PACIO Personal Functioning and Engagement Implementation Guide
1.9.0 - STU1 United States of America flag

PACIO Personal Functioning and Engagement Implementation Guide, published by HL7 International / Patient Care. This guide is not an authorized publication; it is the continuous build for version 1.9.0 built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) CI Build. This version is based on the current content of https://github.com/HL7/fhir-pacio-pfe/ and changes regularly. See the Directory of published versions

ValueSet: Personal Functioning and Engagement Mental Functions Value Set

Official URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/us/pacio-pfe/ValueSet/pfe-mental-functions-vs Version: 1.9.0
Draft as of 2024-04-16 Computable Name: PFEMentalFunctionsVS

Copyright/Legal: This material contains content from LOINC (http://loinc.org). LOINC is copyright © 1995-2020, Regenstrief Institute, Inc. and the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Committee and is available at no cost under the license at http://loinc.org/license. LOINC® is a registered United States trademark of Regenstrief Institute, Inc.

This value set includes LOINC codes that represent patient observations regarding individual’s mental functioning.

References

This value set is not used here; it may be used elsewhere (e.g. specifications and/or implementations that use this content)

Logical Definition (CLD)

  • Include these codes as defined in http://loinc.org
    CodeDisplay
    11332-4History of Cognitive function Narrative
    44250-9Little interest or pleasure in doing things in last 2 weeks
    44255-8Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless in last 2 weeks
    45482-7Deprecated Comatose [CMS Assessment]
    46473-5Cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric symptoms demonstrated at least one time per week during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    46589-8Cognitive functioning during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    46592-2Frequency of behavior problems during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    52731-7Repetition of three words # [BIMS]
    52732-5Temporal orientation - current year [BIMS]
    52733-3Temporal orientation - current month [BIMS]
    52735-8Recall - sock [BIMS]
    52736-6Recall - blue [BIMS]
    52737-4Recall - bed [BIMS]
    54597-0Comatose during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54605-1Brief Interview for Mental Status (BIMS) should be conducted during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54609-3Temporal orientation - current day of the week [BIMS]
    54614-3Brief Interview for Mental Status - summary score [BIMS]
    54615-0Should staff assessment for mental status be conducted during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54616-8Short-term memory OK during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54617-6Long-term memory OK during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54624-2Cognitive skills for daily decision making during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54628-3Inattention in last 7 days [CAM.CMS]
    54629-1Disorganized thinking in last 7 days [CAM.CMS]
    54632-5Acute onset mental status change [CAM.CMS]
    54634-1Should resident mood interview be conducted during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54636-6Little interest or pleasure in doing things in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54637-4Little interest or pleasure in doing things in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54638-2Feeling down, depressed or hopeless in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54639-0Feeling down, depressed or hopeless in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54640-8Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54641-6Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54642-4Feeling tired or having little energy in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54643-2Feeling tired or having little energy in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54644-0Poor appetite or overeating in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54645-7Poor appetite or overeating in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54646-5Feeling bad about yourself - or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54647-3Feeling bad about yourself - or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54648-1Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54649-9Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54650-7Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed. Or the opposite - being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54651-5Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed. Or the opposite - being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54652-3Thoughts that you would be better off dead, or of hurting yourself in some way in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54653-1Thoughts that you would be better off dead, or of hurting yourself in some way in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54654-9Mood interview total severity score [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
    54658-0Little interest or pleasure in doing things in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54659-8Little interest or pleasure in doing things in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54660-6Feeling or appearing down, depressed or hopeless in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54661-4Feeling or appearing down, depressed, or hopeless in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54662-2Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54663-0Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54664-8Feeling tired or having little energy in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54665-5Feeling tired or having little energy in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54666-3Poor appetite or overeating in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54667-1Poor appetite or overeating in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54668-9Indicating that (s)he feels bad about