Risk Of Bias Type Value Set - XML Representation - Evidence Based Medicine on FHIR Implementation Guide v2.0.0-ballot

Evidence Based Medicine on FHIR Implementation Guide, published by HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support. This guide is not an authorized publication; it is the continuous build for version 2.0.0-ballot built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) CI Build. This version is based on the current content of https://github.com/HL7/ebm/ and changes regularly. See the Directory of published versions
: Risk Of Bias Type Value Set - XML Representation

Active as of 2024-12-19
Raw xml | Download

<ValueSet xmlns="http://hl7.org/fhir">
  <id value="181524"/>
  <meta>
    <versionId value="13"/>
    <lastUpdated value="2024-12-13T20:02:55.666Z"/>
  </meta>
  <text>
    <status value="extensions"/>
    <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p class="res-header-id"><b>Generated Narrative: ValueSet 181524</b></p><a name="181524"> </a><a name="hc181524"> </a><a name="181524-en-US"> </a><div style="display: inline-block; background-color: #d9e0e7; padding: 6px; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid #8da1b4; border-radius: 5px; line-height: 60%"><p style="margin-bottom: 0px">version: 13; Last updated: 2024-12-13 20:02:55+0000</p></div><ul><li>Include these codes as defined in <a href="CodeSystem-181513.html"><code>https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513</code></a> version <code>2.0.0-ballot</code><table class="none"><tr><td style="white-space:nowrap"><b>Code</b></td><td><b>Display</b></td><td><b>Definition</b></td><td><b>Definition (core metadata concept)</b></td><td><b>Synonym (core metadata concept)</b></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800002">SEVCO:00002</a></td><td>Selection Bias</td><td>A bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interest</td><td>A bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interest</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800016">SEVCO:00016</a></td><td>Confounding Covariate Bias</td><td>A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared.</td><td>A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800017">SEVCO:00017</a></td><td>Performance Bias</td><td>A bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure.</td><td>A bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure.</td><td>Performance Adherence Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800019">SEVCO:00019</a></td><td>Attrition Bias</td><td>A bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion.</td><td>A bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion.</td><td>Missing data bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800020">SEVCO:00020</a></td><td>Detection Bias</td><td>A bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable.</td><td>A bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800021">SEVCO:00021</a></td><td>Analysis Bias</td><td>A bias related to the analytic process applied to the data.</td><td>A bias related to the analytic process applied to the data.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800023">SEVCO:00023</a></td><td>Reporting Bias</td><td>A bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings.</td><td>A bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800026">SEVCO:00026</a></td><td>Synthesis Bias</td><td>A bias in the conduct of an analysis combining two or more studies or datasets.</td><td>A bias in the conduct of a systematic review resulting from methods used to select, manipulate or interpret data for evidence synthesis.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800028">SEVCO:00028</a></td><td>Qualitative Research Bias</td><td>A bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research.</td><td>A bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800029">SEVCO:00029</a></td><td>Mixed Methods Research Bias</td><td>A bias specific to the alignment of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research within the same research project.</td><td>A bias specific to the coordination of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800030">SEVCO:00030</a></td><td>bias in validation assessment</td><td>A bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose.</td><td>A bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose.</td><td>validation bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800370">SEVCO:00370</a></td><td>Early Study Termination Bias</td><td>A bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned.</td><td>A bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned.</td><td>Bias due to early study termination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800001">SEVCO:00001</a></td><td>Bias</td><td>A systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation]).</td><td>A systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation])</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800003">SEVCO:00003</a></td><td>Participant Selection Bias</td><td>A selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interest</td><td>A selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interest</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800004">SEVCO:00004</a></td><td>Inappropriate selection criteria</td><td>A selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.</td><td>A selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.</td><td>Selection bias due to inappropriate selection criteria</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800005">SEVCO:00005</a></td><td>Inappropriate sampling strategy</td><td>A selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.</td><td>A selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.</td><td>Selection bias due to inappropriate sampling strategy</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800014">SEVCO:00014</a></td><td>Inappropriate data source for participant selection</td><td>Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame.</td><td>Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame.</td><td>Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800006">SEVCO:00006</a></td><td>Non-representative sample</td><td>A selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability.</td><td>A selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability.</td><td>Nonrepresentative sample</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800008">SEVCO:00008</a></td><td>Inadequate enrollment of eligible subjects</td><td>A selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results.</td><td>A selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results.</td><td>Non-representative sample due to inadequate enrollment</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800012">SEVCO:00012</a></td><td>Non-representative sample due to timing or duration of exposure</td><td>A selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation.</td><td>A selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation.</td><td>Mismatch in start of intervention and start of follow-up</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800013">SEVCO:00013</a></td><td>Depletion of susceptibles</td><td>A non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication.</td><td>A non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication.</td><td>Non-representative sample due to depletion of susceptibles</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800009">SEVCO:00009</a></td><td>Post-baseline factors influence enrollment selection</td><td>A selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollment</td><td>A selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollment</td><td>Participant selection bias due to post-baseline factors</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800212">SEVCO:00212</a></td><td>Participant selection bias due to early study termination</td><td>A selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment.</td><td>A selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment.</td><td>Early termination bias affecting enrollment</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800010">SEVCO:00010</a></td><td>Factor associated with exposure influences enrollment selection</td><td>A selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollment</td><td>A selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollment</td><td>Participant selection bias due to factor associated wiith exposure</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800011">SEVCO:00011</a></td><td>Factor associated with outcome influences enrollment selection</td><td>A selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollment</td><td>A selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollment</td><td>Participant selection bias due to factor associated wiith outcome</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800015">SEVCO:00015</a></td><td>Study Selection Bias</td><td>A selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interest</td><td>A selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interest</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800262">SEVCO:00262</a></td><td>Bias in Study Eligibility Criteria</td><td>A study selection bias specific to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800273">SEVCO:00273</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria not prespecified</td><td>A bias in study eligibility criteria in which the criteria are not stated before the study selection process occurs.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800274">SEVCO:00274</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria not appropriate for review question</td><td>A bias in study eligibility criteria due to a mismatch between the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the research question.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800275">SEVCO:00275</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria ambiguous</td><td>A bias in study eligibility criteria due to unclear specification.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800276">SEVCO:00276</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria limits for study characteristics not appropriate</td><td>A bias in study eligibility criteria that is specific to restrictions based on characteristics of the study design, conduct, or findings.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800277">SEVCO:00277</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria limits for information sources not appropriate</td><td>A bias in study eligibility criteria that is specific to restrictions on the status, structure, language, or accessibility of the study report.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800263">SEVCO:00263</a></td><td>Database search sources not appropriate</td><td>A bias in search strategy in which the electronic sources are not sufficient to find the studies available in electronic sources.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800264">SEVCO:00264</a></td><td>Non-database search sources inadequate</td><td>A bias in search strategy in which the sources other than electronic database sources are not sufficient to find the studies available.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800265">SEVCO:00265</a></td><td>Search strategy not sensitive</td><td>A bias in search strategy in which the search terms and combinations of search terms are not sufficient to find the studies available.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800266">SEVCO:00266</a></td><td>Search strategy limits for information sources not appropriate</td><td>A bias resulting from search strategy criteria implemented due to practical considerations for implementation, including properties of a report or its accessibility.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800267">SEVCO:00267</a></td><td>Study eligibility criteria not adhered to</td><td>A study selection bias due to inappropriate implementation of the study inclusion and exclusion criteria.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800268">SEVCO:00268</a></td><td>Error in study selection not minimized</td><td>A study selection bias due to an inadequate process for screening and/or evaluating potentially eligible studies.