Recommendation #8 - Naloxone Consideration - 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids Implementation Guide v2022.1.0

2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids Implementation Guide
2022.1.0 - CI Build

2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids Implementation Guide, published by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This guide is not an authorized publication; it is the continuous build for version 2022.1.0 built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) CI Build. This version is based on the current content of https://github.com/cqframework/opioid-cds-r4/ and changes regularly. See the Directory of published versions

Recommendation #8 - Naloxone Consideration

Recommendations #8 (2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain):

Before starting and periodically during continuation of opioid therapy, clinicians should evaluate risk for opioid-related harms and discuss risk with patients. Clinicians should work with patients to incorporate into the management plan strategies to mitigate risk, including offering naloxone (recommendation category: A; evidence type: 4).

Contents

Functional Description
Opioid Review Useful
Content
Example Data/Requests

Functional Description

When

Order for opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential:
Opioid review is useful for this patient:

Patient is 18 or over
Patient does not have evidence of sickle cell disease
Patient does not have findings indicating limited life expectancy
Patient does not have orders for therapies indicating end of life care
Patient is not undergoing active cancer treatment:

Patient has had at least 2 office visits within the past 12 months with an oncology specialist present, or
Patient has had at least 2 office visits within the past 12 months with a CDC malignant cancer condition diagnosis

Patient does not have conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing present

Patient is not currently prescribed naloxone medications
Factors that increase risk for opioid overdose are present:

Currently receiving benzodiazepine or other central nervous system depressant medications, or
High opioid dosages (MME/day >= 50), or
History of substance use disorder, or
Diagnosed with sleep-disordered breathing condition

Then

Incorporate Risk Mitigation Strategies Into Opioid Therapy:

Order - Order naxalone
Document - Risk mitigation strategy implemented, snooze 3 months
Snooze - N/A see comment, snooze 3 months

The following table describes the flowchart decisions and sub-routines for the recommendation
Definition	Answer to Proceed	Details	Data (Terminology) Requirement	Profile	Path
Order for opioid analgesic with ambulatory misuse potential	Yes	Order for opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential	Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential	MedicationRequest	MedicationRequest.medication, and MedicationRequest.category
Opioid review useful?	Yes	See Opioid Review Useful sub-routine
No evidence of current naloxone medications?	Yes	Find evidence of naloxone medication prescription (an active medication order for naloxone)	Naloxone medications	MedicationRequest	MedicationRequest.medication, and MedicationRequest.authoredOn
Currently receiving benzodiazepine or other central nervous system depressant medications?	Yes	Find evidence of benzodiazepine prescription (an active medication order for benzodiazepine or other central nervous system depressant medications)	Benzodiazepine or other central nervous system depressant medications	MedicationRequest	MedicationRequest.medication, MedicationRequest.category, and MedicationRequest.authoredOn
MME (morphine milligram equivalents > 50)	Yes	Determine MME from existing active prescriptions (recommendation 4 & 5), or future scope; dispensed medications, or patient-reported medications		MedicationRequest	MedicationRequest.medication, MedicationRequest.category, MedicationRequest.authoredOn, and MedicationRequest.dosageInstruction
History of conditions documenting substance use disorder?	Yes	Find evidence of conditions documenting substance use in the problem list or past medical history, including history of overdose	Conditions documenting substance misuse disorder	Condition Procedure	Condition.code, Condition.category, and Procedure.code
Diagnosis with a sleep-disordered breathing condition?	Yes	Find documentation of an active sleep-disordered breathing condition	Conditions documenting sleep-disordered breathing	TBD	TBD

