WHO Digital Documentation of COVID-19 Certificates (DDCC)
1.0.0 - CI Build International flag

WHO Digital Documentation of COVID-19 Certificates (DDCC), published by WHO. This guide is not an authorized publication; it is the continuous build for version 1.0.0 built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) CI Build. This version is based on the current content of https://github.com/WorldHealthOrganization/ddcc/ and changes regularly. See the Directory of published versions

Resource Profile: DDCC Specimen

Official URL: http://smart.who.int/ddcc/StructureDefinition/DDCCSpecimen Version: 1.0.0
Draft as of 2026-01-19 Computable Name: DDCCSpecimen

A DDCC Specimen contains the content corresponding to a row in the Test Events section of a Paper DDCC. While this is not a further profile of the International Patient Summary (IPS) Specimen resouce, this is intended to map into an IPS Specimen resource.

Usages:

You can also check for usages in the FHIR IG Statistics

Formal Views of Profile Content

Description of Profiles, Differentials, Snapshots and how the different presentations work.

NameFlagsCard.TypeDescription & Constraints    Filter: Filtersdoco
.. Specimen 0..* SpecimenUvIps Sample for analysis
... implicitRules ?!Σ 0..1 uri A set of rules under which this content was created
... modifierExtension ?! 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored
... status ?!Σ 0..1 code available | unavailable | unsatisfactory | entered-in-error
Binding: SpecimenStatus (required): Codes providing the status/availability of a specimen.
... subject SΣ 1..1 Reference(Patient (IPS)) Where the specimen came from. This may be from patient(s), from a location (e.g., the source of an environmental sample), or a sampling of a substance or a device
.... reference ΣC 1..1 string Literal reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
... collection S 1..1 BackboneElement Collection details
.... modifierExtension ?!Σ 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
.... Slices for collected[x] Σ 1..1 dateTime Collection time
Slice: Unordered, Closed by type:$this
..... collected[x]:collectedDateTime SΣ 1..1 dateTime Collection time

doco Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings

Path Status Usage ValueSet Version Source
Specimen.status Base required SpecimenStatus 📍4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.type Base required WHO Speciman Sample Origin (COVID-19) 📦1.0.0 This IG

Constraints

Id Grade Path(s) Description Expression
dom-2 error Specimen If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources contained.contained.empty()
dom-3 error Specimen If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()
dom-4 error Specimen If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()
dom-5 error Specimen If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label contained.meta.security.empty()
dom-6 best practice Specimen A resource should have narrative for robust management text.`div`.exists()
ele-1 error **ALL** elements All FHIR elements must have a @value or children hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1 error **ALL** extensions Must have either extensions or value[x], not both extension.exists() != value.exists()

This structure is derived from SpecimenUvIps

NameFlagsCard.TypeDescription & Constraints    Filter: Filtersdoco
.. Specimen 0..* SpecimenUvIps Sample for analysis
... type S 1..1 CodeableConceptIPS Concept - reference to a terminology or just text
Binding: WHO Speciman Sample Origin (COVID-19) (required)
... subject S 1..1 Reference(Patient (IPS)) Where the specimen came from. This may be from patient(s), from a location (e.g., the source of an environmental sample), or a sampling of a substance or a device
... collection S 1..1 BackboneElement Collection details
.... Slices for collected[x] 1..1 dateTime Collection time
Slice: Unordered, Open by type:$this
..... collected[x]:collectedDateTime S 1..1 dateTime Collection time

doco Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings (Differential)