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800269">SEVCO:00269</a></td><td>Language bias</td><td>A bias in search strategy or study eligibility criteria that results from restrictions regarding the language of the study report.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800270">SEVCO:00270</a></td><td>Geography bias</td><td>A bias in search strategy or study eligibility criteria that results from restrictions regarding the geographic origin of the research.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800271">SEVCO:00271</a></td><td>One-sided reference bias</td><td>A reporting bias in which included citations are limited to those that represent only some of the perspectives.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800272">SEVCO:00272</a></td><td>Publication Bias affecting study selection</td><td>A study selection bias in which the publicly available studies are not representative of all conducted studies.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800032">SEVCO:00032</a></td><td>Allocation Bias</td><td>A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800031">SEVCO:00031</a></td><td>Inadequate allocation concealment</td><td>An allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignment</td><td>An allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignment</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800278">SEVCO:00278</a></td><td>Bias due to non-randomized allocation</td><td>An allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random.</td><td>An allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random.</td><td>Bias due to non-random allocation</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800033">SEVCO:00033</a></td><td>Comparator Selection Bias</td><td>A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group.</td><td>Comparison Selection Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800034">SEVCO:00034</a></td><td>Confounding difference</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized.</td><td>Recognized confounding difference</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800280">SEVCO:00280</a></td><td>Confounding by time of observation</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed.</td><td>Confounding by follow-up time</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800281">SEVCO:00281</a></td><td>Lead time bias</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment.</td><td>Starting time bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800282">SEVCO:00282</a></td><td>Confounding influencing adherence to intervention</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800284">SEVCO:00284</a></td><td>Confounding by indication</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800388">SEVCO:00388</a></td><td>Confounding by contraindication</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800390">SEVCO:00390</a></td><td>time-varying confounding affected by past exposure</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure.</td><td>A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800035">SEVCO:00035</a></td><td>Inadequate blinding of participants</td><td>A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participants</td><td>A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participants</td><td>Lack of blinding of participants</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800036">SEVCO:00036</a></td><td>Inadequate blinding of intervention deliverers</td><td>A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the intervention</td><td>A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the intervention</td><td>Lack of blinding of intervention deliverers</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800037">SEVCO:00037</a></td><td>Deviation from study intervention protocol</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocol</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocol</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800038">SEVCO:00038</a></td><td>Deviation from standard of care</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected care</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected care</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800039">SEVCO:00039</a></td><td>Nonadherence of implementation</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected intervention</td><td>A performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected intervention</td><td>Nonadherence of interventionalist</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800040">SEVCO:00040</a></td><td>Nonadherence of participants</td><td>A performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposure</td><td>A performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposure</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800041">SEVCO:00041</a></td><td>Imbalance in deviations from intended intervention</td><td>A performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being compared</td><td>A performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being compared</td><td>Asymmetry in adherence between groups</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800286">SEVCO:00286</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to participant attrition</td><td>A bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion.</td><td>A bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800287">SEVCO:00287</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to missing data</td><td>A bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion.</td><td>A bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800386">SEVCO:00386</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to missing outcome data</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable.</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800288">SEVCO:00288</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to missing exposure data</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention.</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention.</td><td>Attrition bias due to missing intervention data</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800289">SEVCO:00289</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to missing modifier data</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifier</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifier</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800387">SEVCO:00387</a></td><td>Attrition bias due to missing data about attrition</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data.</td><td>An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800290">SEVCO:00290</a></td><td>Imbalance in missing data</td><td>An attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared.</td><td>An attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800291">SEVCO:00291</a></td><td>Inadequate response rate</td><td>An attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys.</td><td>An attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800042">SEVCO:00042</a></td><td>Outcome Detection Bias</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined.</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800047">SEVCO:00047</a></td><td>Cognitive Interpretive Bias for outcome determination</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>Subjectivity bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800048">SEVCO:00048</a></td><td>Bias due to lack of masking for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest.</td><td>Awareness bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800049">SEVCO:00049</a></td><td>Observer bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800052">SEVCO:00052</a></td><td>Confirmation bias for outcome determination</td><td>An observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.</td><td>An observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.</td><td>Previous opinion bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800050">SEVCO:00050</a></td><td>Recall bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800051">SEVCO:00051</a></td><td>Apprehension bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.</td><td>Hawthorne effect for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800053">SEVCO:00053</a></td><td>Hypothetical assessment bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation.</td><td>Subjunctivity bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800054">SEVCO:00054</a></td><td>Mimicry bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800057">SEVCO:00057</a></td><td>Unacceptability bias for outcome determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome.</td><td>Unacceptable disease bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800058">SEVCO:00058</a></td><td>Outcome Ascertainment Bias</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.</td><td>Ascertainment Bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800097">SEVCO:00097</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative observation period for outcome of interest</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest.</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest.</td><td>Misaligned follow up period for outcome of interest</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800098">SEVCO:00098</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative context for outcome ascertainment</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest.</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800099">SEVCO:00099</a></td><td>Inconsistency in outcome ascertainment</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.</td><td>An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.</td><td>Imbalance in outcome ascertainment</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800059">SEVCO:00059</a></td><td>Outcome Measurement Bias</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td>Measurement Bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800100">SEVCO:00100</a></td><td>Inappropriate method for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.</td><td>Inappropriate outcome measurement method</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800101">SEVCO:00101</a></td><td>Insensitive measure bias for outcome determination</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present.</td><td>Inadequate sensitivity for outcome measure</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800211">SEVCO:00211</a></td><td>Nonspecific measure bias for outcome determination</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent.</td><td>Inadequate specificity for outcome measure</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800103">SEVCO:00103</a></td><td>Inappropriate application of method for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800104">SEVCO:00104</a></td><td>Inconsistency in outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800243">SEVCO:00243</a></td><td>Inconsistency in instruments used for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800244">SEVCO:00244</a></td><td>Inconsistency in processes used for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800240">SEVCO:00240</a></td><td>Imbalance in outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800245">SEVCO:00245</a></td><td>Imbalance in instruments used for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800246">SEVCO:00246</a></td><td>Imbalance in processes used for outcome measurement</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td>An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800060">SEVCO:00060</a></td><td>Outcome Classification Bias</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified.</td><td>An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified.</td><td>Outcome Misclassification Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800061">SEVCO:00061</a></td><td>Outcome Classification System Bias</td><td>An outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification.</td><td>An outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification.</td><td>Outcome definition bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800105">SEVCO:00105</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative definition for outcome classification</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement.</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800108">SEVCO:00108</a></td><td>Surrogate marker bias for outcome classification</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome.</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome.</td><td>Substitution bias for outcome classification</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800106">SEVCO:00106</a></td><td>Post-hoc definition of outcome</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data.</td><td>An outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data.</td><td>No prespecified definition for outcome classification</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800062">SEVCO:00062</a></td><td>Outcome Classification Process Bias</td><td>An outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification.</td><td>An outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification.</td><td>Classification Process Bias for outcome determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800063">SEVCO:00063</a></td><td>Incorporation Bias for outcome determination</td><td>An outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification.</td><td>An outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800043">SEVCO:00043</a></td><td>Exposure Detection Bias</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined.</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800055">SEVCO:00055</a></td><td>Cognitive Interpretive Bias for exposure determination</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>Subjectivity bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800056">SEVCO:00056</a></td><td>Bias due to lack of masking for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures.</td><td>Awareness bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800238">SEVCO:00238</a></td><td>Observer bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800239">SEVCO:00239</a></td><td>Confirmation bias for exposure determination</td><td>An observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.</td><td>An observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.</td><td>Previous opinion bias for exposure  determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800214">SEVCO:00214</a></td><td>Recall bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800215">SEVCO:00215</a></td><td>Apprehension bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.</td><td>Hawthorne effect for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800216">SEVCO:00216</a></td><td>Hypothetical assessment bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response.</td><td>Subjunctivity bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800217">SEVCO:00217</a></td><td>Mimicry bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800218">SEVCO:00218</a></td><td>Unacceptability bias for exposure determination</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure.</td><td>Unacceptable disease bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800219">SEVCO:00219</a></td><td>Exposure Ascertainment Bias</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.</td><td>Data collection bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800220">SEVCO:00220</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative observation period for exposure of interest</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest.</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest.</td><td>Misaligned follow up period for exposure of interest</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800221">SEVCO:00221</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative context for exposure ascertainment</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest.</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800222">SEVCO:00222</a></td><td>Inconsistency in exposure ascertainment</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.</td><td>An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.</td><td>Imbalance in exposure ascertainment</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800223">SEVCO:00223</a></td><td>Exposure Measurement Bias</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td>Measurement Bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800224">SEVCO:00224</a></td><td>Inappropriate method for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.</td><td>Inappropriate exposure measurement method</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800225">SEVCO:00225</a></td><td>Insensitive measure bias for exposure determination</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present.</td><td>Inadequate sensitivity for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800226">SEVCO:00226</a></td><td>Nonspecific measure bias for exposure determination</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent.</td><td>Inadequate specificity for exposure measure</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800228">SEVCO:00228</a></td><td>Inappropriate application of method for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.</td><td>Inappropriate exposure measurement conduct</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800229">SEVCO:00229</a></td><td>Inconsistency in exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800247">SEVCO:00247</a></td><td>Inconsistency in instruments used for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800248">SEVCO:00248</a></td><td>Inconsistency in processes used for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800241">SEVCO:00241</a></td><td>Imbalance in exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800249">SEVCO:00249</a></td><td>Imbalance in instruments used for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800250">SEVCO:00250</a></td><td>Imbalance in processes used for exposure measurement</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td>An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800230">SEVCO:00230</a></td><td>Exposure Classification Bias</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified.</td><td>An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified.</td><td>Exposure Misclassification Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800231">SEVCO:00231</a></td><td>Exposure Definition Bias</td><td>An exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification.</td><td>An exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification.</td><td>Threshold Bias for exposure determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800232">SEVCO:00232</a></td><td>Nonrepresentative definition for exposure classification</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement.</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800233">SEVCO:00233</a></td><td>Surrogate marker bias for exposure classification</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure.</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure.</td><td>Proxy bias for exposure classification</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800234">SEVCO:00234</a></td><td>Post-hoc definition of exposure</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data.</td><td>An exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data.</td><td>No prespecified definition for exposure classification</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800236">SEVCO:00236</a></td><td>Classification process bias for exposure determination</td><td>An exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification.</td><td>An exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800237">SEVCO:00237</a></td><td>Incorporation Bias for exposure determination</td><td>An exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification.</td><td>An exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800044">SEVCO:00044</a></td><td>Confounder Detection Bias</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined.</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800045">SEVCO:00045</a></td><td>Detection Bias related to the reference standard</td><td>A detection bias due  to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined.</td><td>A detection bias due  to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined.</td><td>Bias for reference standard result determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800046">SEVCO:00046</a></td><td>Detection Bias related to the index test</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined.</td><td>A detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined.</td><td>Bias for index test result determination</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800383">SEVCO:00383</a></td><td>Data Entry Bias</td><td>A detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values.</td><td>A detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values.</td><td>Data Recording Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800389">SEVCO:00389</a></td><td>Inappropriate time interval between predictor assessment and outcome determination</td><td>A detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model.</td><td>A detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800022">SEVCO:00022</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of the analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied.</td><td>Analysis Selection Bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800376">SEVCO:00376</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of the data for analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800213">SEVCO:00213</a></td><td>Bias due to post-baseline factors influencing selection of the data for analysis</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800312">SEVCO:00312</a></td><td>Missing or inadequate intention-to-treat analysis</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study.</td><td>Inadequate as-randomized analysis</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800313">SEVCO:00313</a></td><td>Missing or inadequate per-protocol analysis</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800381">SEVCO:00381</a></td><td>Missing or inadequate as-treated analysis</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800377">SEVCO:00377</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of the variables for analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800292">SEVCO:00292</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800299">SEVCO:00299</a></td><td>Bias controlling for time-varying confounding</td><td>A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800301">SEVCO:00301</a></td><td>Inadequate adherence effect analysis</td><td>A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence.</td><td>Bias controlling for confounding by adherence</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800302">SEVCO:00302</a></td><td>Predictors included in outcome definition</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800319">SEVCO:00319</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of predictors based on univariable analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors).</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors).</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800378">SEVCO:00378</a></td><td>Bias related to selection of the analytic framework</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied.</td><td>Bias related to selection of the statistical framework</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800297">SEVCO:00297</a></td><td>Inappropriate statistical model</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis.</td><td>Inappropriate analytic model</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800375">SEVCO:00375</a></td><td>Inappropriate modeling of censoring</td><td>An inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible.</td><td>An inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800316">SEVCO:00316</a></td><td>Bias due to selection of the statistical significance threshold</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance.</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance.</td><td>Bias related to selection of the threshold for statistical significance</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800317">SEVCO:00317</a></td><td>Bias related to multiple comparison adjustment</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result.</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800382">SEVCO:00382</a></td><td>Mismatch of significance threshold and purpose</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant.</td><td>An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800304">SEVCO:00304</a></td><td>Immortal time bias</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800293">SEVCO:00293</a></td><td>Inadequate sample size</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework.</td><td>Inadequate numbers for analysis</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800294">SEVCO:00294</a></td><td>Bias related to execution of the analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis.</td><td>Bias in processing of data</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800305">SEVCO:00305</a></td><td>Incomplete analysis</td><td>An analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process.</td><td>An analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process.</td><td>Incomplete analysis process</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800306">SEVCO:00306</a></td><td>Inappropriate handling of uninterpretable data</td><td>An analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values.</td><td>An analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800307">SEVCO:00307</a></td><td>Inappropriate handling of missing data</td><td>An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data.</td><td>An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800308">SEVCO:00308</a></td><td>Inappropriate handling of variables</td><td>An analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype.</td><td>An analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800300">SEVCO:00300</a></td><td>Bias in adjustment for selection bias</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis.</td><td>An analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800309">SEVCO:00309</a></td><td>Data Transition Bias</td><td>An analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis.</td><td>An analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800311">SEVCO:00311</a></td><td>Inappropriate handling of missing confounder data</td><td>An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder.</td><td>An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800298">SEVCO:00298</a></td><td>Computational Implementation Bias</td><td>An analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data.</td><td>An analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data.</td><td>Programming Error</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800324">SEVCO:00324</a></td><td>Reported analysis not following pre-specified analysis plan</td><td>An analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800303">SEVCO:00303</a></td><td>Collider bias</td><td>An analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest).</td><td>An analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest).</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800314">SEVCO:00314</a></td><td>Preliminary analysis bias</td><td>An analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available.</td><td>An analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available.</td><td>Interim analysis bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800295">SEVCO:00295</a></td><td>Data-dredging bias</td><td>An analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results.</td><td>An analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results.</td><td>Fishing expedition bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800322">SEVCO:00322</a></td><td>final model not corresponding to multivariable analysis</td><td>An analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800310">SEVCO:00310</a></td><td>Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis</td><td>A bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>A bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800379">SEVCO:00379</a></td><td>Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis selection</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>A bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800315">SEVCO:00315</a></td><td>Availability bias affecting analysis selection</td><td>A Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection.</td><td>A Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800380">SEVCO:00380</a></td><td>Cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis</td><td>A bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>A bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800296">SEVCO:00296</a></td><td>Lack of blinding of data analysts</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups.</td><td>Lack of masking of data analysts</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800392">SEVCO:00392</a></td><td>Inappropriate weighting bias</td><td>An analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800320">SEVCO:00320</a></td><td>Inappropriate evaluation of predictive model performance measures</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800393">SEVCO:00393</a></td><td>Inappropriate evaluation of calibration of predictive model</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800394">SEVCO:00394</a></td><td>Inappropriate evaluation of discrimination of predictive model</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td>An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800321">SEVCO:00321</a></td><td>model overfitting</td><td>An analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied.</td><td>An analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800024">SEVCO:00024</a></td><td>Selective Reporting Bias</td><td>A reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported.</td><td>A reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800330">SEVCO:00330</a></td><td>Selective Outcome Reporting</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings.</td><td>Outcome reporting bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800336">SEVCO:00336</a></td><td>Selective outcome measure reporting</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome.</td><td>Selective outcome measure reporting within outcome domain</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800331">SEVCO:00331</a></td><td>Selective subgroup reporting</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported.</td><td>Selective subgroup analysis reporting</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800331a">SEVCO:00331a</a></td><td>Selective comparison reporting</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800333">SEVCO:00333</a></td><td>Selective analysis reporting from repeated analyses at multiple times</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800334">SEVCO:00334</a></td><td>Selective analysis reporting from multiple analytic models</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800335">SEVCO:00335</a></td><td>Selective threshold reporting bias</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported.</td><td>A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported.</td><td>Selective cutoff reporting bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800025">SEVCO:00025</a></td><td>Cognitive interpretive bias in reporting</td><td>A distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>A distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.</td><td>Cognitive interpretive reporting bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800338">SEVCO:00338</a></td><td>Interpretation of results not addressing potential for bias</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias.</td><td>Interpretation of results not addressing risk of bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800328">SEVCO:00328</a></td><td>Results emphasized based on statistical significance</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800340">SEVCO:00340</a></td><td>Confirmation bias in reporting</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800329">SEVCO:00329</a></td><td>External validity bias</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported.</td><td>A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800327">SEVCO:00327</a></td><td>Early dissemination bias</td><td>A reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports.</td><td>A reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports.</td><td>Premature dissemination bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800384">SEVCO:00384</a></td><td>Fabrication Bias</td><td>A reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study.</td><td>A reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study.</td><td>Fraud</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800325">SEVCO:00325</a></td><td>Inadequate reporting of methods</td><td>A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results.</td><td>A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results.</td><td>Inadequate methods reporting bias</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800326">SEVCO:00326</a></td><td>Inadequate explanation of participant withdrawals</td><td>A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment.</td><td>A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment.</td><td>Inadequate explanation of participant attrition</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800345">SEVCO:00345</a></td><td>Synthesis missing eligible studies</td><td>A study selection bias due to inappropriate choice of studies included in the synthesis.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800346">SEVCO:00346</a></td><td>Study parameters not appropriate for synthesis</td><td>A synthesis bias resulting from an analytic approach that is not suitable for the included studies.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800347">SEVCO:00347</a></td><td>Heterogeneity not addressed</td><td>A synthesis bias due to inadequate approach to determine the magnitude, cause, or implications of variation among studies.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800348">SEVCO:00348</a></td><td>Inconsistency within sensitivity analyses</td><td>An analysis bias due to inadequate approach to determine the implications of modeling assumptions, missing data, or distorted data for the interpretation of research results.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800349">SEVCO:00349</a></td><td>Biases in studies influence synthesis</td><td>A synthesis bias due to inadequate approach to determine the risks of bias in the studies selected for synthesis or the implications of those risks.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800351">SEVCO:00351</a></td><td>Insufficient study characteristics available for proper results interpretation</td><td>A synthesis bias due to inadequate availability of information regarding design, data collection, analysis or reporting for the study results or datasets collected for synthesis.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800352">SEVCO:00352</a></td><td>Incomplete collection of relevant study results for synthesis</td><td>A synthesis bias due to inappropriate choice of study results included in the synthesis.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800353">SEVCO:00353</a></td><td>Methodologic quality assessment inadequate</td><td>A synthesis bias due to inadequate criteria to determine the risks of bias in the studies selected for synthesis.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800354">SEVCO:00354</a></td><td>Error in risk of bias assessment not minimized</td><td>A synthesis bias due to inadequate process to determine the risks of bias in the studies selected for synthesis.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800369">SEVCO:00369</a></td><td>Error in data collection not minimized</td><td>A synthesis bias due to inadequate process to select and abstract the data from the included studies or datasets.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800356">SEVCO:00356</a></td><td>Inappropriate qualitative approach</td><td>A qualitative research bias in which the qualitative approach used in a study is not appropriate for the research question and problem.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800357">SEVCO:00357</a></td><td>Inadequate qualitative data collection methods</td><td>A qualitative research bias in which the data sources, the methods of data collection, and the forms of data are not adequate or appropriate to address the research question.