MedicationUse is a statement on the historic, current or intended use of a certain medicine.

When interpreting a medicationStatement, the value of the status and NotTaken needed to be considered: MedicationStatement.status + MedicationStatement.wasNotTaken Status=Active + NotTaken=T = Not currently taking Status=Completed + NotTaken=T = Not taken in the past Status=Intended + NotTaken=T = No intention of taking Status=Active + NotTaken=F = Taking, but not as prescribed Status=Active + NotTaken=F = Taking Status=Intended +NotTaken= F = Will be taking (not started) Status=Completed + NotTaken=F = Taken in past Status=In Error + NotTaken=N/A = In Error.

A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content.

Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element.

This element is labelled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation.

Is the medicine used as outlined in the medication agreement?

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility in the spec for list).

Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility in the spec for list).

The health professional that entered the medication agreement with the patient.

The health professional's specialty, role, and organization are captured and communicated through the PractitionerRole Resource based on the nl-core-practitionerrole profile.

The author of this MedicationStatement. This is either a patient, a health professional or a healthcare provicer.

The health professional's specialty, role, and organization are captured and communicated through the PractitionerRole Resource based on the nl-core-practitionerrole profile.

This extension is to describe which overarching medical treatment this information is part of. This is done by the use of an identifier of that medical treatment.

No HCIM concept is available for this element. Therefore a mapping to the relevant element Medication Process data element is provided.

Reason for changing or discontinuing use of medication.

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility in the spec for list).

Reason for changing or discontinuing use of medication.

An Extension

The repeated period in a cyclical schedule (of one or more dosing instructions). A cyclic schedule is noted in days, the corresponding dosing duration is also in days.

Examples of a cyclical schedule: contraceptive pill (21 days, 1 pill 1x a day, then skip for 7 days, repeat), repeat period here is 28 days. RepeatPeriodCyclicalSchedule

A code representing the patient or other source's judgment about the state of the medication used that this statement is about. Generally this will be active or completed.

MedicationStatement is a statement at a point in time. The status is only representative at the point when it was asserted. The value set for MedicationStatement.status contains codes that assert the status of the use of the medication by the patient (for example, stopped or on hold) as well as codes that assert the status of the medication statement itself (for example, entered in error).

This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

This element is also used for the concept 'Stop type'; the manner in which this medication is discontinued (temporary or definitive).

Allergy Intolerance critically Code list

Indicates where type of medication statement and where the medication is expected to be consumed or administered.

A coded concept identifying where the medication included in the medicationstatement is expected to be consumed or administered

A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

Allows for translations and alternate encodings within a code system. Also supports communication of the same instance to systems requiring different encodings.

Category code used for indexing/retrieval of the HCIM MedicationUse. The system and code are stated in the Medication Process v09.

Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

Allows for translations and alternate encodings within a code system. Also supports communication of the same instance to systems requiring different encodings.

The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should de-reference to some definition that establish the system clearly and unambiguously.

Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

Identifies the medication being administered. This is either a link to a resource representing the details of the medication or a simple attribute carrying a code that identifies the medication from a known list of medications.

If only a code is specified, then it needs to be a code for a specific product. If more information is required, then the use of the medication resource is recommended.  For example if you require form or lot number, then you must reference the Medication resource. .

Identifies the medication being administered. This is either a link to a resource representing the details of the medication or a simple attribute carrying a code that identifies the medication from a known list of medications.

Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

The interval of time during which it is being asserted that the patient was taking the medication (or was not taking, when the wasNotGiven element is true).

This attribute reflects the period over which the patient consumed the medication and is expected to be populated on the majority of Medication Statements. If the medication is still being taken at the time the statement is recorded, the "end" date will be omitted.

Medication use can be recorded for a certain moment or over a certain period. Thus, medication use can be recorded multiple times during the use of medication. The usage period is the period or moment over which the data is recorded.

Start date: This is the time at which the agreement was to take effect (or took effect or will take effect).

Duration: The intended duration of use. E.g. 5 days or 8 weeks. It is not allowed to indicate the duration in months, because different months have a variable duration in days.

End date: The time at which the period of use ends (or ended or will end). To avoid confusion between 'to' and 'up to', the submission of time is always mandatory for the end date.

This attribute reflects the period over which the patient consumed the medication and is expected to be populated on the majority of Medication Statements. If the medication is still being taken at the time the statement is recorded, the "end" date will be omitted.