Effective Data Requirements

Opioid Review Useful

Definition	Answer to Proceed	Details	Data (Terminology) Requirement	Profile	Path
Age < 18 years?	No	Calculate age from date of birth; exclude patients with age less than 18 years at the time of the prescription	Date of birth	Patient	Patient.birthDate
Evidence of sickle cell disease?	No	Look for patients with a diagnosis or problem list entry indicating sickle cell disease	Sickle cell disease condition	Condition	Condition.category, Condition.code, and Condition.clinicalStatus
Limited life expectancy conditions present?	No	Look for documented findings consistent with those listed in the limited life expectancy value set (terminal illness, bad prognosis, pre-terminal)	Limited life expectancy conditions	Condition	Condition.category and Condition.code
Order for therapies indicating end of life care in past 90 days?	No	Look for patients with an existing order for therapies indicating end of life care written within past 90 days	Therapies indicating end of life care	ServiceRequest	ServiceRequest.status, ServiceRequest.intent, ServiceRequest.authoredOn, and ServiceRequest.code
Active cancer treatment?	No	See Active Cancer Treatment sub-routine	See Active Cancer Treatment sub-routine
Conditions Likely Terminal for opioid prescribing present?	No	Look for patients with active conditions in the value set end-of-life-conditions	Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing	Condition	Condition.category, Condition.code, and Condition.clinicalStatus

Definition	Answer to Proceed	Details	Data (Terminology) Requirement	Profile	Path
Two office visits within the past 12 months?	No	Look for a minimum of two distinct encounters within 12 months of the date of the current visit for which each of the following is true: • the encounter diagnosis (primary or secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis) is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer Conditions value set	Office Visit	Encounter	Encounter.class and Encounter.period.start
Office visits with an oncology specialist present?	No	• The encounter is performed by an oncologist as defined in the oncology specialty designations using the National Uniform Claim Committee (NUCC) classifications	Oncology specialty designations (NUCC)	PractitionerRole and Encounter	PractitionerRole.specialty, Encounter.participant.type, and Encounter.participant.individual
Office visits including CDC malignant cancer condition?	No	• The encounter diagnosis (primary or secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis) is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer Conditions value set	CDC malignant cancer conditions	Condition and Encounter	Condition.category, Condition.code, and Encounter.diagnosis

Content

The following artifacts formalize the description of the logic and behavior defined by this recommendation.

Resource	Type	Description
2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation #8	PlanDefinition	Event-Condition-Action rule that implements behavior for 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendation #8
Recommendation #8 - risk factors for opioid-related harms before and during opioid therapy	Library	Defines the data requirements to support evaluation of recommendation #8
Opioid Terminology Management Knowledge-base Data (OMTK) Library	Library	CQL Library that provides logic for implementation of opioid management functionality including Milligram Morphine Equivalents (MME).
Opioid Terminology Management Knowledge-base (OMTK) Library	Library	CQL Library that provides logic for implementation of opioid management functionality including Milligram Morphine Equivalents (MME).
Common Opioid Decision Support Logic	Library	CQL Library that provides common logic for the recommendations
Common OpioidCDS Configuration Logic	Library	CQL Library that provides common configuration logic for the recommendations
Common OpioidCDS Routines Logic	Library	CQL Library that provides common routines logic for the recommendations
FHIRHelpers Conversion Logic	Library	CQL Library that defines functions to convert between FHIR data types and CQL system-defined types, as well as functions to support FHIRPath implementation

