Evidence Based Medicine on FHIR Implementation Guide
2.0.0-ballot - ballot International flag

Evidence Based Medicine on FHIR Implementation Guide, published by HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support. This guide is not an authorized publication; it is the continuous build for version 2.0.0-ballot built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) CI Build. This version is based on the current content of https://github.com/HL7/ebm/ and changes regularly. See the Directory of published versions

ValueSet: Risk Of Bias Type Value Set

Official URL: https://fevir.net/resources/ValueSet/181524 Version: 2.0.0-ballot
Active as of 2024-12-19 Computable Name: Risk_of_bias_type
Other Identifiers: FEvIR Object Identifier: Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)#https://fevir.net/FOI/181524, OID:2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.40.44.48.7

Copyright/Legal: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

Types of bias for use with risk of bias assessment. This is a snapshot version from a code system in development (original source at https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/27270) and is provided for example support in the EBMonFHIR Implementation Guide.

References

Logical Definition (CLD)

Generated Narrative: ValueSet 181524

version: 13; Last updated: 2024-12-13 20:02:55+0000

  • Include these codes as defined in https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513 version 2.0.0-ballot
    CodeDisplayDefinitionDefinition (core metadata concept)Synonym (core metadata concept)
    SEVCO:00002Selection BiasA bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interestA bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interest
    SEVCO:00016Confounding Covariate BiasA situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared.A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared.
    SEVCO:00017Performance BiasA bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure.A bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure.Performance Adherence Bias
    SEVCO:00019Attrition BiasA bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion.A bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion.Missing data bias
    SEVCO:00020Detection BiasA bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable.A bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable.
    SEVCO:00021Analysis BiasA bias related to the analytic process applied to the data.A bias related to the analytic process applied to the data.
    SEVCO:00023Reporting BiasA bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings.A bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings.
    SEVCO:00026Synthesis BiasA bias in the conduct of an analysis combining two or more studies or datasets.A bias in the conduct of a systematic review resulting from methods used to select, manipulate or interpret data for evidence synthesis.
    SEVCO:00028Qualitative Research BiasA bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research.A bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research.
    SEVCO:00029Mixed Methods Research BiasA bias specific to the alignment of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research within the same research project.A bias specific to the coordination of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research.
    SEVCO:00030bias in validation assessmentA bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose.A bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose.validation bias
    SEVCO:00370Early Study Termination BiasA bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned.A bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned.Bias due to early study termination
    SEVCO:00001BiasA systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation]).A systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation])
    SEVCO:00003Participant Selection BiasA selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interestA selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interest
    SEVCO:00004Inappropriate selection criteriaA selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.A selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.Selection bias due to inappropriate selection criteria
    SEVCO:00005Inappropriate sampling strategyA selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.A selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.Selection bias due to inappropriate sampling strategy
    SEVCO:00014Inappropriate data source for participant selectionParticipant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame.Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame.Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame
    SEVCO:00006Non-representative sampleA selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability.A selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability.Nonrepresentative sample
    SEVCO:00008Inadequate enrollment of eligible subjectsA selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results.A selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results.Non-representative sample due to inadequate enrollment
    SEVCO:00012Non-representative sample due to timing or duration of exposureA selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation.A selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation.Mismatch in start of intervention and start of follow-up
    SEVCO:00013Depletion of susceptiblesA non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication.A non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication.Non-representative sample due to depletion of susceptibles
    SEVCO:00009Post-baseline factors influence enrollment selectionA selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollmentA selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollmentParticipant selection bias due to post-baseline factors
    SEVCO:00212Participant selection bias due to early study terminationA selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment.A selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment.Early termination bias affecting enrollment
    SEVCO:00010Factor associated with exposure influences enrollment selectionA selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollmentA selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollmentParticipant selection bias due to factor associated wiith exposure
    SEVCO:00011Factor associated with outcome influences enrollment selectionA selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollmentA selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollmentParticipant selection bias due to factor associated wiith outcome
    SEVCO:00015Study Selection BiasA selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interestA selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interest
    SEVCO:00262Bias in Study Eligibility CriteriaA study selection bias specific to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
    SEVCO:00273Study eligibility criteria not prespecifiedA bias in study eligibility criteria in which the criteria are not stated before the study selection process occurs.
    SEVCO:00274Study eligibility criteria not appropriate for review questionA bias in study eligibility criteria due to a mismatch between the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the research question.
    SEVCO:00275Study eligibility criteria ambiguousA bias in study eligibility criteria due to unclear specification.
    SEVCO:00276Study eligibility criteria limits for study characteristics not appropriateA bias in study eligibility criteria that is specific to restrictions based on characteristics of the study design, conduct, or findings.
    SEVCO:00277Study eligibility criteria limits for information sources not appropriateA bias in study eligibility criteria that is specific to restrictions on the status, structure, language, or accessibility of the study report.
    SEVCO:00263Database search sources not appropriateA bias in search strategy in which the electronic sources are not sufficient to find the studies available in electronic sources.
    SEVCO:00264Non-database search sources inadequateA bias in search strategy in which the sources other than electronic database sources are not sufficient to find the studies available.
    SEVCO:00265Search strategy not sensitiveA bias in search strategy in which the search terms and combinations of search terms are not sufficient to find the studies available.
    SEVCO:00266Search strategy limits for information sources not appropriateA bias resulting from search strategy criteria implemented due to practical considerations for implementation, including properties of a report or its accessibility.
    SEVCO:00267Study eligibility criteria not adhered toA study selection bias due to inappropriate implementation of the study inclusion and exclusion criteria.
    SEVCO:00268Error in study selection not minimizedA study selection bias due to an inadequate process for screening and/or evaluating potentially eligible studies.
    SEVCO:00269Language biasA bias in search strategy or study eligibility criteria that results from restrictions regarding the language of the study report.
    SEVCO:00270Geography biasA bias in search strategy or study eligibility criteria that results from restrictions regarding the geographic origin of the research.
    SEVCO:00271One-sided reference biasA reporting bias in which included citations are limited to those that represent only some of the perspectives.
    SEVCO:00272Publication Bias affecting study selectionA study selection bias in which the publicly available studies are not representative of all conducted studies.
    SEVCO:00032Allocation BiasA confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome.A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome.
    SEVCO:00031Inadequate allocation concealmentAn allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignmentAn allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignment
    SEVCO:00278Bias due to non-randomized allocationAn allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random.An allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random.Bias due to non-random allocation
    SEVCO:00033Comparator Selection BiasA confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group.A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group.Comparison Selection Bias
    SEVCO:00034Confounding differenceA confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized.A confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized.Recognized confounding difference
    SEVCO:00280Confounding by time of observationA confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed.A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed.Confounding by follow-up time
    SEVCO:00281Lead time biasA confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment.A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment.Starting time bias