The intended duration of use. E.g. 5 days or 8 weeks. It is not allowed to indicate the duration in months, because different months have a variable duration in days.

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility in the spec for list).

Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility in the spec for list).

Date on which this use is entered.

The person, animal or group who is/was taking the medication.

Is this medicine used or not?

This element is labeled as a modifier because it indicates that the medication was not taken.

A coded concept identifying level of certainty if patient has taken or has not taken the medication

Instructions for the use of the medication, e.g. dose and route of administration. In the event of medication use, this is the pattern of use established by the patient or which the patient followed

The wiki page https://informatiestandaarden.nictiz.nl/wiki/mp:V9.0Voorbeeldendoseringen provides dosage instruction examples. These examples consists of functional data and their representation in FHIR and CDA.

Textual description of the complete instructions for use including the period of use.

Free text dosage instructions can be used for cases where the instructions are too complex to code. The content of this attribute does not include the name or description of the medication. When coded instructions are present, the free text instructions may still be present for display to humans taking or administering the medication. It is expected that the text instructions will always be populated. If the dosage.timing attribute is also populated, then the dosage.text should reflect the same information as the timing.

Indicates whether the Medication is only taken when needed within a specific dosing schedule (Boolean option), or it indicates the precondition for taking the Medication (CodeableConcept).

Can express "as needed" without a reason by setting the Boolean = True. In this case the CodeableConcept is not populated. Or you can express "as needed" with a reason by including the CodeableConcept. In this case the Boolean is assumed to be True. If you set the Boolean to False, then the dose is given according to the schedule and is not "prn" or "as needed".

A coded concept identifying the precondition that should be met or evaluated prior to consuming or administering a medication dose. For example "pain", "30 minutes prior to sexual intercourse", "on flare-up" etc.

As needed means that the dose is only to be administered under certain conditions.

Using the term 'as needed' or a specific reason (eg 'in case of pain') to use medication leads to ambiguity. It is not always clear whether the whole dose is 'as needed' or only part of the dose. For example: 1x daily 1-2 tablets as needed. This can mean: 1 tablet fixed per day and 1 tablet as needed or, as needed, a maximum of 2 tablets.As needed medication is not included in GDS. In the first situation, 1 tablet comes in the GDS (drug dispensing systems) and 1 tablet is delivered separately. In the second situation there is only separate delivery.The system must make sufficiently clear whether the entire instruction or part of the dose is necessary. The HCIM supports both options described above.

ZonodigCriteriumCodelijst

The route through which the medication is administered (oral, nasal, intravenous, etc.)

ToedieningswegCodelijst

A code specifying the route or physiological path of administration of a therapeutic agent into or onto a patient's body.

A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

The dose indicates the dose amount per administration.

The dosage is described in the unit accompanying the product; usually, this is just a number of units or doses. Liquids and other divisible products will usually include a unit of volume (preferably "ml").

In many cases, the prescriber will want to indicate the dose in units of weight of the active ingredient.

If only the ingredient is included and not the product, then the amount of that ingredient will be given. Paracetamol 1000mg is equivalent to 2 Paracetamol 500mg tablets or units.

The dosage is sometimes given as a calculation, in which the patient’s body weight or body surface area is used as a parameter. The calculation is however no more than an aid in reaching a decision.

In the event of constant administration, sometimes the dose is given in addition to the administration speed (infusion rate) (e.g. 20ml in a syringe or 500ml in a bag), but it is often also omitted.

A general dosage recommendation such as ‘Use according to protocol’ or ‘See instructions’ can be sufficient. In that case, no dose is given.

Note that this specifies the quantity of the specified medication, not the quantity for each active ingredient(s). Each ingredient amount can be communicated in the Medication resource. For example, if one wants to communicate that a tablet was 375 mg, where the dose was one tablet, you can use the Medication resource to document that the tablet was comprised of 375 mg of drug XYZ. Alternatively if the dose was 375 mg, then you may only need to use the Medication resource to indicate this was a tablet. If the example were an IV such as dopamine and you wanted to communicate that 400mg of dopamine was mixed in 500 ml of some IV solution, then this would all be communicated in the Medication resource. If the administration is not intended to be instantaneous (rate is present or timing has a duration), this can be specified to convey the total amount to be administered over the period of time as indicated by the schedule e.g. 500 ml in dose, with timing used to convey that this should be done over 4 hours.

The amount of therapeutic or other substance given at one administration event.