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800358">SEVCO:00358</a></td><td>Inappropriate qualitative analysis</td><td>A qualitative research bias in which the analysis approach is not appropriate for the research question and qualitative approach.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800359">SEVCO:00359</a></td><td>Unsubstantiated interpretation of results</td><td>A reporting bias in which the interpretation of results is not adequately supported by the data collected.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800360">SEVCO:00360</a></td><td>Incoherence between data, analysis, and interpretation</td><td>A qualitative research bias in which there is any mismatch among hypothesis, data collected, data analysis, and results interpretation.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800361">SEVCO:00361</a></td><td>Inadequate rationale for mixed methods design</td><td>A mixed methods research bias in which the mixed methods approach used in a study is not appropriate for the research question and problem.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800362">SEVCO:00362</a></td><td>Ineffective integration of study components</td><td>A mixed methods research bias in which the qualitative research and quantitative research components are not adequately combined.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800363">SEVCO:00363</a></td><td>Inappropriate interpretation of integration of qualitative and quantitative findings</td><td>A mixed methods research bias in which the process of combining the results of the constituent analyses is flawed.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800364">SEVCO:00364</a></td><td>Inadequate handling of inconsistency</td><td>A mixed methods research bias in which discrepancies in the results from the qualitative and quantitative components are not adequately addressed.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800368">SEVCO:00368</a></td><td>bias in external validation assessment</td><td>A bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure.</td><td>A bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure.</td><td>inadequate external validation assessment</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800367">SEVCO:00367</a></td><td>bias in internal validation assessment</td><td>A bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure.</td><td>A bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure.</td><td>inadequate internal validation assessment</td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800371">SEVCO:00371</a></td><td>Early study termination bias due to competing interests</td><td>An early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual  interests.</td><td>An early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual  interests.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800372">SEVCO:00372</a></td><td>Early study termination bias due to unplanned use of interim analysis</td><td>An early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study.</td><td>An early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800373">SEVCO:00373</a></td><td>Early study termination bias due to inappropriate statistical stopping rule</td><td>An early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study.</td><td>An early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="CodeSystem-181513.html#181513-SEVCO.5800374">SEVCO:00374</a></td><td>Early study termination bias due to external factors</td><td>An early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis.</td><td>An early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis.</td><td></td></tr></table></li></ul></div>
  </text>
  <url value="https://fevir.net/resources/ValueSet/181524"/>
  <identifier>
    <type>
      <coding>
        <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v2-0203"/>
        <code value="ACSN"/>
        <display value="Accession ID"/>
      </coding>
      <text value="FEvIR Object Identifier"/>
    </type>
    <system value="urn:ietf:rfc:3986"/>
    <value value="https://fevir.net/FOI/181524"/>
    <assigner>
      <display value="Computable Publishing LLC"/>
    </assigner>
  </identifier>
  <identifier>
    <system value="urn:ietf:rfc:3986"/>
    <value value="urn:oid:2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.40.44.48.7"/>
  </identifier>
  <version value="2.0.0-ballot"/>
  <name value="Risk_of_bias_type"/>
  <title value="Risk Of Bias Type Value Set"/>
  <status value="active"/>
  <experimental value="false"/>
  <date value="2024-12-19T14:29:51+00:00"/>
  <publisher value="HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support"/>
  <contact>
    <name value="HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support"/>
    <telecom>
      <system value="url"/>
      <value value="http://www.hl7.org/Special/committees/dss"/>
    </telecom>
  </contact>
  <description
               value="Types of bias for use with risk of bias assessment. This is a snapshot version from a code system in development (original source at https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/27270) and is provided for example support in the EBMonFHIR Implementation Guide."/>
  <jurisdiction>
    <coding>
      <system value="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm"/>
      <code value="001"/>
      <display value="World"/>
    </coding>
  </jurisdiction>
  <copyright value="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"/>
  <author>
    <name value="Brian S. Alper"/>
  </author>
  <relatedArtifact>
    <type value="cite-as"/>
    <citation
              value="Risk Of Bias Type Value Set [ValueSet]. Contributors: Brian S. Alper [Authors/Creators]. In: Fast Evidence Interoperability Resources (FEvIR) Platform, FOI 181524. Revised 2023-12-08. Available at: https://fevir.net/resources/ValueSet/181524. Computable resource at: https://fevir.net/resources/ValueSet/181524."/>
  </relatedArtifact>
  <compose>
    <include>
      <system value="https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513"/>
      <version value="2.0.0-ballot"/>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00002"/>
        <display value="Selection Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interest"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00016"/>
        <display value="Confounding Covariate Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00017"/>
        <display value="Performance Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Study Exposure Adherence Bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Intervention Adherence Bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Compliance Bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Performance Adherence Bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00019"/>
        <display value="Attrition Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Missing data bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00020"/>
        <display value="Detection Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00021"/>
        <display value="Analysis Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to the analytic process applied to the data."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00023"/>
        <display value="Reporting Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00026"/>
        <display value="Synthesis Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias in the conduct of a systematic review resulting from methods used to select, manipulate or interpret data for evidence synthesis."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00028"/>
        <display value="Qualitative Research Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00029"/>
        <display value="Mixed Methods Research Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias specific to the coordination of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00030"/>
        <display value="bias in validation assessment"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="validation bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00370"/>
        <display value="Early Study Termination Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Bias due to early study termination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00001"/>
        <display value="Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation])"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00003"/>
        <display value="Participant Selection Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interest"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00004"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate selection criteria"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Selection bias due to inappropriate selection criteria"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00005"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate sampling strategy"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Biased sampling strategy"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inappropriate sample frame"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inappropriate sampling frame"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inappropriate sampling procedure"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Selection bias due to inappropriate sampling strategy"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00014"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate data source for participant selection"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00006"/>
        <display value="Non-representative sample"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Selection bias due to non-representative sample"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Unrepresentative sample"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Nonrepresentative sample"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00008"/>
        <display value="Inadequate enrollment of eligible subjects"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Selection bias due to inadequate enrollment"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Non-representative sample due to inadequate enrollment"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00012"/>
        <display
                 value="Non-representative sample due to timing or duration of exposure"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Mismatch in start of intervention and start of follow-up"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00013"/>
        <display value="Depletion of susceptibles"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Prevalent user bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Non-representative sample due to depletion of susceptibles"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00009"/>
        <display
                 value="Post-baseline factors influence enrollment selection"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollment"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Participant selection bias due to post-baseline factors"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00212"/>
        <display
                 value="Participant selection bias due to early study termination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Early termination bias affecting enrollment"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00010"/>
        <display
                 value="Factor associated with exposure influences enrollment selection"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollment"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Participant selection bias due to factor associated wiith exposure"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00011"/>
        <display
                 value="Factor associated with outcome influences enrollment selection"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollment"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Participant selection bias due to factor associated wiith outcome"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00015"/>
        <display value="Study Selection Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interest"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00262"/>
        <display value="Bias in Study Eligibility Criteria"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00273"/>