    SEVCO:00282Confounding influencing adherence to interventionA confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention.A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention.
    SEVCO:00284Confounding by indicationA confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure.A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure.
    SEVCO:00388Confounding by contraindicationA confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure.A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure.
    SEVCO:00390time-varying confounding affected by past exposureA confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure.A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure.
    SEVCO:00035Inadequate blinding of participantsA performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participantsA performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participantsLack of blinding of participants
    SEVCO:00036Inadequate blinding of intervention deliverersA performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the interventionA performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the interventionLack of blinding of intervention deliverers
    SEVCO:00037Deviation from study intervention protocolA performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocolA performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocol
    SEVCO:00038Deviation from standard of careA performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected careA performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected care
    SEVCO:00039Nonadherence of implementationA performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected interventionA performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected interventionNonadherence of interventionalist
    SEVCO:00040Nonadherence of participantsA performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposureA performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposure
    SEVCO:00041Imbalance in deviations from intended interventionA performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being comparedA performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being comparedAsymmetry in adherence between groups
    SEVCO:00286Attrition bias due to participant attritionA bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion.A bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion.
    SEVCO:00287Attrition bias due to missing dataA bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion.A bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion.
    SEVCO:00386Attrition bias due to missing outcome dataAn attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable.An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable.
    SEVCO:00288Attrition bias due to missing exposure dataAn attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention.An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention.Attrition bias due to missing intervention data
    SEVCO:00289Attrition bias due to missing modifier dataAn attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifierAn attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifier
    SEVCO:00387Attrition bias due to missing data about attritionAn attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data.An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data.
    SEVCO:00290Imbalance in missing dataAn attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared.An attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared.
    SEVCO:00291Inadequate response rateAn attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys.An attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys.
    SEVCO:00042Outcome Detection BiasA detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined.A detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined.
    SEVCO:00047Cognitive Interpretive Bias for outcome determinationAn outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.An outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.Subjectivity bias for outcome determination
    SEVCO:00048Bias due to lack of masking for outcome determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest.A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest.Awareness bias for outcome determination
    SEVCO:00049Observer bias for outcome determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.
    SEVCO:00052Confirmation bias for outcome determinationAn observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.An observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.Previous opinion bias for outcome determination
    SEVCO:00050Recall bias for outcome determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.
    SEVCO:00051Apprehension bias for outcome determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.Hawthorne effect for outcome determination
    SEVCO:00053Hypothetical assessment bias for outcome determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation.A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation.Subjunctivity bias for outcome determination
    SEVCO:00054Mimicry bias for outcome determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome.A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome.
    SEVCO:00057Unacceptability bias for outcome determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome.A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome.Unacceptable disease bias for outcome determination
    SEVCO:00058Outcome Ascertainment BiasAn outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.Ascertainment Bias for outcome determination
    SEVCO:00097Nonrepresentative observation period for outcome of interestAn outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest.An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest.Misaligned follow up period for outcome of interest
    SEVCO:00098Nonrepresentative context for outcome ascertainmentAn outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest.An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest.
    SEVCO:00099Inconsistency in outcome ascertainmentAn outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.Imbalance in outcome ascertainment
    SEVCO:00059Outcome Measurement BiasAn outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured.An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured.Measurement Bias for outcome determination
    SEVCO:00100Inappropriate method for outcome measurementAn outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.An outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.Inappropriate outcome measurement method
    SEVCO:00101Insensitive measure bias for outcome determinationAn outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present.An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present.Inadequate sensitivity for outcome measure
    SEVCO:00211Nonspecific measure bias for outcome determinationAn outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent.An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent.Inadequate specificity for outcome measure
    SEVCO:00103Inappropriate application of method for outcome measurementAn outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.An outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.
    SEVCO:00104Inconsistency in outcome measurementAn outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.
    SEVCO:00243Inconsistency in instruments used for outcome measurementAn outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement.An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement.
    SEVCO:00244Inconsistency in processes used for outcome measurementAn outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.
    SEVCO:00240Imbalance in outcome measurementAn outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.
    SEVCO:00245Imbalance in instruments used for outcome measurementAn outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.
    SEVCO:00246Imbalance in processes used for outcome measurementAn outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.
    SEVCO:00060Outcome Classification BiasAn outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified.An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified.Outcome Misclassification Bias
    SEVCO:00061Outcome Classification System BiasAn outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification.An outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification.Outcome definition bias
    SEVCO:00105Nonrepresentative definition for outcome classificationAn outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement.An outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement.
    SEVCO:00108Surrogate marker bias for outcome classificationAn outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome.An outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome.Substitution bias for outcome classification
    SEVCO:00106Post-hoc definition of outcomeAn outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data.An outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data.No prespecified definition for outcome classification
    SEVCO:00062Outcome Classification Process BiasAn outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification.An outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification.Classification Process Bias for outcome determination
    SEVCO:00063Incorporation Bias for outcome determinationAn outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification.An outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification.
    SEVCO:00043Exposure Detection BiasA detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined.A detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined.
    SEVCO:00055Cognitive Interpretive Bias for exposure determinationAn exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.An exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.Subjectivity bias for exposure determination
    SEVCO:00056Bias due to lack of masking for exposure determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures.A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures.Awareness bias for exposure determination
    SEVCO:00238Observer bias for exposure determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.
    SEVCO:00239Confirmation bias for exposure determinationAn observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.An observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.Previous opinion bias for exposure determination
    SEVCO:00214Recall bias for exposure determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.
    SEVCO:00215Apprehension bias for exposure determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.Hawthorne effect for exposure determination
    SEVCO:00216Hypothetical assessment bias for exposure determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response.A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response.Subjunctivity bias for exposure determination