self, is a failure, or has let self or family down in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54669-7Indicating that (s)he feels bad about self, is a failure, or has let self or family down in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54670-5Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54671-3Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54672-1Moving or speaking so slowly that other people have noticed. Or the opposite - being so fidgety or restless that (s)he has been moving around a lot more than usual in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54673-9States that life isn't worth living, wishes for death, or attempts to harm self in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54674-7States that life isn't worth living, wishes for death, or attempts to harm self in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54675-4Being short-tempered, easily annoyed in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54676-2Being short-tempered, easily annoyed in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54677-0Staff assessment of resident mood total severity score [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    54682-0Physical behavioral symptoms directed toward others during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54683-8Verbal behavioral symptoms directed toward others during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54684-6Other behavioral symptoms not directed toward others during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54685-3Overall presence of behavioral symptoms during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54686-1Put the resident at significant risk for physical illness or injury during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54687-9Significantly interfere with the resident's care during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54688-7Significantly interfere with the resident's participation in activities or social interactions during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54689-5Put others at significant risk for physical injury during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54690-3Significantly intrude on the privacy or activity of others during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54691-1Significantly disrupt care or living environment during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    54692-9Rejection of care - presence and frequency in last 7 days [CMS Assessment]
    54693-7Wandering - presence and frequency in last 7 days [CMS Assessment]
    54694-5Wandering places resident at significant risk of getting to a potentially dangerous place in last 7 days [CMS Assessment]
    54695-2Wandering significantly intrudes on the privacy or activities of others in last 7 days [CMS Assessment]
    54696-0Change in behavioral or other symptoms in last 7 days [CMS Assessment]
    54904-8Moving or speaking so slowly that other people have noticed. Or the opposite - being so fidgety or restless that (s)he has been moving around a lot more than usual in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
    57242-0Standardized depression screening was conducted during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    58104-1When confused within the last 14 days [CMS Assessment]
    72106-8Total score [MMSE]
    72172-0Total score [MoCA]
    83248-5Should brief interview for mental status be conducted during 3 day assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    85073-5Functional cognition during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    85629-4Comatose during 3 day assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    85631-0Did the patient have difficulty focusing attention, for example, being easily distractible or having difficulty keeping track of what was being said during 3 day assessment period [CAM.CMS]
    85634-4Is there evidence of an acute change in mental status from the patient's baseline during 3 day assessment period [CAM.CMS]
    85651-8Was the patient's thinking disorganized or incoherent, such as rambling or irrelevant conversation, unclear or illogical flow of ideas, or unpredictable switching from subject to subject during 3 day assessment period [CAM.CMS]
    86495-9When anxious within the last 14 days [CMS Assessment]
    86527-9Conditions related to intellectual disability and developmental disability status during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    86597-2Potential indicators of psychosis during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    93159-2How often do you feel lonely or isolated from those around you during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    93414-1Altered level of consciousness in last 3 day [CAM.CMS]
    95743-1Memory/recall ability during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    95812-4Did the patient have difficulty focusing attention, for example, being easily distractible or having difficulty keeping track of what was being said during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
    95813-2Is there evidence of an acute change in mental status from the patient's baseline during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
    95814-0Was the patient's thinking disorganized or incoherent, such as rambling or irrelevant conversation, unclear or illogical flow of ideas, or unpredictable switching from subject to subject during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
    95815-7Altered level of consciousness during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
    95855-3Did the (abnormal) behavior fluctuate during the day, that is, tend to come and go or increase and decrease in severity during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
    95856-1LCDS v4.00 - Altered level of consciousness during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
    95857-9Level of consciousness - Alert (normal) during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
    95858-7Level of consciousness - Vigilant or lethargic or stupor or coma during assessment period [CAM.CMS]

 

Expansion

Expansion based on Loinc v2.77

This value set contains 104 concepts.