        <display value="Study eligibility criteria not prespecified"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00274"/>
        <display
                 value="Study eligibility criteria not appropriate for review question"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00275"/>
        <display value="Study eligibility criteria ambiguous"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00276"/>
        <display
                 value="Study eligibility criteria limits for study characteristics not appropriate"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00277"/>
        <display
                 value="Study eligibility criteria limits for information sources not appropriate"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00263"/>
        <display value="Database search sources not appropriate"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00264"/>
        <display value="Non-database search sources inadequate"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00265"/>
        <display value="Search strategy not sensitive"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00266"/>
        <display
                 value="Search strategy limits for information sources not appropriate"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00267"/>
        <display value="Study eligibility criteria not adhered to"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00268"/>
        <display value="Error in study selection not minimized"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00269"/>
        <display value="Language bias"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00270"/>
        <display value="Geography bias"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00271"/>
        <display value="One-sided reference bias"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00272"/>
        <display value="Publication Bias affecting study selection"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00032"/>
        <display value="Allocation Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00031"/>
        <display value="Inadequate allocation concealment"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignment"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00278"/>
        <display value="Bias due to non-randomized allocation"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Nonrandom allocation bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Non-random allocation bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Bias due to non-random allocation"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00033"/>
        <display value="Comparator Selection Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Comparison Group Selection Bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Comparator Group Selection Bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Comparison Selection Bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00034"/>
        <display value="Confounding difference"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Recognized Difference with Potential for Confounding"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Recognized confounding difference"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00280"/>
        <display value="Confounding by time of observation"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Confounding by follow-up time"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00281"/>
        <display value="Lead time bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Starting time bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00282"/>
        <display value="Confounding influencing adherence to intervention"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00284"/>
        <display value="Confounding by indication"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00388"/>
        <display value="Confounding by contraindication"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00390"/>
        <display value="time-varying confounding affected by past exposure"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00035"/>
        <display value="Inadequate blinding of participants"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participants"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate masking of participants"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Lack of blinding of participants"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00036"/>
        <display value="Inadequate blinding of intervention deliverers"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the intervention"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate masking of intervention deliverers"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Lack of blinding of intervention deliverers"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00037"/>
        <display value="Deviation from study intervention protocol"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocol"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00038"/>
        <display value="Deviation from standard of care"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected care"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00039"/>
        <display value="Nonadherence of implementation"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected intervention"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Nonadherence of interventionalist"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00040"/>
        <display value="Nonadherence of participants"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposure"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00041"/>
        <display value="Imbalance in deviations from intended intervention"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being compared"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Asymmetry in adherence between groups"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00286"/>
        <display value="Attrition bias due to participant attrition"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00287"/>
        <display value="Attrition bias due to missing data"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00386"/>
        <display value="Attrition bias due to missing outcome data"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00288"/>
        <display value="Attrition bias due to missing exposure data"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Attrition bias due to missing intervention data"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00289"/>
        <display value="Attrition bias due to missing modifier data"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifier"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00387"/>
        <display value="Attrition bias due to missing data about attrition"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00290"/>
        <display value="Imbalance in missing data"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00291"/>
        <display value="Inadequate response rate"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00042"/>
        <display value="Outcome Detection Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00047"/>
        <display
                 value="Cognitive Interpretive Bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Perception bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Subjective interpretive bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Subjectivity bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00048"/>
        <display
                 value="Bias due to lack of masking for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Bias due to lack of blinding during outcome assessment"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Bias due to lack of masking during outcome assessment"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Awareness bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00049"/>
        <display value="Observer bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00052"/>
        <display value="Confirmation bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Diagnostic suspicion bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Previous opinion bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00050"/>
        <display value="Recall bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00051"/>
        <display value="Apprehension bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Hawthorne effect for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00053"/>
        <display
                 value="Hypothetical assessment bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Subjunctivity bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00054"/>
        <display value="Mimicry bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00057"/>
        <display value="Unacceptability bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Unacceptable disease bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00058"/>
        <display value="Outcome Ascertainment Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Ascertainment Bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00097"/>
        <display
                 value="Nonrepresentative observation period for outcome of interest"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Misaligned follow up period for outcome of interest"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00098"/>
        <display value="Nonrepresentative context for outcome ascertainment"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00099"/>
        <display value="Inconsistency in outcome ascertainment"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Imbalance in outcome ascertainment"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00059"/>
        <display value="Outcome Measurement Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Measurement Bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00100"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate method for outcome measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Incorrect outcome measurement method"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inappropriate outcome measurement method"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00101"/>
        <display value="Insensitive measure bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate sensitivity for outcome measure"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00211"/>
        <display value="Nonspecific measure bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate specificity for outcome measure"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00103"/>
        <display
                 value="Inappropriate application of method for outcome measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00104"/>
        <display value="Inconsistency in outcome measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00243"/>
        <display
                 value="Inconsistency in instruments used for outcome measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00244"/>
        <display
                 value="Inconsistency in processes used for outcome measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00240"/>
        <display value="Imbalance in outcome measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00245"/>
        <display
                 value="Imbalance in instruments used for outcome measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00246"/>
        <display value="Imbalance in processes used for outcome measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00060"/>
        <display value="Outcome Classification Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Misclassification Bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Outcome Misclassification Bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00061"/>
        <display value="Outcome Classification System Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Definition Bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Outcome definition bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00105"/>
        <display
                 value="Nonrepresentative definition for outcome classification"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00108"/>