    SEVCO:00217Mimicry bias for exposure determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure.A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure.
    SEVCO:00218Unacceptability bias for exposure determinationA cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure.A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure.Unacceptable disease bias for exposure determination
    SEVCO:00219Exposure Ascertainment BiasAn exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.Data collection bias for exposure determination
    SEVCO:00220Nonrepresentative observation period for exposure of interestAn exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest.An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest.Misaligned follow up period for exposure of interest
    SEVCO:00221Nonrepresentative context for exposure ascertainmentAn exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest.An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest.
    SEVCO:00222Inconsistency in exposure ascertainmentAn exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.Imbalance in exposure ascertainment
    SEVCO:00223Exposure Measurement BiasAn exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured.An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured.Measurement Bias for exposure determination
    SEVCO:00224Inappropriate method for exposure measurementAn exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.An exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.Inappropriate exposure measurement method
    SEVCO:00225Insensitive measure bias for exposure determinationAn exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present.An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present.Inadequate sensitivity for exposure determination
    SEVCO:00226Nonspecific measure bias for exposure determinationAn exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent.An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent.Inadequate specificity for exposure measure
    SEVCO:00228Inappropriate application of method for exposure measurementAn exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.An exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.Inappropriate exposure measurement conduct
    SEVCO:00229Inconsistency in exposure measurementAn exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured.An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured.
    SEVCO:00247Inconsistency in instruments used for exposure measurementAn exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement.An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement.
    SEVCO:00248Inconsistency in processes used for exposure measurementAn exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.
    SEVCO:00241Imbalance in exposure measurementAn exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured.An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured.
    SEVCO:00249Imbalance in instruments used for exposure measurementAn exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.
    SEVCO:00250Imbalance in processes used for exposure measurementAn exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.
    SEVCO:00230Exposure Classification BiasAn exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified.An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified.Exposure Misclassification Bias
    SEVCO:00231Exposure Definition BiasAn exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification.An exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification.Threshold Bias for exposure determination
    SEVCO:00232Nonrepresentative definition for exposure classificationAn exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement.An exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement.
    SEVCO:00233Surrogate marker bias for exposure classificationAn exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure.An exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure.Proxy bias for exposure classification
    SEVCO:00234Post-hoc definition of exposureAn exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data.An exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data.No prespecified definition for exposure classification
    SEVCO:00236Classification process bias for exposure determinationAn exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification.An exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification.
    SEVCO:00237Incorporation Bias for exposure determinationAn exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification.An exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification.
    SEVCO:00044Confounder Detection BiasA detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined.A detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined.
    SEVCO:00045Detection Bias related to the reference standardA detection bias due to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined.A detection bias due to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined.Bias for reference standard result determination
    SEVCO:00046Detection Bias related to the index testA detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined.A detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined.Bias for index test result determination
    SEVCO:00383Data Entry BiasA detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values.A detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values.Data Recording Bias
    SEVCO:00389Inappropriate time interval between predictor assessment and outcome determinationA detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model.A detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model.
    SEVCO:00022Bias related to selection of the analysisAn analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied.An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied.Analysis Selection Bias
    SEVCO:00376Bias related to selection of the data for analysisAn analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.
    SEVCO:00213Bias due to post-baseline factors influencing selection of the data for analysisA bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment.A bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment.
    SEVCO:00312Missing or inadequate intention-to-treat analysisA bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study.A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study.Inadequate as-randomized analysis
    SEVCO:00313Missing or inadequate per-protocol analysisA bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol.A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol.
    SEVCO:00381Missing or inadequate as-treated analysisA bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received.A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received.
    SEVCO:00377Bias related to selection of the variables for analysisAn analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.
    SEVCO:00292Bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confoundingAn analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied.An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied.
    SEVCO:00299Bias controlling for time-varying confoundingA bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent.A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent.
    SEVCO:00301Inadequate adherence effect analysisA bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence.A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence.Bias controlling for confounding by adherence
    SEVCO:00302Predictors included in outcome definitionAn analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable.An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable.
    SEVCO:00319Bias related to selection of predictors based on univariable analysisAn analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors).An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors).
    SEVCO:00378Bias related to selection of the analytic frameworkAn analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied.An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied.Bias related to selection of the statistical framework
    SEVCO:00297Inappropriate statistical modelA bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis.A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis.Inappropriate analytic model
    SEVCO:00375Inappropriate modeling of censoringAn inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible.An inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible.
    SEVCO:00316Bias due to selection of the statistical significance thresholdAn analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance.An analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance.Bias related to selection of the threshold for statistical significance
    SEVCO:00317Bias related to multiple comparison adjustmentAn analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result.An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result.
    SEVCO:00382Mismatch of significance threshold and purposeAn analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant.An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant.
    SEVCO:00304Immortal time biasA bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred.A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred.
    SEVCO:00293Inadequate sample sizeA bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework.A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework.Inadequate numbers for analysis
    SEVCO:00294Bias related to execution of the analysisAn analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis.An analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis.Bias in processing of data
    SEVCO:00305Incomplete analysisAn analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process.An analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process.Incomplete analysis process
    SEVCO:00306Inappropriate handling of uninterpretable dataAn analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values.An analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values.
    SEVCO:00307Inappropriate handling of missing dataAn analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data.An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data.
    SEVCO:00308Inappropriate handling of variablesAn analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype.An analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype.
    SEVCO:00300Bias in adjustment for selection biasAn analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis.An analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis.
    SEVCO:00309Data Transition BiasAn analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis.An analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis.
    SEVCO:00311Inappropriate handling of missing confounder dataAn analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder.An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder.