The comparator is not used on a SimpleQuantity

The context of use may frequently define what kind of quantity this is and therefore what kind of units can be used. The context of use may also restrict the values for the comparator.

GstdTabel902

The amount of therapeutic or other substance given at one administration event.

Amount of medication per dose.

Note that this specifies the quantity of the specified medication, not the quantity for each active ingredient(s). Each ingredient amount can be communicated in the Medication resource. For example, if one wants to communicate that a tablet was 375 mg, where the dose was one tablet, you can use the Medication resource to document that the tablet was comprised of 375 mg of drug XYZ. Alternatively if the dose was 375 mg, then you may only need to use the Medication resource to indicate this was a tablet. If the example were an IV such as dopamine and you wanted to communicate that 400mg of dopamine was mixed in 500 ml of some IV solution, then this would all be communicated in the Medication resource. If the administration is not intended to be instantaneous (rate is present or timing has a duration), this can be specified to convey the total amount to be administered over the period of time as indicated by the schedule e.g. 500 ml in dose, with timing used to convey that this should be done over 4 hours.

The amount of therapeutic or other substance given at one administration event.

MedicationUse is a statement on the historic, current or intended use of a certain medicine.

When interpreting a medicationStatement, the value of the status and NotTaken needed to be considered: MedicationStatement.status + MedicationStatement.wasNotTaken Status=Active + NotTaken=T = Not currently taking Status=Completed + NotTaken=T = Not taken in the past Status=Intended + NotTaken=T = No intention of taking Status=Active + NotTaken=F = Taking, but not as prescribed Status=Active + NotTaken=F = Taking Status=Intended +NotTaken= F = Will be taking (not started) Status=Completed + NotTaken=F = Taken in past Status=In Error + NotTaken=N/A = In Error.

The logical id of the resource, as used in the URL for the resource. Once assigned, this value never changes.

The only time that a resource does not have an id is when it is being submitted to the server using a create operation.

The metadata about the resource. This is content that is maintained by the infrastructure. Changes to the content may not always be associated with version changes to the resource.

A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content.

Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element.

This element is labelled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation.

The base language in which the resource is written.

Language is provided to support indexing and accessibility (typically, services such as text to speech use the language tag). The html language tag in the narrative applies to the narrative. The language tag on the resource may be used to specify the language of other presentations generated from the data in the resource Not all the content has to be in the base language. The Resource.language should not be assumed to apply to the narrative automatically. If a language is specified, it should it also be specified on the div element in the html (see rules in HTML5 for information about the relationship between xml:lang and the html lang attribute).

A human language.

A human-readable narrative that contains a summary of the resource, and may be used to represent the content of the resource to a human. The narrative need not encode all the structured data, but is required to contain sufficient detail to make it "clinically safe" for a human to just read the narrative. Resource definitions may define what content should be represented in the narrative to ensure clinical safety.

Contained resources do not have narrative. Resources that are not contained SHOULD have a narrative. In some cases, a resource may only have text with little or no additional discrete data (as long as all minOccurs=1 elements are satisfied). This may be necessary for data from legacy systems where information is captured as a "text blob" or where text is additionally entered raw or narrated and encoded in formation is added later.

These resources do not have an independent existence apart from the resource that contains them - they cannot be identified independently, and nor can they have their own independent transaction scope.

This should never be done when the content can be identified properly, as once identification is lost, it is extremely difficult (and context dependent) to restore it again.

An Extension

Is the medicine used as outlined in the medication agreement?

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility in the spec for list).

Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility in the spec for list).

The health professional that entered the medication agreement with the patient.

The health professional's specialty, role, and organization are captured and communicated through the PractitionerRole Resource based on the nl-core-practitionerrole profile.

The author of this MedicationStatement. This is either a patient, a health professional or a healthcare provicer.

The health professional's specialty, role, and organization are captured and communicated through the PractitionerRole Resource based on the nl-core-practitionerrole profile.

This extension is to describe which overarching medical treatment this information is part of. This is done by the use of an identifier of that medical treatment.

No HCIM concept is available for this element. Therefore a mapping to the relevant element Medication Process data element is provided.

Reason for changing or discontinuing use of medication.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility in the spec for list).

Reason for changing or discontinuing use of medication.

An Extension

The repeated period in a cyclical schedule (of one or more dosing instructions). A cyclic schedule is noted in days, the corresponding dosing duration is also in days.