CodeSystemDisplay
  11332-4http://loinc.orgHistory of Cognitive function Narrative
  44250-9http://loinc.orgLittle interest or pleasure in doing things in last 2 weeks
  44255-8http://loinc.orgFeeling down, depressed, or hopeless in last 2 weeks
  45482-7http://loinc.orgDeprecated Comatose [CMS Assessment]
  46473-5http://loinc.orgCognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric symptoms demonstrated at least one time per week during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  46589-8http://loinc.orgCognitive functioning during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  46592-2http://loinc.orgFrequency of behavior problems during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  52731-7http://loinc.orgRepetition of three words # [BIMS]
  52732-5http://loinc.orgTemporal orientation - current year [BIMS]
  52733-3http://loinc.orgTemporal orientation - current month [BIMS]
  52735-8http://loinc.orgRecall - sock [BIMS]
  52736-6http://loinc.orgRecall - blue [BIMS]
  52737-4http://loinc.orgRecall - bed [BIMS]
  54597-0http://loinc.orgComatose during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54605-1http://loinc.orgBrief Interview for Mental Status (BIMS) should be conducted during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54609-3http://loinc.orgTemporal orientation - current day of the week [BIMS]
  54614-3http://loinc.orgBrief Interview for Mental Status - summary score [BIMS]
  54615-0http://loinc.orgShould staff assessment for mental status be conducted during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54616-8http://loinc.orgShort-term memory OK during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54617-6http://loinc.orgLong-term memory OK during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54624-2http://loinc.orgCognitive skills for daily decision making during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54628-3http://loinc.orgInattention in last 7 days [CAM.CMS]
  54629-1http://loinc.orgDisorganized thinking in last 7 days [CAM.CMS]
  54632-5http://loinc.orgAcute onset mental status change [CAM.CMS]
  54634-1http://loinc.orgShould resident mood interview be conducted during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54636-6http://loinc.orgLittle interest or pleasure in doing things in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54637-4http://loinc.orgLittle interest or pleasure in doing things in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54638-2http://loinc.orgFeeling down, depressed or hopeless in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54639-0http://loinc.orgFeeling down, depressed or hopeless in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54640-8http://loinc.orgTrouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54641-6http://loinc.orgTrouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54642-4http://loinc.orgFeeling tired or having little energy in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54643-2http://loinc.orgFeeling tired or having little energy in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54644-0http://loinc.orgPoor appetite or overeating in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54645-7http://loinc.orgPoor appetite or overeating in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54646-5http://loinc.orgFeeling bad about yourself - or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54647-3http://loinc.orgFeeling bad about yourself - or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54648-1http://loinc.orgTrouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54649-9http://loinc.orgTrouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54650-7http://loinc.orgMoving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed. Or the opposite - being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54651-5http://loinc.orgMoving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed. Or the opposite - being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54652-3http://loinc.orgThoughts that you would be better off dead, or of hurting yourself in some way in last 2 weeks.presence [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54653-1http://loinc.orgThoughts that you would be better off dead, or of hurting yourself in some way in last 2 weeks.frequency [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54654-9http://loinc.orgMood interview total severity score [Reported PHQ-9 CMS]
  54658-0http://loinc.orgLittle interest or pleasure in doing things in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54659-8http://loinc.orgLittle interest or pleasure in doing things in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54660-6http://loinc.orgFeeling or appearing down, depressed or hopeless in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54661-4http://loinc.orgFeeling or appearing down, depressed, or hopeless in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54662-2http://loinc.orgTrouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54663-0http://loinc.orgTrouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54664-8http://loinc.orgFeeling tired or having little energy in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54665-5http://loinc.orgFeeling tired or having little energy in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54666-3http://loinc.orgPoor appetite or overeating in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54667-1http://loinc.orgPoor appetite or overeating in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54668-9http://loinc.orgIndicating that (s)he feels bad about self, is a failure, or has let self or family down in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54669-7http://loinc.orgIndicating that (s)he feels bad about self, is a failure, or has let self or family down in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54670-5http://loinc.orgTrouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54671-3http://loinc.orgTrouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54672-1http://loinc.orgMoving or speaking so slowly that other people have noticed. Or the opposite - being so fidgety or restless that (s)he has been moving around a lot more than usual in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54673-9http://loinc.orgStates that life isn't worth living, wishes for death, or attempts to harm self in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54674-7http://loinc.orgStates that life isn't worth living, wishes for death, or attempts to harm self