    SEVCO:00298Computational Implementation BiasAn analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data.An analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data.Programming Error
    SEVCO:00324Reported analysis not following pre-specified analysis planAn analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan.An analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan.
    SEVCO:00303Collider biasAn analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest).An analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest).
    SEVCO:00314Preliminary analysis biasAn analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available.An analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available.Interim analysis bias
    SEVCO:00295Data-dredging biasAn analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results.An analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results.Fishing expedition bias
    SEVCO:00322final model not corresponding to multivariable analysisAn analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis.An analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis.
    SEVCO:00310Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysisA bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.A bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.
    SEVCO:00379Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis selectionA bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.A bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.
    SEVCO:00315Availability bias affecting analysis selectionA Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection.A Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection.
    SEVCO:00380Cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysisA bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.A bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.
    SEVCO:00296Lack of blinding of data analystsA cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups.A cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups.Lack of masking of data analysts
    SEVCO:00392Inappropriate weighting biasAn analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand.An analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand.
    SEVCO:00320Inappropriate evaluation of predictive model performance measuresAn analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.
    SEVCO:00393Inappropriate evaluation of calibration of predictive modelAn analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.
    SEVCO:00394Inappropriate evaluation of discrimination of predictive modelAn analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.
    SEVCO:00321model overfittingAn analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied.An analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied.
    SEVCO:00024Selective Reporting BiasA reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported.A reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported.
    SEVCO:00330Selective Outcome ReportingA selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings.A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings.Outcome reporting bias
    SEVCO:00336Selective outcome measure reportingA selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome.A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome.Selective outcome measure reporting within outcome domain
    SEVCO:00331Selective subgroup reportingA selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported.A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported.Selective subgroup analysis reporting
    SEVCO:00331aSelective comparison reportingA selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported.A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported.
    SEVCO:00333Selective analysis reporting from repeated analyses at multiple timesA selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study.A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study.
    SEVCO:00334Selective analysis reporting from multiple analytic modelsA selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways.A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways.
    SEVCO:00335Selective threshold reporting biasA selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported.A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported.Selective cutoff reporting bias
    SEVCO:00025Cognitive interpretive bias in reportingA distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.A distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.Cognitive interpretive reporting bias
    SEVCO:00338Interpretation of results not addressing potential for biasA cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias.A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias.Interpretation of results not addressing risk of bias
    SEVCO:00328Results emphasized based on statistical significanceA cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention.A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention.
    SEVCO:00340Confirmation bias in reportingA cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses.A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses.
    SEVCO:00329External validity biasA cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported.A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported.
    SEVCO:00327Early dissemination biasA reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports.A reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports.Premature dissemination bias
    SEVCO:00384Fabrication BiasA reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study.A reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study.Fraud
    SEVCO:00325Inadequate reporting of methodsA reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results.A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results.Inadequate methods reporting bias
    SEVCO:00326Inadequate explanation of participant withdrawalsA reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment.A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment.Inadequate explanation of participant attrition
    SEVCO:00345Synthesis missing eligible studiesA study selection bias due to inappropriate choice of studies included in the synthesis.
    SEVCO:00346Study parameters not appropriate for synthesisA synthesis bias resulting from an analytic approach that is not suitable for the included studies.
    SEVCO:00347Heterogeneity not addressedA synthesis bias due to inadequate approach to determine the magnitude, cause, or implications of variation among studies.
    SEVCO:00348Inconsistency within sensitivity analysesAn analysis bias due to inadequate approach to determine the implications of modeling assumptions, missing data, or distorted data for the interpretation of research results.
    SEVCO:00349Biases in studies influence synthesisA synthesis bias due to inadequate approach to determine the risks of bias in the studies selected for synthesis or the implications of those risks.
    SEVCO:00351Insufficient study characteristics available for proper results interpretationA synthesis bias due to inadequate availability of information regarding design, data collection, analysis or reporting for the study results or datasets collected for synthesis.
    SEVCO:00352Incomplete collection of relevant study results for synthesisA synthesis bias due to inappropriate choice of study results included in the synthesis.
    SEVCO:00353Methodologic quality assessment inadequateA synthesis bias due to inadequate criteria to determine the risks of bias in the studies selected for synthesis.
    SEVCO:00354Error in risk of bias assessment not minimizedA synthesis bias due to inadequate process to determine the risks of bias in the studies selected for synthesis.
    SEVCO:00369Error in data collection not minimizedA synthesis bias due to inadequate process to select and abstract the data from the included studies or datasets.
    SEVCO:00356Inappropriate qualitative approachA qualitative research bias in which the qualitative approach used in a study is not appropriate for the research question and problem.
    SEVCO:00357Inadequate qualitative data collection methodsA qualitative research bias in which the data sources, the methods of data collection, and the forms of data are not adequate or appropriate to address the research question.
    SEVCO:00358Inappropriate qualitative analysisA qualitative research bias in which the analysis approach is not appropriate for the research question and qualitative approach.
    SEVCO:00359Unsubstantiated interpretation of resultsA reporting bias in which the interpretation of results is not adequately supported by the data collected.
    SEVCO:00360Incoherence between data, analysis, and interpretationA qualitative research bias in which there is any mismatch among hypothesis, data collected, data analysis, and results interpretation.
    SEVCO:00361Inadequate rationale for mixed methods designA mixed methods research bias in which the mixed methods approach used in a study is not appropriate for the research question and problem.
    SEVCO:00362Ineffective integration of study componentsA mixed methods research bias in which the qualitative research and quantitative research components are not adequately combined.
    SEVCO:00363Inappropriate interpretation of integration of qualitative and quantitative findingsA mixed methods research bias in which the process of combining the results of the constituent analyses is flawed.
    SEVCO:00364Inadequate handling of inconsistencyA mixed methods research bias in which discrepancies in the results from the qualitative and quantitative components are not adequately addressed.
    SEVCO:00368bias in external validation assessmentA bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure.A bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure.inadequate external validation assessment
    SEVCO:00367bias in internal validation assessmentA bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure.A bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure.inadequate internal validation assessment
    SEVCO:00371Early study termination bias due to competing interestsAn early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual interests.An early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual interests.
    SEVCO:00372Early study termination bias due to unplanned use of interim analysisAn early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study.An early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study.
    SEVCO:00373Early study termination bias due to inappropriate statistical stopping ruleAn early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study.An early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study.
    SEVCO:00374Early study termination bias due to external factorsAn early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis.An early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis.