        <display value="Surrogate marker bias for outcome classification"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Substitution bias for outcome classification"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00106"/>
        <display value="Post-hoc definition of outcome"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Post-hoc outcome definition"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Definition for outcome classification not prespecified"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="No prespecified definition for outcome classification"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00062"/>
        <display value="Outcome Classification Process Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Classification Process Bias for outcome determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00063"/>
        <display value="Incorporation Bias for outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00043"/>
        <display value="Exposure Detection Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00055"/>
        <display
                 value="Cognitive Interpretive Bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Perception bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Subjective interpretive bias for exposure  determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Subjectivity bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00056"/>
        <display
                 value="Bias due to lack of masking for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Bias due to lack of blinding during exposure assessment"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Bias due to lack of masking during exposure assessment"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Awareness bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00238"/>
        <display value="Observer bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00239"/>
        <display value="Confirmation bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Diagnostic suspicion bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Previous opinion bias for exposure  determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00214"/>
        <display value="Recall bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00215"/>
        <display value="Apprehension bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Hawthorne effect for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00216"/>
        <display
                 value="Hypothetical assessment bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Subjunctivity bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00217"/>
        <display value="Mimicry bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00218"/>
        <display value="Unacceptability bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Unacceptable disease bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00219"/>
        <display value="Exposure Ascertainment Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Ascertainment Bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Data collection bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00220"/>
        <display
                 value="Nonrepresentative observation period for exposure of interest"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Misaligned follow up period for exposure of interest"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00221"/>
        <display
                 value="Nonrepresentative context for exposure ascertainment"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00222"/>
        <display value="Inconsistency in exposure ascertainment"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Imbalance in exposure ascertainment"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00223"/>
        <display value="Exposure Measurement Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Measurement Bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00224"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate method for exposure measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Incorrect exposure measurement method"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inappropriate exposure measurement method"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00225"/>
        <display value="Insensitive measure bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate sensitivity for exposure measure"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate sensitivity for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00226"/>
        <display value="Nonspecific measure bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate specificity for exposure measure"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00228"/>
        <display
                 value="Inappropriate application of method for exposure measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inappropriate exposure measurement conduct"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00229"/>
        <display value="Inconsistency in exposure measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00247"/>
        <display
                 value="Inconsistency in instruments used for exposure measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00248"/>
        <display
                 value="Inconsistency in processes used for exposure measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00241"/>
        <display value="Imbalance in exposure measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00249"/>
        <display
                 value="Imbalance in instruments used for exposure measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00250"/>
        <display
                 value="Imbalance in processes used for exposure measurement"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00230"/>
        <display value="Exposure Classification Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Misclassification Bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Exposure Misclassification Bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00231"/>
        <display value="Exposure Definition Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Definition Bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Threshold Bias for exposure determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00232"/>
        <display
                 value="Nonrepresentative definition for exposure classification"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00233"/>
        <display value="Surrogate marker bias for exposure classification"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Substitution bias for exposure classification"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Proxy bias for exposure classification"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00234"/>
        <display value="Post-hoc definition of exposure"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Definition for exposure classification not prespecified"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Post-hoc exposure definition"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="No prespecified definition for exposure classification"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00236"/>
        <display
                 value="Classification process bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00237"/>
        <display value="Incorporation Bias for exposure determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00044"/>
        <display value="Confounder Detection Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00045"/>
        <display value="Detection Bias related to the reference standard"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A detection bias due  to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Bias for reference standard result determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00046"/>
        <display value="Detection Bias related to the index test"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Bias for index test result determination"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00383"/>
        <display value="Data Entry Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Data Recording Bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00389"/>
        <display
                 value="Inappropriate time interval between predictor assessment and outcome determination"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00022"/>
        <display value="Bias related to selection of the analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Analysis Selection Bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00376"/>
        <display value="Bias related to selection of the data for analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00213"/>
        <display
                 value="Bias due to post-baseline factors influencing selection of the data for analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00312"/>
        <display value="Missing or inadequate intention-to-treat analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate as-randomized analysis"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00313"/>
        <display value="Missing or inadequate per-protocol analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00381"/>
        <display value="Missing or inadequate as-treated analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00377"/>
        <display
                 value="Bias related to selection of the variables for analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00292"/>
        <display
                 value="Bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00299"/>
        <display value="Bias controlling for time-varying confounding"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00301"/>
        <display value="Inadequate adherence effect analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Bias controlling for adherence effect"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Bias controlling for confounding by adherence"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00302"/>
        <display value="Predictors included in outcome definition"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00319"/>
        <display
                 value="Bias related to selection of predictors based on univariable analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors)."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00378"/>
        <display value="Bias related to selection of the analytic framework"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Bias related to selection of the statistical framework"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00297"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate statistical model"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inappropriate analytic model"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00375"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate modeling of censoring"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00316"/>
        <display
                 value="Bias due to selection of the statistical significance threshold"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Significance-threshold selection bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Statistical significance threshold selection bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Bias related to selection of the threshold for statistical significance"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00317"/>
        <display value="Bias related to multiple comparison adjustment"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00382"/>
        <display value="Mismatch of significance threshold and purpose"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00304"/>
        <display value="Immortal time bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00293"/>
        <display value="Inadequate sample size"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate numbers for analysis"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00294"/>
        <display value="Bias related to execution of the analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Bias in processing of data"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00305"/>