in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54675-4http://loinc.orgBeing short-tempered, easily annoyed in last 2 weeks.presence [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54676-2http://loinc.orgBeing short-tempered, easily annoyed in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54677-0http://loinc.orgStaff assessment of resident mood total severity score [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  54682-0http://loinc.orgPhysical behavioral symptoms directed toward others during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54683-8http://loinc.orgVerbal behavioral symptoms directed toward others during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54684-6http://loinc.orgOther behavioral symptoms not directed toward others during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54685-3http://loinc.orgOverall presence of behavioral symptoms during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54686-1http://loinc.orgPut the resident at significant risk for physical illness or injury during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54687-9http://loinc.orgSignificantly interfere with the resident's care during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54688-7http://loinc.orgSignificantly interfere with the resident's participation in activities or social interactions during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54689-5http://loinc.orgPut others at significant risk for physical injury during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54690-3http://loinc.orgSignificantly intrude on the privacy or activity of others during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54691-1http://loinc.orgSignificantly disrupt care or living environment during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  54692-9http://loinc.orgRejection of care - presence and frequency in last 7 days [CMS Assessment]
  54693-7http://loinc.orgWandering - presence and frequency in last 7 days [CMS Assessment]
  54694-5http://loinc.orgWandering places resident at significant risk of getting to a potentially dangerous place in last 7 days [CMS Assessment]
  54695-2http://loinc.orgWandering significantly intrudes on the privacy or activities of others in last 7 days [CMS Assessment]
  54696-0http://loinc.orgChange in behavioral or other symptoms in last 7 days [CMS Assessment]
  54904-8http://loinc.orgMoving or speaking so slowly that other people have noticed. Or the opposite - being so fidgety or restless that (s)he has been moving around a lot more than usual in last 2 weeks.frequency [Observed PHQ-9 CMS]
  57242-0http://loinc.orgStandardized depression screening was conducted during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  58104-1http://loinc.orgWhen confused within the last 14 days [CMS Assessment]
  72106-8http://loinc.orgTotal score [MMSE]
  72172-0http://loinc.orgTotal score [MoCA]
  83248-5http://loinc.orgShould brief interview for mental status be conducted during 3 day assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  85073-5http://loinc.orgFunctional cognition during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  85629-4http://loinc.orgComatose during 3 day assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  85631-0http://loinc.orgDid the patient have difficulty focusing attention, for example, being easily distractible or having difficulty keeping track of what was being said during 3 day assessment period [CAM.CMS]
  85634-4http://loinc.orgIs there evidence of an acute change in mental status from the patient's baseline during 3 day assessment period [CAM.CMS]
  85651-8http://loinc.orgWas the patient's thinking disorganized or incoherent, such as rambling or irrelevant conversation, unclear or illogical flow of ideas, or unpredictable switching from subject to subject during 3 day assessment period [CAM.CMS]
  86495-9http://loinc.orgWhen anxious within the last 14 days [CMS Assessment]
  86527-9http://loinc.orgConditions related to intellectual disability and developmental disability status during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  86597-2http://loinc.orgPotential indicators of psychosis during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  93159-2http://loinc.orgHow often do you feel lonely or isolated from those around you during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  93414-1http://loinc.orgAltered level of consciousness in last 3 day [CAM.CMS]
  95743-1http://loinc.orgMemory/recall ability during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  95812-4http://loinc.orgDid the patient have difficulty focusing attention, for example, being easily distractible or having difficulty keeping track of what was being said during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
  95813-2http://loinc.orgIs there evidence of an acute change in mental status from the patient's baseline during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
  95814-0http://loinc.orgWas the patient's thinking disorganized or incoherent, such as rambling or irrelevant conversation, unclear or illogical flow of ideas, or unpredictable switching from subject to subject during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
  95815-7http://loinc.orgAltered level of consciousness during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
  95855-3http://loinc.orgDid the (abnormal) behavior fluctuate during the day, that is, tend to come and go or increase and decrease in severity during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
  95856-1http://loinc.orgLCDS v4.00 - Altered level of consciousness during assessment period [CMS Assessment]
  95857-9http://loinc.orgLevel of consciousness - Alert (normal) during assessment period [CAM.CMS]
  95858-7http://loinc.orgLevel of consciousness - Vigilant or lethargic or stupor or coma during assessment period [CAM.CMS]

Explanation of the columns that may appear on this page:

Level A few code lists that FHIR defines are hierarchical - each code is assigned a level. In this scheme, some codes are under other codes, and imply that the code they are under also applies
System The source of the definition of the code (when the value set draws in codes defined elsewhere)
Code The code (used as the code in the resource instance)
Display The display (used in the display element of a Coding). If there is no display, implementers should not simply display the code, but map the concept into their application
Definition An explanation of the meaning of the concept
Comments Additional notes about how to use the code