 

Expansion

Generated Narrative: ValueSet

version: 13; Last updated: 2024-12-13 20:02:55+0000

Expansion based on codesystem Scientific Evidence Code System (SEVCO) -- EXAMPLE VERSION for EBMonFHIR Implementation Guide v2.0.0-ballot (CodeSystem)

This value set contains 223 concepts

CodeSystemDisplayDefinition
  SEVCO:00002https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Selection Bias

A bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interest

  SEVCO:00016https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Confounding Covariate Bias

A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared.

  SEVCO:00017https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Performance Bias

A bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure.

  SEVCO:00019https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Attrition Bias

A bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion.

  SEVCO:00020https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Detection Bias

A bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable.

  SEVCO:00021https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Analysis Bias

A bias related to the analytic process applied to the data.

  SEVCO:00023https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Reporting Bias

A bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings.

  SEVCO:00026https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Synthesis Bias

A bias in the conduct of an analysis combining two or more studies or datasets.

  SEVCO:00028https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Qualitative Research Bias

A bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research.

  SEVCO:00029https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Mixed Methods Research Bias

A bias specific to the alignment of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research within the same research project.

  SEVCO:00030https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513bias in validation assessment

A bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose.

  SEVCO:00370https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Early Study Termination Bias

A bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned.

  SEVCO:00001https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias

A systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation]).

  SEVCO:00003https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Participant Selection Bias

A selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interest

  SEVCO:00004https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate selection criteria

A selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.

  SEVCO:00005https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate sampling strategy

A selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.

  SEVCO:00014https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate data source for participant selection

Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame.

  SEVCO:00006https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Non-representative sample

A selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability.

  SEVCO:00008https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate enrollment of eligible subjects

A selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results.

  SEVCO:00012https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Non-representative sample due to timing or duration of exposure

A selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation.

  SEVCO:00013https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Depletion of susceptibles

A non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication.

  SEVCO:00009https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Post-baseline factors influence enrollment selection

A selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollment

  SEVCO:00212https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Participant selection bias due to early study termination

A selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment.

  SEVCO:00010https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Factor associated with exposure influences enrollment selection

A selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollment

  SEVCO:00011https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Factor associated with outcome influences enrollment selection

A selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollment

  SEVCO:00015https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Study Selection Bias

A selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interest

  SEVCO:00262https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias in Study Eligibility Criteria

A study selection bias specific to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

  SEVCO:00273https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Study eligibility criteria not prespecified

A bias in study eligibility criteria in which the criteria are not stated before the study selection process occurs.

  SEVCO:00274https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Study eligibility criteria not appropriate for review question

A bias in study eligibility criteria due to a mismatch between the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the research question.

  SEVCO:00275https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Study eligibility criteria ambiguous

A bias in study eligibility criteria due to unclear specification.

  SEVCO:00276https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Study eligibility criteria limits for study characteristics not appropriate

A bias in study eligibility criteria that is specific to restrictions based on characteristics of the study design, conduct, or findings.

  SEVCO:00277https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Study eligibility criteria limits for information sources not appropriate

A bias in study eligibility criteria that is specific to restrictions on the status, structure, language, or accessibility of the study report.