Path Status Usage ValueSet Version Source
Specimen.type Base required WHO Speciman Sample Origin (COVID-19) 📦1.0.0 This IG
NameFlagsCard.TypeDescription & Constraints    Filter: Filtersdoco
.. Specimen 0..* SpecimenUvIps Sample for analysis
... id Σ 0..1 id Logical id of this artifact
... meta Σ 0..1 Meta Metadata about the resource
... implicitRules ?!Σ 0..1 uri A set of rules under which this content was created
... text 0..1 Narrative Text summary of the resource, for human interpretation
This profile does not constrain the narrative in regard to content, language, or traceability to data elements
... contained 0..* Resource Contained, inline Resources
... extension 0..* Extension Additional content defined by implementations
... modifierExtension ?! 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored
... identifier Σ 0..* Identifier External Identifier
... accessionIdentifier Σ 0..1 Identifier Identifier assigned by the lab
... status ?!Σ 0..1 code available | unavailable | unsatisfactory | entered-in-error
Binding: SpecimenStatus (required): Codes providing the status/availability of a specimen.
... type S 1..1 CodeableConceptIPS Concept - reference to a terminology or just text
Binding: WHO Speciman Sample Origin (COVID-19) (required)
Additional BindingsPurpose
Results Specimen Type - SNOMED CT IPS Free Set candidate
... subject SΣ 1..1 Reference(Patient (IPS)) Where the specimen came from. This may be from patient(s), from a location (e.g., the source of an environmental sample), or a sampling of a substance or a device
.... id 0..1 string Unique id for inter-element referencing
.... extension 0..* Extension Additional content defined by implementations
Slice: Unordered, Open by value:url
.... reference ΣC 1..1 string Literal reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
.... type Σ 0..1 uri Type the reference refers to (e.g. "Patient")
Binding: ResourceType (extensible): Aa resource (or, for logical models, the URI of the logical model).
.... identifier Σ 0..1 Identifier Logical reference, when literal reference is not known
.... display Σ 0..1 string Text alternative for the resource
... receivedTime Σ 0..1 dateTime The time when specimen was received for processing
... parent 0..* Reference(Specimen) Specimen from which this specimen originated
... request 0..* Reference(ServiceRequest) Why the specimen was collected
... collection S 1..1 BackboneElement Collection details
.... id 0..1 string Unique id for inter-element referencing
.... extension 0..* Extension Additional content defined by implementations
.... modifierExtension ?!Σ 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
.... collector Σ 0..1 Reference(Practitioner | PractitionerRole) Who collected the specimen
.... Slices for collected[x] Σ 1..1 dateTime Collection time
Slice: Unordered, Closed by type:$this
..... collected[x]:collectedDateTime SΣ 1..1 dateTime Collection time
.... duration Σ 0..1 Duration How long it took to collect specimen
.... quantity 0..1 SimpleQuantity The quantity of specimen collected
.... method 0..1 CodeableConceptIPS Concept - reference to a terminology or just text
Binding: FHIRSpecimenCollectionMethod (preferred)
.... bodySite 0..1 CodeableConceptIPS Concept - reference to a terminology or just text
Binding: Body Site - IPS (preferred)
.... fastingStatus[x] Σ 0..1 Whether or how long patient abstained from food and/or drink
Binding: hl7VS-relevantClincialInformation (extensible): Codes describing the fasting status of the patient.
..... fastingStatusCodeableConcept CodeableConcept(CodeableConceptIPS)
..... fastingStatusDuration Duration
... processing 0..* BackboneElement Processing and processing step details
.... id 0..1 string Unique id for inter-element referencing
.... extension 0..* Extension Additional content defined by implementations
.... modifierExtension ?!Σ 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
.... description 0..1 string Textual description of procedure
.... procedure 0..1 CodeableConcept Indicates the treatment step applied to the specimen
Binding: SpecimenProcessingProcedure (example): Type indicating the technique used to process the specimen.
.... additive 0..* Reference(Substance) Material used in the processing step
.... time[x] 0..1 Date and time of specimen processing
..... timeDateTime dateTime
..... timePeriod Period
... container 0..* BackboneElement Direct container of specimen (tube/slide, etc.)
.... id 0..1 string Unique id for inter-element referencing
.... extension 0..* Extension Additional content defined by implementations
.... modifierExtension ?!Σ 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
.... identifier Σ 0..* Identifier Id for the container
.... description 0..1 string Textual description of the container
.... type 0..1 CodeableConcept Kind of container directly associated with specimen
Binding: SpecimenContainerType (example): Type of specimen container.
.... capacity 0..1 SimpleQuantity Container volume or size
.... specimenQuantity 0..1 SimpleQuantity Quantity of specimen within container
.... additive[x] 0..1 Additive associated with container
Binding: hl7VS-additivePreservative (example): Substance added to specimen container.
..... additiveCodeableConcept CodeableConcept
..... additiveReference Reference(Substance)
... condition Σ 0..* CodeableConcept State of the specimen
Binding: hl7VS-specimenCondition (extensible): Codes describing the state of the specimen.
... note 0..* Annotation Comments