Examples of a cyclical schedule: contraceptive pill (21 days, 1 pill 1x a day, then skip for 7 days, repeat), repeat period here is 28 days. RepeatPeriodCyclicalSchedule

External identifier - FHIR will generate its own internal identifiers (probably URLs) which do not need to be explicitly managed by the resource. The identifier here is one that would be used by another non-FHIR system - for example an automated medication pump would provide a record each time it operated; an administration while the patient was off the ward might be made with a different system and entered after the event. Particularly important if these records have to be updated.

A plan, proposal or order that is fulfilled in whole or in part by this event.

Allows tracing of authorization for the event and tracking whether proposals/recommendations were acted upon.

A larger event of which this particular event is a component or step.

This should not be used when indicating which resource a MedicationStatement has been derived from. If that is the use case, then MedicationStatement.derivedFrom should be used.

The encounter or episode of care that establishes the context for this MedicationStatement.

A code representing the patient or other source's judgment about the state of the medication used that this statement is about. Generally this will be active or completed.

MedicationStatement is a statement at a point in time. The status is only representative at the point when it was asserted. The value set for MedicationStatement.status contains codes that assert the status of the use of the medication by the patient (for example, stopped or on hold) as well as codes that assert the status of the medication statement itself (for example, entered in error).

This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

This element is also used for the concept 'Stop type'; the manner in which this medication is discontinued (temporary or definitive).

Allergy Intolerance critically Code list

Indicates where type of medication statement and where the medication is expected to be consumed or administered.

A coded concept identifying where the medication included in the medicationstatement is expected to be consumed or administered

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

Allows for translations and alternate encodings within a code system. Also supports communication of the same instance to systems requiring different encodings.

Category code used for indexing/retrieval of the HCIM MedicationUse. The system and code are stated in the Medication Process v09.

Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

Allows for translations and alternate encodings within a code system. Also supports communication of the same instance to systems requiring different encodings.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

The identification of the code system that defines the meaning of the symbol in the code.

The URI may be an OID (urn:oid:...) or a UUID (urn:uuid:...). OIDs and UUIDs SHALL be references to the HL7 OID registry. Otherwise, the URI should come from HL7's list of FHIR defined special URIs or it should de-reference to some definition that establish the system clearly and unambiguously.

Need to be unambiguous about the source of the definition of the symbol.

The version of the code system which was used when choosing this code. Note that a well-maintained code system does not need the version reported, because the meaning of codes is consistent across versions. However this cannot consistently be assured. and when the meaning is not guaranteed to be consistent, the version SHOULD be exchanged.

Where the terminology does not clearly define what string should be used to identify code system versions, the recommendation is to use the date (expressed in FHIR date format) on which that version was officially published as the version date.

A symbol in syntax defined by the system. The symbol may be a predefined code or an expression in a syntax defined by the coding system (e.g. post-coordination).

Need to refer to a particular code in the system.

A representation of the meaning of the code in the system, following the rules of the system.

Need to be able to carry a human-readable meaning of the code for readers that do not know the system.

Indicates that this coding was chosen by a user directly - i.e. off a pick list of available items (codes or displays).

Amongst a set of alternatives, a directly chosen code is the most appropriate starting point for new translations. There is some ambiguity about what exactly 'directly chosen' implies, and trading partner agreement may be needed to clarify the use of this element and its consequences more completely.

This has been identified as a clinical safety criterium - that this exact system/code pair was chosen explicitly, rather than inferred by the system based on some rules or language processing.

A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

Identifies the medication being administered. This is either a link to a resource representing the details of the medication or a simple attribute carrying a code that identifies the medication from a known list of medications.

If only a code is specified, then it needs to be a code for a specific product. If more information is required, then the use of the medication resource is recommended.  For example if you require form or lot number, then you must reference the Medication resource. .

Identifies the medication being administered. This is either a link to a resource representing the details of the medication or a simple attribute carrying a code that identifies the medication from a known list of medications.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

A reference to a location at which the other resource is found. The reference may be a relative reference, in which case it is relative to the service base URL, or an absolute URL that resolves to the location where the resource is found. The reference may be version specific or not. If the reference is not to a FHIR RESTful server, then it should be assumed to be version specific. Internal fragment references (start with '#') refer to contained resources.

Using absolute URLs provides a stable scalable approach suitable for a cloud/web context, while using relative/logical references provides a flexible approach suitable for use when trading across closed eco-system boundaries. Absolute URLs do not need to point to a FHIR RESTful server, though this is the preferred approach. If the URL conforms to the structure "/[type]/[id]" then it should be assumed that the reference is to a FHIR RESTful server.