Example Data/Requests

Description	CDS Hooks Request	Expected Response
Patient is 18 or older. Patient has been prescribed 72 HR Fentanyl 0.075 MG/HR Transdermal System (RXNorm 197696) 1 patch per 10 days for 30 days. This will trigger the message "Incorporate into the management plan strategies to mitigate risk; including considering offering naloxone when factors that increase risk for opioid overdose are present." Consider offering naloxone given following risk factor(s) for opioid overdose: Average MME (54.000000 'mg/d') >= 50 mg/day.	Request JSON	Response JSON
Patient is 18 or older. Patient has been prescribed 72 HR Fentanyl 0.075 MG/HR Transdermal System (RXNorm 197696) 1 patch per 12 days for 30 days. The patient will be excluded and no message will be triggered - an empty set of cards will be returned.	Request JSON	Response JSON
Patient is 18 or older. Patient has been prescribed 72 HR Fentanyl 0.075 MG/HR Transdermal System (RXNorm 197696) 1 patch per 12 days for 30 days. Patient has also been prescribed Temazepam 20 MG Oral Tablet (RXNorm 104693) 1 tablet per 1 day for 30 days. This will trigger the message “Incorporate into the management plan strategies to mitigate risk; including considering offering naloxone when factors that increase risk for opioid overdose are present. Consider offering naloxone given following risk factor(s) for opioid overdose: concurrent use of benzodiazepine.	Request JSON	Response JSON
Patient is 18 or older. Patient has been prescribed 72 HR Fentanyl 0.075 MG/HR Transdermal System (RXNorm 197696) 1 patch per 12 days for 30 days. Patient has also been prescribed Naloxone Hydrochloride 0.02 MG/ML Injectable Solution (RXNorm 1191212) 1ml per 1 day for 30 days. The patient will be excluded and no message will be triggered - an empty set of cards will be returned.	Request JSON	Response JSON
Patient is 18 or older. Patient has been prescribed 72 HR Fentanyl 0.075 MG/HR Transdermal System (RXNorm 197696) 1 patch per 12 days for 30 days. This will trigger the message "Incorporate into the management plan strategies to mitigate risk; including considering offering naloxone when factors that increase risk for opioid overdose are present" Consider offering naloxone given following risk factor(s) for opioid overdose: history of alcohol or drug abuse.	Request JSON	Response JSON

Description

CDS Hooks Request

Expected Response

Patient is 18 or older. Patient has been prescribed 72 HR Fentanyl 0.075 MG/HR Transdermal System (RXNorm 197696) 1 patch per 10 days for 30 days. This will trigger the message "Incorporate into the management plan strategies to mitigate risk; including considering offering naloxone when factors that increase risk for opioid overdose are present." Consider offering naloxone given following risk factor(s) for opioid overdose: Average MME (54.000000 'mg/d') >= 50 mg/day.

Request JSON

Response JSON

Patient is 18 or older. Patient has been prescribed 72 HR Fentanyl 0.075 MG/HR Transdermal System (RXNorm 197696) 1 patch per 12 days for 30 days. The patient will be excluded and no message will be triggered - an empty set of cards will be returned.

Request JSON

Response JSON

Patient is 18 or older. Patient has been prescribed 72 HR Fentanyl 0.075 MG/HR Transdermal System (RXNorm 197696) 1 patch per 12 days for 30 days. Patient has also been prescribed Temazepam 20 MG Oral Tablet (RXNorm 104693) 1 tablet per 1 day for 30 days. This will trigger the message “Incorporate into the management plan strategies to mitigate risk; including considering offering naloxone when factors that increase risk for opioid overdose are present. Consider offering naloxone given following risk factor(s) for opioid overdose: concurrent use of benzodiazepine.

Request JSON

Response JSON

Patient is 18 or older. Patient has been prescribed 72 HR Fentanyl 0.075 MG/HR Transdermal System (RXNorm 197696) 1 patch per 12 days for 30 days. Patient has also been prescribed Naloxone Hydrochloride 0.02 MG/ML Injectable Solution (RXNorm 1191212) 1ml per 1 day for 30 days. The patient will be excluded and no message will be triggered - an empty set of cards will be returned.

Request JSON

Response JSON

Patient is 18 or older. Patient has been prescribed 72 HR Fentanyl 0.075 MG/HR Transdermal System (RXNorm 197696) 1 patch per 12 days for 30 days. This will trigger the message "Incorporate into the management plan strategies to mitigate risk; including considering offering naloxone when factors that increase risk for opioid overdose are present" Consider offering naloxone given following risk factor(s) for opioid overdose: history of alcohol or drug abuse.

Request JSON

Response JSON