doco Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings

Path Status Usage ValueSet Version Source
Specimen.language Base preferred Common Languages 📦4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.status Base required SpecimenStatus 📍4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.type Base required WHO Speciman Sample Origin (COVID-19) 📦1.0.0 This IG
Specimen.subject.type Base extensible ResourceType 📦4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.collection.​method Base preferred FHIR Specimen Collection Method 📦4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.collection.​bodySite Base preferred Body Site - IPS 📦1.1.0 International Patient Summary Implementation Guide v1.1
Specimen.collection.​fastingStatus[x] Base extensible hl7VS-relevantClincialInformation 📦2.0.0 THO v7.0
Specimen.processing.​procedure Base example Specimen processing procedure 📦4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.container.type Base example Specimen Container Type 📦4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.container.additive[x] Base example hl7VS-additivePreservative 📦2.0.0 THO v7.0
Specimen.condition Base extensible hl7VS-specimenCondition 📦2.0.0 THO v7.0

Constraints

Id Grade Path(s) Description Expression
dom-2 error Specimen If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources contained.contained.empty()
dom-3 error Specimen If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()
dom-4 error Specimen If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()
dom-5 error Specimen If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label contained.meta.security.empty()
dom-6 best practice Specimen A resource should have narrative for robust management text.`div`.exists()
ele-1 error **ALL** elements All FHIR elements must have a @value or children hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1 error **ALL** extensions Must have either extensions or value[x], not both extension.exists() != value.exists()

This structure is derived from SpecimenUvIps

Summary

Mandatory: 4 elements
Must-Support: 4 elements

Slices

This structure defines the following Slices:

  • The element 1 is sliced based on the value of Specimen.collection.collected[x]

Key Elements View

NameFlagsCard.TypeDescription & Constraints    Filter: Filtersdoco
.. Specimen 0..* SpecimenUvIps Sample for analysis
... implicitRules ?!Σ 0..1 uri A set of rules under which this content was created
... modifierExtension ?! 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored
... status ?!Σ 0..1 code available | unavailable | unsatisfactory | entered-in-error
Binding: SpecimenStatus (required): Codes providing the status/availability of a specimen.
... subject SΣ 1..1 Reference(Patient (IPS)) Where the specimen came from. This may be from patient(s), from a location (e.g., the source of an environmental sample), or a sampling of a substance or a device
.... reference ΣC 1..1 string Literal reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
... collection S 1..1 BackboneElement Collection details
.... modifierExtension ?!Σ 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
.... Slices for collected[x] Σ 1..1 dateTime Collection time
Slice: Unordered, Closed by type:$this
..... collected[x]:collectedDateTime SΣ 1..1 dateTime Collection time

doco Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings

Path Status Usage ValueSet Version Source
Specimen.status Base required SpecimenStatus 📍4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.type Base required WHO Speciman Sample Origin (COVID-19) 📦1.0.0 This IG

Constraints

Id Grade Path(s) Description Expression
dom-2 error Specimen If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources contained.contained.empty()
dom-3 error Specimen If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()
dom-4 error Specimen If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()
dom-5 error Specimen If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label contained.meta.security.empty()
dom-6 best practice Specimen A resource should have narrative for robust management text.`div`.exists()
ele-1 error **ALL** elements All FHIR elements must have a @value or children hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1 error **ALL** extensions Must have either extensions or value[x], not both extension.exists() != value.exists()