An identifier for the other resource. This is used when there is no way to reference the other resource directly, either because the entity is not available through a FHIR server, or because there is no way for the author of the resource to convert a known identifier to an actual location. There is no requirement that a Reference.identifier point to something that is actually exposed as a FHIR instance, but it SHALL point to a business concept that would be expected to be exposed as a FHIR instance, and that instance would need to be of a FHIR resource type allowed by the reference.

When an identifier is provided in place of a reference, any system processing the reference will only be able to resolve the identifier to a reference if it understands the business context in which the identifier is used. Sometimes this is global (e.g. a national identifier) but often it is not. For this reason, none of the useful mechanisms described for working with references (e.g. chaining, includes) are possible, nor should servers be expected to be able resolve the reference. Servers may accept an identifier based reference untouched, resolve it, and/or reject it - see CapabilityStatement.rest.resource.referencePolicy.

When both an identifier and a literal reference are provided, the literal reference is preferred. Applications processing the resource are allowed - but not required - to check that the identifier matches the literal reference

Applications converting a logical reference to a literal reference may choose to leave the logical reference present, or remove it.

Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

The interval of time during which it is being asserted that the patient was taking the medication (or was not taking, when the wasNotGiven element is true).

This attribute reflects the period over which the patient consumed the medication and is expected to be populated on the majority of Medication Statements. If the medication is still being taken at the time the statement is recorded, the "end" date will be omitted.

Medication use can be recorded for a certain moment or over a certain period. Thus, medication use can be recorded multiple times during the use of medication. The usage period is the period or moment over which the data is recorded.

Start date: This is the time at which the agreement was to take effect (or took effect or will take effect).

Duration: The intended duration of use. E.g. 5 days or 8 weeks. It is not allowed to indicate the duration in months, because different months have a variable duration in days.

End date: The time at which the period of use ends (or ended or will end). To avoid confusion between 'to' and 'up to', the submission of time is always mandatory for the end date.

This attribute reflects the period over which the patient consumed the medication and is expected to be populated on the majority of Medication Statements. If the medication is still being taken at the time the statement is recorded, the "end" date will be omitted.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

An Extension

The intended duration of use. E.g. 5 days or 8 weeks. It is not allowed to indicate the duration in months, because different months have a variable duration in days.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility in the spec for list).

Value of extension - may be a resource or one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility in the spec for list).

This is the time at which the agreement was to take effect (or took effect or will take effect).

If the low element is missing, the meaning is that the low boundary is not known.

The time at which the period of use ends (or ended or will end). To avoid confusion between 'to' and 'up to', the submission of time is always mandatory for the end date.

The high value includes any matching date/time. i.e. 2012-02-03T10:00:00 is in a period that has a end value of 2012-02-03.

Date on which this use is entered.

The person or organization that provided the information about the taking of this medication. Note: Use derivedFrom when a MedicationStatement is derived from other resources, e.g Claim or MedicationRequest.

If a health professional is the informationSource the PractitionerRole reference extension can be used for a PractitionerRole reference. The health professional's specialty, role, and organization are captured and communicated through the PractitionerRole Resource based on the nl-core-practitionerrole profile.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

An Extension

Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

A reference to a location at which the other resource is found. The reference may be a relative reference, in which case it is relative to the service base URL, or an absolute URL that resolves to the location where the resource is found. The reference may be version specific or not. If the reference is not to a FHIR RESTful server, then it should be assumed to be version specific. Internal fragment references (start with '#') refer to contained resources.

Using absolute URLs provides a stable scalable approach suitable for a cloud/web context, while using relative/logical references provides a flexible approach suitable for use when trading across closed eco-system boundaries. Absolute URLs do not need to point to a FHIR RESTful server, though this is the preferred approach. If the URL conforms to the structure "/[type]/[id]" then it should be assumed that the reference is to a FHIR RESTful server.

An identifier for the other resource. This is used when there is no way to reference the other resource directly, either because the entity is not available through a FHIR server, or because there is no way for the author of the resource to convert a known identifier to an actual location. There is no requirement that a Reference.identifier point to something that is actually exposed as a FHIR instance, but it SHALL point to a business concept that would be expected to be exposed as a FHIR instance, and that instance would need to be of a FHIR resource type allowed by the reference.

