifiedServiceRequests(value List<FHIR.ServiceRequest>):
  value ServiceRequest
    where (
      //draft | active | on-hold | revoked | completed | entered-in-error | unknown
      ServiceRequest.status ~ 'active'
      or ServiceRequest.status ~ 'completed'
      and ServiceRequest.intent ~ 'order'
    )
    and (
      ServiceRequest.doNotPerform is null
      or ServiceRequest.doNotPerform = false
    )

define function QualifiedProcedures(value List<FHIR.Procedure>):
  value Procedure
    where (
      //preparation | in-progress | not-done | on-hold | stopped | completed | entered-in-error | unknown
      Procedure.status ~ 'completed'
    )

define function QualifiedDeviceRequests(value List<FHIR.DeviceRequest>):
  value DeviceRequest
    where (
      //draft | active | on-hold | revoked | completed | entered-in-error | unknown
      DeviceRequest.status ~ 'completed'
      or DeviceRequest.status ~ 'active'
      and DeviceRequest.intent ~ 'order'
    )

define function QualifiedMedicationRequests(value List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>):
  value MedicationRequest
    where (
      //active | on-hold | cancelled | completed | entered-in-error | stopped | draft | unknown
      (MedicationRequest.status ~ 'active'
        or MedicationRequest.status ~ 'completed'
      )
        and (
          MedicationRequest.doNotPerform is null
          or MedicationRequest.doNotPerform = false
        )
        and MedicationRequest.intent ~ 'order'
    )

define function ToString(value AdministrativeGender): value.value

define function ToString(value AddressUse): value.value

define function ToString(value AddressType): value.value

define function ToInterval(period FHIR.Period):
    if period is null then
        null
    else
        if period."start" is null then
            Interval(period."start".value, period."end".value]
        else
            Interval[period."start".value, period."end".value]

define function ToString(value ObservationStatus): value.value

define function ToConcept(concept FHIR.CodeableConcept):
    if concept is null then
        null
    else
        System.Concept {
            codes: concept.coding C return ToCode(C),
            display: concept.text.value
        }

define function ToCode(coding FHIR.Coding):
    if coding is null then
        null
    else
        System.Code {
          code: coding.code.value,
          system: coding.system.value,
          version: coding.version.value,
          display: coding.display.value
        }

define function ToQuantity(quantity FHIR.Quantity):
    case
        when quantity is null then null
        when quantity.value is null then null
        when quantity.comparator is not null then
            Message(null, true, 'FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity.ComparatorQuantityNotSupported', 'Error', 'FHIR Quantity value has a comparator and cannot be converted to a System.Quantity value.')
        when quantity.system is null or quantity.system.value = 'http://unitsofmeasure.org'
              or quantity.system.value = 'http://hl7.org/fhirpath/CodeSystem/calendar-units' then
            System.Quantity { value: quantity.value.value, unit: ToCalendarUnit(Coalesce(quantity.code.value, quantity.unit.value, '1')) }
        else
            Message(null, true, 'FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity.InvalidFHIRQuantity', 'Error', 'Invalid FHIR Quantity code: ' & quantity.unit.value & ' (' & quantity.system.value & '|' & quantity.code.value & ')')
    end

define function ToCalendarUnit(unit System.String):
    case unit
        when 'ms' then 'millisecond'
        when 's' then 'second'
        when 'min' then 'minute'
        when 'h' then 'hour'
        when 'd' then 'day'
        when 'wk' then 'week'
        when 'mo' then 'month'
        when 'a' then 'year'
        else unit
    end

define function ToString(value EncounterStatus): value.value

define function ToDateTime(value dateTime): value.value

define function ToDate(value date): value.value

define function ToString(value uri): value.value

define function ToDateTime(value instant): value.value

define function ToString(value ServiceRequestStatus): value.value

define function ToString(value ServiceRequestIntent): value.value

define function ToBoolean(value boolean): value.value

define function ToString(value ProcedureStatus): value.value

define function ToString(value DeviceRequestStatus): value.value

define function ToString(value RequestIntent): value.value

define function ToString(value string): value.value

define function ToString(value MedicationRequestStatus): value.value

define function ToString(value MedicationRequestIntent): value.value

/*
@description: Returns an interval representing the normalized prevalence period of a given Condition resource.
@comment: Uses the ToInterval and ToAbatementInterval functions to determine the widest potential interval from
onset to abatement as specified in the given Condition.
*/
define function ToPrevalenceInterval(condition Condition):
if condition.clinicalStatus ~ "active"
  or condition.clinicalStatus ~ "recurrence"
  or condition.clinicalStatus ~ "relapse" then
  Interval[start of ToInterval(condition.onset), end of ToAbatementInterval(condition)]
else
  Interval[start of ToInterval(condition.onset), end of ToAbatementInterval(condition))