  SEVCO:00263https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Database search sources not appropriate

A bias in search strategy in which the electronic sources are not sufficient to find the studies available in electronic sources.

  SEVCO:00264https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Non-database search sources inadequate

A bias in search strategy in which the sources other than electronic database sources are not sufficient to find the studies available.

  SEVCO:00265https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Search strategy not sensitive

A bias in search strategy in which the search terms and combinations of search terms are not sufficient to find the studies available.

  SEVCO:00266https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Search strategy limits for information sources not appropriate

A bias resulting from search strategy criteria implemented due to practical considerations for implementation, including properties of a report or its accessibility.

  SEVCO:00267https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Study eligibility criteria not adhered to

A study selection bias due to inappropriate implementation of the study inclusion and exclusion criteria.

  SEVCO:00268https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Error in study selection not minimized

A study selection bias due to an inadequate process for screening and/or evaluating potentially eligible studies.

  SEVCO:00269https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Language bias

A bias in search strategy or study eligibility criteria that results from restrictions regarding the language of the study report.

  SEVCO:00270https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Geography bias

A bias in search strategy or study eligibility criteria that results from restrictions regarding the geographic origin of the research.

  SEVCO:00271https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513One-sided reference bias

A reporting bias in which included citations are limited to those that represent only some of the perspectives.

  SEVCO:00272https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Publication Bias affecting study selection

A study selection bias in which the publicly available studies are not representative of all conducted studies.

  SEVCO:00032https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Allocation Bias

A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome.

  SEVCO:00031https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate allocation concealment

An allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignment

  SEVCO:00278https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias due to non-randomized allocation

An allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random.

  SEVCO:00033https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Comparator Selection Bias

A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group.

  SEVCO:00034https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Confounding difference

A confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized.

  SEVCO:00280https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Confounding by time of observation

A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed.

  SEVCO:00281https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Lead time bias

A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment.

  SEVCO:00282https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Confounding influencing adherence to intervention

A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention.

  SEVCO:00284https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Confounding by indication

A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure.

  SEVCO:00388https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Confounding by contraindication

A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure.

  SEVCO:00390https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513time-varying confounding affected by past exposure

A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure.

  SEVCO:00035https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate blinding of participants

A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participants

  SEVCO:00036https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate blinding of intervention deliverers

A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the intervention

  SEVCO:00037https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Deviation from study intervention protocol

A performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocol

  SEVCO:00038https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Deviation from standard of care

A performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected care

  SEVCO:00039https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Nonadherence of implementation

A performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected intervention

  SEVCO:00040https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Nonadherence of participants

A performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposure

  SEVCO:00041https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Imbalance in deviations from intended intervention

A performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being compared

  SEVCO:00286https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Attrition bias due to participant attrition

A bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion.

  SEVCO:00287https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Attrition bias due to missing data

A bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion.

  SEVCO:00386https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Attrition bias due to missing outcome data

An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable.

  SEVCO:00288https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Attrition bias due to missing exposure data

An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention.

  SEVCO:00289https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Attrition bias due to missing modifier data

An attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifier

  SEVCO:00387https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Attrition bias due to missing data about attrition

An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data.

  SEVCO:00290https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Imbalance in missing data

An attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared.

  SEVCO:00291https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate response rate

An attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys.

  SEVCO:00042https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Outcome Detection Bias

A detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined.

  SEVCO:00047https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Cognitive Interpretive Bias for outcome determination

An outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.

  SEVCO:00048https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias due to lack of masking for outcome determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest.

  SEVCO:00049https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Observer bias for outcome determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.

  SEVCO:00052https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Confirmation bias for outcome determination

An observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.

  SEVCO:00050https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Recall bias for outcome determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.

  SEVCO:00051https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Apprehension bias for outcome determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.

  SEVCO:00053https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Hypothetical assessment bias for outcome determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation.

  SEVCO:00054https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Mimicry bias for outcome determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome.

  SEVCO:00057https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Unacceptability bias for outcome determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome.

  SEVCO:00058https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Outcome Ascertainment Bias

An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.

  SEVCO:00097https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Nonrepresentative observation period for outcome of interest

An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest.

  SEVCO:00098https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Nonrepresentative context for outcome ascertainment

An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest.

  SEVCO:00099https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inconsistency in outcome ascertainment

An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.

  SEVCO:00059https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Outcome Measurement Bias

An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured.

  SEVCO:00100https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate method for outcome measurement

An outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.

  SEVCO:00101https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Insensitive measure bias for outcome determination

An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present.

  SEVCO:00211https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Nonspecific measure bias for outcome determination

An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent.

  SEVCO:00103https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate application of method for outcome measurement

An outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.

  SEVCO:00104https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inconsistency in outcome measurement

An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.

  SEVCO:00243https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inconsistency in instruments used for outcome measurement

An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement.

  SEVCO:00244https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inconsistency in processes used for outcome measurement

An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.

  SEVCO:00240https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Imbalance in outcome measurement

An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.

  SEVCO:00245https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Imbalance in instruments used for outcome measurement

An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.

  SEVCO:00246https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Imbalance in processes used for outcome measurement

An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.

  SEVCO:00060https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Outcome Classification Bias

An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified.

  SEVCO:00061https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Outcome Classification System Bias

An outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification.

  SEVCO:00105https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Nonrepresentative definition for outcome classification

An outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement.

  SEVCO:00108https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Surrogate marker bias for outcome classification

An outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome.

  SEVCO:00106https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Post-hoc definition of outcome

An outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data.

  SEVCO:00062https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Outcome Classification Process Bias

An outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification.