When an identifier is provided in place of a reference, any system processing the reference will only be able to resolve the identifier to a reference if it understands the business context in which the identifier is used. Sometimes this is global (e.g. a national identifier) but often it is not. For this reason, none of the useful mechanisms described for working with references (e.g. chaining, includes) are possible, nor should servers be expected to be able resolve the reference. Servers may accept an identifier based reference untouched, resolve it, and/or reject it - see CapabilityStatement.rest.resource.referencePolicy.

When both an identifier and a literal reference are provided, the literal reference is preferred. Applications processing the resource are allowed - but not required - to check that the identifier matches the literal reference

Applications converting a logical reference to a literal reference may choose to leave the logical reference present, or remove it.

Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

The person, animal or group who is/was taking the medication.

Allows linking the MedicationStatement to the underlying MedicationRequest, or to other information that supports or is used to derive the MedicationStatement.

Likely references would be to MedicationRequest, MedicationDispense, Claim, Observation or QuestionnaireAnswers. The most common use cases for deriving a MedicationStatement comes from creating a MedicationStatement from a MedicationRequest or from a lab observation or a claim. it should be noted that the amount of information that is available varies from the type resource that you derive the MedicationStatement from.

Is this medicine used or not?

This element is labeled as a modifier because it indicates that the medication was not taken.

A coded concept identifying level of certainty if patient has taken or has not taken the medication

A code indicating why the medication was not taken.

A coded concept indicating the reason why the medication was not taken

A reason for why the medication is being/was taken.

This could be a diagnosis code. If a full condition record exists or additional detail is needed, use reasonForUseReference.

A coded concept identifying why the medication is being taken.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

Allows for translations and alternate encodings within a code system. Also supports communication of the same instance to systems requiring different encodings.

The reason for using the medication, particularly in self-care medicine purchased by the patient themselves.

Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

Condition or observation that supports why the medication is being/was taken.

This is a reference to a condition that is the reason why the medication is being/was taken. If only a code exists, use reasonForUseCode.

Comments on the medication use.

Instructions for the use of the medication, e.g. dose and route of administration. In the event of medication use, this is the pattern of use established by the patient or which the patient followed

The wiki page https://informatiestandaarden.nictiz.nl/wiki/mp:V9.0Voorbeeldendoseringen provides dosage instruction examples. These examples consists of functional data and their representation in FHIR and CDA.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

This indicates the sequence of the dosing instructions within the medication agreement.

If the sequence number of multiple Dosages is the same, then it is implied that the instructions are to be treated as concurrent. If the sequence number is different, then the Dosages are intended to be sequential.

Textual description of the complete instructions for use including the period of use.

Free text dosage instructions can be used for cases where the instructions are too complex to code. The content of this attribute does not include the name or description of the medication. When coded instructions are present, the free text instructions may still be present for display to humans taking or administering the medication. It is expected that the text instructions will always be populated. If the dosage.timing attribute is also populated, then the dosage.text should reflect the same information as the timing.

The additional instructions contain extra information on the use of or considerations for the current prescription. This can also include all instructions for use. The text can come from the original 'paper' medication prescription, but can also be generated from the coded information. This concept may contain more information than what is structurally coded in the information below, but may not conflict with it. The instructions may not conflict with other components of the request for administration. The instructions can also refer to an existing protocol. The G standard contains many texts that can support this attribute, in for example G standard table 362, which contains texts from the general practitioners’ standard WCIA table 25. If desired, these texts can be used to structure this concept.

Additional instruction such as "Swallow with plenty of water" which may or may not be coded.

Instructions in terms that are understood by the patient or consumer.

Specifications of the times at which the medication is to be administered. This is indicated as follows: Time(s) (16:00) or indications (“before meals”) at which the medication is to be taken each day. A specific number of times the medication is to be taken each day (“3x a day“), indicated with the frequency A time interval between consecutive doses (“Every 2 hours”, “every 3 days”), indicated with the word Interval. Combined periods with an interval and duration (“1 daily for three out of four weeks: the pill schedule”) If a certain medication is not to be taken daily, the aforementioned can be combined with daily indications: One or more week days on which the medication is to be administered (e.g. “Monday, Wednesday, Friday”) ”3x a week”, “2x a month”. The specified administration “infinite” is automatically to be repeated until: The end date and time has been reached The total administration duration has been reached (14 days) A specific amount of administrations has been reached (“20 doses”, “one-time only”), to be entered in the NumberOfDoses concept.