Differential View

This structure is derived from SpecimenUvIps

NameFlagsCard.TypeDescription & Constraints    Filter: Filtersdoco
.. Specimen 0..* SpecimenUvIps Sample for analysis
... type S 1..1 CodeableConceptIPS Concept - reference to a terminology or just text
Binding: WHO Speciman Sample Origin (COVID-19) (required)
... subject S 1..1 Reference(Patient (IPS)) Where the specimen came from. This may be from patient(s), from a location (e.g., the source of an environmental sample), or a sampling of a substance or a device
... collection S 1..1 BackboneElement Collection details
.... Slices for collected[x] 1..1 dateTime Collection time
Slice: Unordered, Open by type:$this
..... collected[x]:collectedDateTime S 1..1 dateTime Collection time

doco Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings (Differential)

Path Status Usage ValueSet Version Source
Specimen.type Base required WHO Speciman Sample Origin (COVID-19) 📦1.0.0 This IG

Snapshot View

NameFlagsCard.TypeDescription & Constraints    Filter: Filtersdoco
.. Specimen 0..* SpecimenUvIps Sample for analysis
... id Σ 0..1 id Logical id of this artifact
... meta Σ 0..1 Meta Metadata about the resource
... implicitRules ?!Σ 0..1 uri A set of rules under which this content was created
... text 0..1 Narrative Text summary of the resource, for human interpretation
This profile does not constrain the narrative in regard to content, language, or traceability to data elements
... contained 0..* Resource Contained, inline Resources
... extension 0..* Extension Additional content defined by implementations
... modifierExtension ?! 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored
... identifier Σ 0..* Identifier External Identifier
... accessionIdentifier Σ 0..1 Identifier Identifier assigned by the lab
... status ?!Σ 0..1 code available | unavailable | unsatisfactory | entered-in-error
Binding: SpecimenStatus (required): Codes providing the status/availability of a specimen.
... type S 1..1 CodeableConceptIPS Concept - reference to a terminology or just text
Binding: WHO Speciman Sample Origin (COVID-19) (required)
Additional BindingsPurpose
Results Specimen Type - SNOMED CT IPS Free Set candidate
... subject SΣ 1..1 Reference(Patient (IPS)) Where the specimen came from. This may be from patient(s), from a location (e.g., the source of an environmental sample), or a sampling of a substance or a device
.... id 0..1 string Unique id for inter-element referencing
.... extension 0..* Extension Additional content defined by implementations
Slice: Unordered, Open by value:url
.... reference ΣC 1..1 string Literal reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
.... type Σ 0..1 uri Type the reference refers to (e.g. "Patient")
Binding: ResourceType (extensible): Aa resource (or, for logical models, the URI of the logical model).
.... identifier Σ 0..1 Identifier Logical reference, when literal reference is not known
.... display Σ 0..1 string Text alternative for the resource
... receivedTime Σ 0..1 dateTime The time when specimen was received for processing
... parent 0..* Reference(Specimen) Specimen from which this specimen originated
... request 0..* Reference(ServiceRequest) Why the specimen was collected
... collection S 1..1 BackboneElement Collection details
.... id 0..1 string Unique id for inter-element referencing
.... extension 0..* Extension Additional content defined by implementations
.... modifierExtension ?!Σ 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
.... collector Σ 0..1 Reference(Practitioner | PractitionerRole) Who collected the specimen
.... Slices for collected[x] Σ 1..1 dateTime Collection time
Slice: Unordered, Closed by type:$this
..... collected[x]:collectedDateTime SΣ 1..1 dateTime Collection time
.... duration Σ 0..1 Duration How long it took to collect specimen
.... quantity 0..1 SimpleQuantity The quantity of specimen collected
.... method 0..1 CodeableConceptIPS Concept - reference to a terminology or just text
Binding: FHIRSpecimenCollectionMethod (preferred)
.... bodySite 0..1 CodeableConceptIPS Concept - reference to a terminology or just text
Binding: Body Site - IPS (preferred)
.... fastingStatus[x] Σ 0..1 Whether or how long patient abstained from food and/or drink
Binding: hl7VS-relevantClincialInformation (extensible): Codes describing the fasting status of the patient.
..... fastingStatusCodeableConcept CodeableConcept(CodeableConceptIPS)
..... fastingStatusDuration Duration
... processing 0..* BackboneElement Processing and processing step details
.... id 0..1 string Unique id for inter-element referencing
.... extension 0..* Extension Additional content defined by implementations
.... modifierExtension ?!Σ 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
.... description 0..1 string Textual description of procedure
.... procedure 0..1 CodeableConcept Indicates the treatment step applied to the specimen
Binding: SpecimenProcessingProcedure (example): Type indicating the technique used to process the specimen.
.... additive 0..* Reference(Substance) Material used in the processing step
.... time[x] 0..1 Date and time of specimen processing
..... timeDateTime dateTime
..... timePeriod Period
... container 0..* BackboneElement Direct container of specimen (tube/slide, etc.)
.... id 0..1 string Unique id for inter-element referencing
.... extension 0..* Extension Additional content defined by implementations
.... modifierExtension ?!Σ 0..* Extension Extensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
.... identifier Σ 0..* Identifier Id for the container
.... description 0..1 string Textual description of the container
.... type 0..1 CodeableConcept Kind of container directly associated with specimen
Binding: SpecimenContainerType (example): Type of specimen container.
.... capacity 0..1 SimpleQuantity Container volume or size
.... specimenQuantity 0..1 SimpleQuantity Quantity of specimen within container
.... additive[x] 0..1 Additive associated with container
Binding: hl7VS-additivePreservative (example): Substance added to specimen container.
..... additiveCodeableConcept CodeableConcept
..... additiveReference Reference(Substance)
... condition Σ 0..* CodeableConcept State of the specimen
Binding: hl7VS-specimenCondition (extensible): Codes describing the state of the specimen.
... note 0..* Annotation Comments