/*
@description: Returns an interval representing the normalized Abatement of a given Condition resource.
@comment: NOTE: Due to the complexity of determining an interval from a String, this function will throw
a run-time exception if used with a Condition instance that has a String as the abatement value.
*/
define function ToAbatementInterval(condition Condition):
	if condition.abatement is FHIR.dateTime then
	  Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(condition.abatement as FHIR.dateTime), FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(condition.abatement as FHIR.dateTime)]
	else if condition.abatement is FHIR.Period then
	  FHIRHelpers.ToInterval(condition.abatement as FHIR.Period)
	else if condition.abatement is FHIR.string then
    Message(null as Interval<DateTime>, true, '1', 'Error', 'Cannot compute an interval from a String value')
	else if condition.abatement is FHIR.Age then
		Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity(condition.abatement as FHIR.Age),
			FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity(condition.abatement as FHIR.Age) + 1 year)
	else if condition.abatement is FHIR.Range then
	  Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity((condition.abatement as FHIR.Range).low),
		  FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity((condition.abatement as FHIR.Range).high) + 1 year)
	else if condition.abatement is FHIR.boolean then
	  Interval[end of ToInterval(condition.onset), condition.recordedDate)
	else null

/*
@description: Normalizes a value that is a choice of timing-valued types to an equivalent interval
@comment: Normalizes a choice type of FHIR.dateTime, FHIR.Period, FHIR.Timing, FHIR.instance, FHIR.string, FHIR.Age, or FHIR.Range types
to an equivalent interval. This selection of choice types is a superset of the majority of choice types that are used as possible
representations for timing-valued elements in FHIR, allowing this function to be used across any resource.

The input can be provided as a dateTime, Period, Timing, instant, string, Age, or Range.
The intent of this function is to provide a clear and concise mechanism to treat single
elements that have multiple possible representations as intervals so that logic doesn't have to account
for the variability. More complex calculations (such as medication request period or dispense period
calculation) need specific guidance and consideration. That guidance may make use of this function, but
the focus of this function is on single element calculations where the semantics are unambiguous.
If the input is a dateTime, the result a DateTime Interval beginning and ending on that dateTime.
If the input is a Period, the result is a DateTime Interval.
If the input is a Timing, an error is raised indicating a single interval cannot be computed from a Timing.
If the input is an instant, the result is a DateTime Interval beginning and ending on that instant.
If the input is a string, an error is raised indicating a single interval cannot be computed from a string.
If the input is an Age, the result is a DateTime Interval beginning when the patient was the given Age,
and ending immediately prior to when the patient was the given Age plus one year.
If the input is a Range, the result is a DateTime Interval beginning when the patient was the Age given
by the low end of the Range, and ending immediately prior to when the patient was the Age given by the
high end of the Range plus one year.

NOTE: Due to the
complexity of determining a single interval from a Timing or String type, this function will throw a run-time exception if it is used
with a Timing or String.
*/
define function ToInterval(choice Choice<FHIR.dateTime, FHIR.Period, FHIR.Timing, FHIR.instant, FHIR.string, FHIR.Age, FHIR.Range>):
  case
	  when choice is FHIR.dateTime then
    	Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.dateTime), FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.dateTime)]
		when choice is FHIR.Period then
  		FHIRHelpers.ToInterval(choice as FHIR.Period)
		when choice is FHIR.instant then
			Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.instant), FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.instant)]
		when choice is FHIR.Age then
		  Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity(choice as FHIR.Age),
			  FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity(choice as FHIR.Age) + 1 year)
		when choice is FHIR.Range then
		  Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity((choice as FHIR.Range).low),
			  FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity((choice as FHIR.Range).high) + 1 year)
		when choice is FHIR.Timing then
			//Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.timing), FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.dateTime)]
		  Message(null as Interval<DateTime>, true, '1', 'Error', 'Cannot compute a single interval from a Timing type')
    when choice is FHIR.string then
      Message(null as Interval<DateTime>, true, '1', 'Error', 'Cannot compute an interval from a String value')
		else
			null as Interval<DateTime>
	end

define function ToTimingInterval(timing FHIR.Timing):
  convert (
    NullToEmptyInterval(ToIntervalFromList(timing.event))
    union NullToEmptyInterval({ToInterval(timing.repeat.bounds as FHIR.Period)})
  ) to List<Interval<DateTime>> except { null }

define function NullToEmptyInterval(value List<Interval<DateTime>>):
  if value is not null then value else { }

define function ToIntervalFromList(value List<FHIR.dateTime>):
  value v
    return ToInterval(v)