A timing schedule can be either a list of events - intervals on which the event occurs, or a single event with repeating criteria or just repeating criteria with no actual event. When both event and a repeating specification are provided, the list of events should be understood as an interpretation of the information in the repeat structure.

The timing schedule for giving the medication to the patient. The Schedule data type allows many different expressions. For example: "Every 8 hours"; "Three times a day"; "1/2 an hour before breakfast for 10 days from 23-Dec 2011:"; "15 Oct 2013, 17 Oct 2013 and 1 Nov 2013". Sometimes, a rate can imply duration when expressed as total volume / duration (e.g. 500mL/2 hours implies a duration of 2 hours). However, when rate doesn't imply duration (e.g. 250mL/hour), then the timing.repeat.duration is needed to convey the infuse over time period.

Indicates whether the Medication is only taken when needed within a specific dosing schedule (Boolean option), or it indicates the precondition for taking the Medication (CodeableConcept).

Can express "as needed" without a reason by setting the Boolean = True. In this case the CodeableConcept is not populated. Or you can express "as needed" with a reason by including the CodeableConcept. In this case the Boolean is assumed to be True. If you set the Boolean to False, then the dose is given according to the schedule and is not "prn" or "as needed".

A coded concept identifying the precondition that should be met or evaluated prior to consuming or administering a medication dose. For example "pain", "30 minutes prior to sexual intercourse", "on flare-up" etc.

As needed means that the dose is only to be administered under certain conditions.

Using the term 'as needed' or a specific reason (eg 'in case of pain') to use medication leads to ambiguity. It is not always clear whether the whole dose is 'as needed' or only part of the dose. For example: 1x daily 1-2 tablets as needed. This can mean: 1 tablet fixed per day and 1 tablet as needed or, as needed, a maximum of 2 tablets.As needed medication is not included in GDS. In the first situation, 1 tablet comes in the GDS (drug dispensing systems) and 1 tablet is delivered separately. In the second situation there is only separate delivery.The system must make sufficiently clear whether the entire instruction or part of the dose is necessary. The HCIM supports both options described above.

ZonodigCriteriumCodelijst

Body site to administer to.

If the use case requires attributes from the BodySite resource (e.g. to identify and track separately) then use the standard extension body-site-instance. May be a summary code, or a reference to a very precise definition of the location, or both.

A coded concept describing the site location the medicine enters into or onto the body.

A coded specification of the anatomic site where the medication first enters the body.

The route through which the medication is administered (oral, nasal, intravenous, etc.)

ToedieningswegCodelijst

A code specifying the route or physiological path of administration of a therapeutic agent into or onto a patient's body.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

A reference to a code defined by a terminology system.

Codes may be defined very casually in enumerations, or code lists, up to very formal definitions such as SNOMED CT - see the HL7 v3 Core Principles for more information. Ordering of codings is undefined and SHALL NOT be used to infer meaning. Generally, at most only one of the coding values will be labeled as UserSelected = true.

Allows for translations and alternate encodings within a code system. Also supports communication of the same instance to systems requiring different encodings.

A human language representation of the concept as seen/selected/uttered by the user who entered the data and/or which represents the intended meaning of the user.

Very often the text is the same as a displayName of one of the codings.

The codes from the terminologies do not always capture the correct meaning with all the nuances of the human using them, or sometimes there is no appropriate code at all. In these cases, the text is used to capture the full meaning of the source.

Technique for administering medication.

Terminologies used often pre-coordinate this term with the route and or form of administration.

A coded concept describing the technique by which the medicine is administered.

A coded value indicating the method by which the medication is introduced into or onto the body. Most commonly used for injections. For examples, Slow Push; Deep IV.

The dose indicates the dose amount per administration.

The dosage is described in the unit accompanying the product; usually, this is just a number of units or doses. Liquids and other divisible products will usually include a unit of volume (preferably "ml").

In many cases, the prescriber will want to indicate the dose in units of weight of the active ingredient.

If only the ingredient is included and not the product, then the amount of that ingredient will be given. Paracetamol 1000mg is equivalent to 2 Paracetamol 500mg tablets or units.

The dosage is sometimes given as a calculation, in which the patient’s body weight or body surface area is used as a parameter. The calculation is however no more than an aid in reaching a decision.

In the event of constant administration, sometimes the dose is given in addition to the administration speed (infusion rate) (e.g. 20ml in a syringe or 500ml in a bag), but it is often also omitted.