doco Documentation for this format

Terminology Bindings

Path Status Usage ValueSet Version Source
Specimen.language Base preferred Common Languages 📦4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.status Base required SpecimenStatus 📍4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.type Base required WHO Speciman Sample Origin (COVID-19) 📦1.0.0 This IG
Specimen.subject.type Base extensible ResourceType 📦4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.collection.​method Base preferred FHIR Specimen Collection Method 📦4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.collection.​bodySite Base preferred Body Site - IPS 📦1.1.0 International Patient Summary Implementation Guide v1.1
Specimen.collection.​fastingStatus[x] Base extensible hl7VS-relevantClincialInformation 📦2.0.0 THO v7.0
Specimen.processing.​procedure Base example Specimen processing procedure 📦4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.container.type Base example Specimen Container Type 📦4.0.1 FHIR Std.
Specimen.container.additive[x] Base example hl7VS-additivePreservative 📦2.0.0 THO v7.0
Specimen.condition Base extensible hl7VS-specimenCondition 📦2.0.0 THO v7.0

Constraints

Id Grade Path(s) Description Expression
dom-2 error Specimen If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources contained.contained.empty()
dom-3 error Specimen If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty()
dom-4 error Specimen If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty()
dom-5 error Specimen If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label contained.meta.security.empty()
dom-6 best practice Specimen A resource should have narrative for robust management text.`div`.exists()
ele-1 error **ALL** elements All FHIR elements must have a @value or children hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count())
ext-1 error **ALL** extensions Must have either extensions or value[x], not both extension.exists() != value.exists()

This structure is derived from SpecimenUvIps

Summary

Mandatory: 4 elements
Must-Support: 4 elements

Slices

This structure defines the following Slices:

  • The element 1 is sliced based on the value of Specimen.collection.collected[x]

 

Other representations of profile: CSV, Excel, Schematron