  SEVCO:00063https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Incorporation Bias for outcome determination

An outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification.

  SEVCO:00043https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Exposure Detection Bias

A detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined.

  SEVCO:00055https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Cognitive Interpretive Bias for exposure determination

An exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.

  SEVCO:00056https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias due to lack of masking for exposure determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures.

  SEVCO:00238https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Observer bias for exposure determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.

  SEVCO:00239https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Confirmation bias for exposure determination

An observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.

  SEVCO:00214https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Recall bias for exposure determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.

  SEVCO:00215https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Apprehension bias for exposure determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.

  SEVCO:00216https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Hypothetical assessment bias for exposure determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response.

  SEVCO:00217https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Mimicry bias for exposure determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure.

  SEVCO:00218https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Unacceptability bias for exposure determination

A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure.

  SEVCO:00219https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Exposure Ascertainment Bias

An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.

  SEVCO:00220https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Nonrepresentative observation period for exposure of interest

An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest.

  SEVCO:00221https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Nonrepresentative context for exposure ascertainment

An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest.

  SEVCO:00222https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inconsistency in exposure ascertainment

An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.

  SEVCO:00223https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Exposure Measurement Bias

An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured.

  SEVCO:00224https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate method for exposure measurement

An exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.

  SEVCO:00225https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Insensitive measure bias for exposure determination

An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present.

  SEVCO:00226https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Nonspecific measure bias for exposure determination

An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent.

  SEVCO:00228https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate application of method for exposure measurement

An exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.

  SEVCO:00229https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inconsistency in exposure measurement

An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured.

  SEVCO:00247https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inconsistency in instruments used for exposure measurement

An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement.

  SEVCO:00248https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inconsistency in processes used for exposure measurement

An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.

  SEVCO:00241https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Imbalance in exposure measurement

An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured.

  SEVCO:00249https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Imbalance in instruments used for exposure measurement

An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.

  SEVCO:00250https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Imbalance in processes used for exposure measurement

An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.

  SEVCO:00230https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Exposure Classification Bias

An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified.

  SEVCO:00231https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Exposure Definition Bias

An exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification.

  SEVCO:00232https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Nonrepresentative definition for exposure classification

An exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement.

  SEVCO:00233https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Surrogate marker bias for exposure classification

An exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure.

  SEVCO:00234https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Post-hoc definition of exposure

An exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data.

  SEVCO:00236https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Classification process bias for exposure determination

An exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification.

  SEVCO:00237https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Incorporation Bias for exposure determination

An exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification.

  SEVCO:00044https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Confounder Detection Bias

A detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined.

  SEVCO:00045https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Detection Bias related to the reference standard

A detection bias due to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined.

  SEVCO:00046https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Detection Bias related to the index test

A detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined.

  SEVCO:00383https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Data Entry Bias

A detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values.

  SEVCO:00389https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate time interval between predictor assessment and outcome determination

A detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model.

  SEVCO:00022https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias related to selection of the analysis

An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied.

  SEVCO:00376https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias related to selection of the data for analysis

An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.

  SEVCO:00213https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias due to post-baseline factors influencing selection of the data for analysis

A bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment.

  SEVCO:00312https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Missing or inadequate intention-to-treat analysis

A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study.

  SEVCO:00313https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Missing or inadequate per-protocol analysis

A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol.

  SEVCO:00381https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Missing or inadequate as-treated analysis

A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received.

  SEVCO:00377https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias related to selection of the variables for analysis

An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.

  SEVCO:00292https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding

An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied.

  SEVCO:00299https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias controlling for time-varying confounding

A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent.

  SEVCO:00301https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate adherence effect analysis

A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence.

  SEVCO:00302https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Predictors included in outcome definition

An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable.

  SEVCO:00319https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias related to selection of predictors based on univariable analysis

An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors).

  SEVCO:00378https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias related to selection of the analytic framework

An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied.

  SEVCO:00297https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate statistical model

A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis.

  SEVCO:00375https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate modeling of censoring

An inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible.

  SEVCO:00316https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias due to selection of the statistical significance threshold

An analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance.

  SEVCO:00317https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias related to multiple comparison adjustment

An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result.

  SEVCO:00382https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Mismatch of significance threshold and purpose

An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant.

  SEVCO:00304https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Immortal time bias

A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred.

  SEVCO:00293https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate sample size

A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework.

  SEVCO:00294https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias related to execution of the analysis

An analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis.

  SEVCO:00305https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Incomplete analysis

An analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process.

  SEVCO:00306https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate handling of uninterpretable data

An analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values.

  SEVCO:00307https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate handling of missing data

An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data.

  SEVCO:00308https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate handling of variables

An analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype.

  SEVCO:00300https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Bias in adjustment for selection bias

An analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis.

  SEVCO:00309https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Data Transition Bias

An analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis.

  SEVCO:00311https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate handling of missing confounder data

An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder.

  SEVCO:00298https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Computational Implementation Bias

An analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data.

  SEVCO:00324https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Reported analysis not following pre-specified analysis plan

An analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan.

  SEVCO:00303https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Collider bias

An analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest).

  SEVCO:00314https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Preliminary analysis bias

An analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available.

  SEVCO:00295https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Data-dredging bias

An analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results.

  SEVCO:00322https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513final model not corresponding to multivariable analysis

An analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis.

  SEVCO:00310https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis

A bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.

  SEVCO:00379https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis selection

A bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.

  SEVCO:00315https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Availability bias affecting analysis selection

A Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection.