A general dosage recommendation such as ‘Use according to protocol’ or ‘See instructions’ can be sufficient. In that case, no dose is given.

Note that this specifies the quantity of the specified medication, not the quantity for each active ingredient(s). Each ingredient amount can be communicated in the Medication resource. For example, if one wants to communicate that a tablet was 375 mg, where the dose was one tablet, you can use the Medication resource to document that the tablet was comprised of 375 mg of drug XYZ. Alternatively if the dose was 375 mg, then you may only need to use the Medication resource to indicate this was a tablet. If the example were an IV such as dopamine and you wanted to communicate that 400mg of dopamine was mixed in 500 ml of some IV solution, then this would all be communicated in the Medication resource. If the administration is not intended to be instantaneous (rate is present or timing has a duration), this can be specified to convey the total amount to be administered over the period of time as indicated by the schedule e.g. 500 ml in dose, with timing used to convey that this should be done over 4 hours.

The amount of therapeutic or other substance given at one administration event.

The comparator is not used on a SimpleQuantity

The context of use may frequently define what kind of quantity this is and therefore what kind of units can be used. The context of use may also restrict the values for the comparator.

GstdTabel902

The amount of therapeutic or other substance given at one administration event.

Amount of medication per dose.

Note that this specifies the quantity of the specified medication, not the quantity for each active ingredient(s). Each ingredient amount can be communicated in the Medication resource. For example, if one wants to communicate that a tablet was 375 mg, where the dose was one tablet, you can use the Medication resource to document that the tablet was comprised of 375 mg of drug XYZ. Alternatively if the dose was 375 mg, then you may only need to use the Medication resource to indicate this was a tablet. If the example were an IV such as dopamine and you wanted to communicate that 400mg of dopamine was mixed in 500 ml of some IV solution, then this would all be communicated in the Medication resource. If the administration is not intended to be instantaneous (rate is present or timing has a duration), this can be specified to convey the total amount to be administered over the period of time as indicated by the schedule e.g. 500 ml in dose, with timing used to convey that this should be done over 4 hours.

The amount of therapeutic or other substance given at one administration event.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

The low limit. The boundary is inclusive.

If the low element is missing, the low boundary is not known.

GstdTabel902

The high limit. The boundary is inclusive.

If the high element is missing, the high boundary is not known.

GstdTabel902

A maximum dose indicates the maximum duration a product can be used with an ‘as needed’ prescription.

For example: - Max 6 units per day - Max 200ml per week

This is intended for use as an adjunct to the dosage when there is an upper cap. For example "2 tablets every 4 hours to a maximum of 8/day".

The maximum total quantity of a therapeutic substance that may be administered to a subject over the period of time. For example, 1000mg in 24 hours.

unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. In order to make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

The value of the numerator.

GstdTabel902

The value of the denominator.

Upper limit on medication per administration.

This is intended for use as an adjunct to the dosage when there is an upper cap. For example, a body surface area related dose with a maximum amount, such as 1.5 mg/m2 (maximum 2 mg) IV over 5 – 10 minutes would have doseQuantity of 1.5 mg/m2 and maxDosePerAdministration of 2 mg.

The maximum total quantity of a therapeutic substance that may be administered to a subject per administration.

Upper limit on medication per lifetime of the patient.

The maximum total quantity of a therapeutic substance that may be administered per lifetime of the subject.

The administering speed is used in slow administration of liquid. In practice, the measuring unit is almost always ml/hour. Entering an interval (such as 0-10 ml/hour) is also a commonly used option. For example, with an administering speed of 10ml/hour: amount = 10, dose unit = ml time unit = hour

It is possible to supply both a rate and a doseQuantity to provide full details about how the medication is to be administered and supplied. If the rate is intended to change over time, depending on local rules/regulations, each change should be captured as a new version of the MedicationRequest with an updated rate, or captured with a new MedicationRequest with the new rate.

Identifies the speed with which the medication was or will be introduced into the patient. Typically the rate for an infusion e.g. 100 ml per 1 hour or 100 ml/hr. May also be expressed as a rate per unit of time e.g. 500 ml per 2 hours. Other examples: 200 mcg/min or 200 mcg/1 minute; 1 liter/8 hours. Sometimes, a rate can imply duration when expressed as total volume / duration (e.g. 500mL/2 hours implies a duration of 2 hours). However, when rate doesn't imply duration (e.g. 250mL/hour), then the timing.repeat.duration is needed to convey the infuse over time period.