        <display value="Incomplete analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Incomplete analysis process"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00306"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate handling of uninterpretable data"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00307"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate handling of missing data"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00308"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate handling of variables"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00300"/>
        <display value="Bias in adjustment for selection bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00309"/>
        <display value="Data Transition Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00311"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate handling of missing confounder data"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00298"/>
        <display value="Computational Implementation Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Bug"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Statistical Programming Error"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Programming Error"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00324"/>
        <display
                 value="Reported analysis not following pre-specified analysis plan"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00303"/>
        <display value="Collider bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest)."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00314"/>
        <display value="Preliminary analysis bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Interim analysis bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00295"/>
        <display value="Data-dredging bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="p-hacking"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Fishing expedition"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Data snooping bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="p-hacking bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Fishing expedition bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00322"/>
        <display
                 value="final model not corresponding to multivariable analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00310"/>
        <display value="Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00379"/>
        <display
                 value="Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis selection"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00315"/>
        <display value="Availability bias affecting analysis selection"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00380"/>
        <display
                 value="Cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00296"/>
        <display value="Lack of blinding of data analysts"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Lack of masking of data analysts"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00392"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate weighting bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00320"/>
        <display
                 value="Inappropriate evaluation of predictive model performance measures"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00393"/>
        <display
                 value="Inappropriate evaluation of calibration of predictive model"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00394"/>
        <display
                 value="Inappropriate evaluation of discrimination of predictive model"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00321"/>
        <display value="model overfitting"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00024"/>
        <display value="Selective Reporting Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00330"/>
        <display value="Selective Outcome Reporting"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Outcome reporting bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00336"/>
        <display value="Selective outcome measure reporting"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Selective outcome measure reporting within outcome domain"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00331"/>
        <display value="Selective subgroup reporting"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Subgroup reporting bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Subgroup analysis reporting bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Selective subgroup analysis reporting"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00331a"/>
        <display value="Selective comparison reporting"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00333"/>
        <display
                 value="Selective analysis reporting from repeated analyses at multiple times"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00334"/>
        <display
                 value="Selective analysis reporting from multiple analytic models"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00335"/>
        <display value="Selective threshold reporting bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Selective cutoff reporting bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00025"/>
        <display value="Cognitive interpretive bias in reporting"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Spin bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Cognitive interpretive bias for reporting"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Selective Interpretation Reporting Bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Selective Representation Reporting Bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Cognitive interpretive reporting bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00338"/>
        <display
                 value="Interpretation of results not addressing potential for bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="Interpretation of results not addressing risk of bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00328"/>
        <display
                 value="Results emphasized based on statistical significance"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00340"/>
        <display value="Confirmation bias in reporting"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00329"/>
        <display value="External validity bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00327"/>
        <display value="Early dissemination bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Preliminary reporting bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Early reporting bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Interim reporting bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Early publication bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Interim publication bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Premature publication bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Preliminary publication bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Premature reporting bias"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Premature dissemination bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00384"/>
        <display value="Fabrication Bias"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Fraud"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00325"/>
        <display value="Inadequate reporting of methods"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate reporting to assess analytic strategy"/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate methods reporting bias"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00326"/>
        <display value="Inadequate explanation of participant withdrawals"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="Inadequate explanation of participant attrition"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00345"/>
        <display value="Synthesis missing eligible studies"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00346"/>
        <display value="Study parameters not appropriate for synthesis"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00347"/>
        <display value="Heterogeneity not addressed"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00348"/>
        <display value="Inconsistency within sensitivity analyses"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00349"/>
        <display value="Biases in studies influence synthesis"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00351"/>
        <display
                 value="Insufficient study characteristics available for proper results interpretation"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00352"/>
        <display
                 value="Incomplete collection of relevant study results for synthesis"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00353"/>
        <display value="Methodologic quality assessment inadequate"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00354"/>
        <display value="Error in risk of bias assessment not minimized"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00369"/>
        <display value="Error in data collection not minimized"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00356"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate qualitative approach"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00357"/>
        <display value="Inadequate qualitative data collection methods"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00358"/>
        <display value="Inappropriate qualitative analysis"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00359"/>
        <display value="Unsubstantiated interpretation of results"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00360"/>
        <display
                 value="Incoherence between data, analysis, and interpretation"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00361"/>
        <display value="Inadequate rationale for mixed methods design"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00362"/>
        <display value="Ineffective integration of study components"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00363"/>
        <display
                 value="Inappropriate interpretation of integration of qualitative and quantitative findings"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00364"/>
        <display value="Inadequate handling of inconsistency"/>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00368"/>
        <display value="bias in external validation assessment"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="inadequate external validation assessment"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00367"/>
        <display value="bias in internal validation assessment"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="A bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure."/>
        </designation>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000013009"/>
            <display value="Synonym (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value value="inadequate internal validation assessment"/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00371"/>
        <display
                 value="Early study termination bias due to competing interests"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual  interests."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00372"/>
        <display
                 value="Early study termination bias due to unplanned use of interim analysis"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00373"/>
        <display
                 value="Early study termination bias due to inappropriate statistical stopping rule"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
      <concept>
        <code value="SEVCO:00374"/>
        <display
                 value="Early study termination bias due to external factors"/>
        <designation>
          <use>
            <system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
            <code value="900000000000550004"/>
            <display value="Definition (core metadata concept)"/>
          </use>
          <value
                 value="An early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis."/>
        </designation>
      </concept>
    </include>
  </compose>
</ValueSet>