  SEVCO:00380https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis

A bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.

  SEVCO:00296https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Lack of blinding of data analysts

A cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups.

  SEVCO:00392https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate weighting bias

An analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand.

  SEVCO:00320https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate evaluation of predictive model performance measures

An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.

  SEVCO:00393https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate evaluation of calibration of predictive model

An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.

  SEVCO:00394https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate evaluation of discrimination of predictive model

An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.

  SEVCO:00321https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513model overfitting

An analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied.

  SEVCO:00024https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Selective Reporting Bias

A reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported.

  SEVCO:00330https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Selective Outcome Reporting

A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings.

  SEVCO:00336https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Selective outcome measure reporting

A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome.

  SEVCO:00331https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Selective subgroup reporting

A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported.

  SEVCO:00331ahttps://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Selective comparison reporting

A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported.

  SEVCO:00333https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Selective analysis reporting from repeated analyses at multiple times

A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study.

  SEVCO:00334https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Selective analysis reporting from multiple analytic models

A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways.

  SEVCO:00335https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Selective threshold reporting bias

A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported.

  SEVCO:00025https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Cognitive interpretive bias in reporting

A distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.

  SEVCO:00338https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Interpretation of results not addressing potential for bias

A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias.

  SEVCO:00328https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Results emphasized based on statistical significance

A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention.

  SEVCO:00340https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Confirmation bias in reporting

A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses.

  SEVCO:00329https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513External validity bias

A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported.

  SEVCO:00327https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Early dissemination bias

A reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports.

  SEVCO:00384https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Fabrication Bias

A reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study.

  SEVCO:00325https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate reporting of methods

A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results.

  SEVCO:00326https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate explanation of participant withdrawals

A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment.

  SEVCO:00345https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Synthesis missing eligible studies

A study selection bias due to inappropriate choice of studies included in the synthesis.

  SEVCO:00346https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Study parameters not appropriate for synthesis

A synthesis bias resulting from an analytic approach that is not suitable for the included studies.

  SEVCO:00347https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Heterogeneity not addressed

A synthesis bias due to inadequate approach to determine the magnitude, cause, or implications of variation among studies.

  SEVCO:00348https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inconsistency within sensitivity analyses

An analysis bias due to inadequate approach to determine the implications of modeling assumptions, missing data, or distorted data for the interpretation of research results.

  SEVCO:00349https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Biases in studies influence synthesis

A synthesis bias due to inadequate approach to determine the risks of bias in the studies selected for synthesis or the implications of those risks.

  SEVCO:00351https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Insufficient study characteristics available for proper results interpretation

A synthesis bias due to inadequate availability of information regarding design, data collection, analysis or reporting for the study results or datasets collected for synthesis.

  SEVCO:00352https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Incomplete collection of relevant study results for synthesis

A synthesis bias due to inappropriate choice of study results included in the synthesis.

  SEVCO:00353https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Methodologic quality assessment inadequate

A synthesis bias due to inadequate criteria to determine the risks of bias in the studies selected for synthesis.

  SEVCO:00354https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Error in risk of bias assessment not minimized

A synthesis bias due to inadequate process to determine the risks of bias in the studies selected for synthesis.

  SEVCO:00369https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Error in data collection not minimized

A synthesis bias due to inadequate process to select and abstract the data from the included studies or datasets.

  SEVCO:00356https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate qualitative approach

A qualitative research bias in which the qualitative approach used in a study is not appropriate for the research question and problem.

  SEVCO:00357https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate qualitative data collection methods

A qualitative research bias in which the data sources, the methods of data collection, and the forms of data are not adequate or appropriate to address the research question.

  SEVCO:00358https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate qualitative analysis

A qualitative research bias in which the analysis approach is not appropriate for the research question and qualitative approach.

  SEVCO:00359https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Unsubstantiated interpretation of results

A reporting bias in which the interpretation of results is not adequately supported by the data collected.

  SEVCO:00360https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Incoherence between data, analysis, and interpretation

A qualitative research bias in which there is any mismatch among hypothesis, data collected, data analysis, and results interpretation.

  SEVCO:00361https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate rationale for mixed methods design

A mixed methods research bias in which the mixed methods approach used in a study is not appropriate for the research question and problem.

  SEVCO:00362https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Ineffective integration of study components

A mixed methods research bias in which the qualitative research and quantitative research components are not adequately combined.

  SEVCO:00363https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inappropriate interpretation of integration of qualitative and quantitative findings

A mixed methods research bias in which the process of combining the results of the constituent analyses is flawed.

  SEVCO:00364https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Inadequate handling of inconsistency

A mixed methods research bias in which discrepancies in the results from the qualitative and quantitative components are not adequately addressed.

  SEVCO:00368https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513bias in external validation assessment

A bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure.

  SEVCO:00367https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513bias in internal validation assessment

A bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure.

  SEVCO:00371https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Early study termination bias due to competing interests

An early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual interests.

  SEVCO:00372https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Early study termination bias due to unplanned use of interim analysis

An early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study.

  SEVCO:00373https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Early study termination bias due to inappropriate statistical stopping rule

An early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study.

  SEVCO:00374https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513Early study termination bias due to external factors

An early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis.


Explanation of the columns that may appear on this page:

Level A few code lists that FHIR defines are hierarchical - each code is assigned a level. In this scheme, some codes are under other codes, and imply that the code they are under also applies
System The source of the definition of the code (when the value set draws in codes defined elsewhere)
Code The code (used as the code in the resource instance)
Display The display (used in the display element of a Coding). If there is no display, implementers should not simply display the code, but map the concept into their application
Definition An explanation of the meaning of the concept
Comments Additional notes about how to use the code