Generated Narrative: CodeSystem who-ictm-terminology This case-sensitive code system https://www.nricm.edu.tw/twcm/CodeSystem/who-ictm-terminology defines the following codes in a Is-A hierarchy: Lvl Code Display Definition 1 WGM2#848 切診類 2 WGM2#849 切診 A diagnostic method to feel, touch, palpate and press certain areas of the body. 2 WGM2#850 脈診；切脈 A diagnostic method to understand the condition of illness by feeling a patients’pulse and perceiving the sensations under the fingers. 2 WGM2#851 三部九候遍診法 Pulse examination on three regions of the body: the head, upper limbs and lower limbs. Each region is sub-divided into upper, middle and lower sections. Altogether they form nine pulse-taking positions. 2 WGM2#852 按診 A method to directly touch or press certain areas of the body to feel the local temperature, moistness, softness, tenderness, lumps or other abnormal changes, and thus to determine the location, nature and severity of the pathology. 2 WGM2#853 三部九候診法 A diagnostic method to feel three parts and nine depths. The three parts are head, hand and feet. Each part has three depths (heaven, earth and man), and thus there are a total of nine divisions. 2 WGM2#854 腹診 A diagnostic method to mainly press and palpate the patients’chest and abdomen to understand the condition of illness. 2 WGM2#855 三部診法 A diagnostic method used to feel three arteries: carotid artery at Renyin (ST 9), radial artery at Cunkou and dorsal artery of the foot at Chongyang (ST 42). The Cunkou area is felt for conditions of the twelve regular meridians; the Renyin (ST 9) and Chongyang (ST 42) are felt for stomach qi. Alternatively, Taixi (KI 3) is felt for kidney qi. 2 WGM2#856 寸口診法 A diagnostic method used to feel the pulse at the Cunkou area located at the medial aspect of the styloid process where the radial artery pulsates. The Cunkou area is divided into Cun, Guan and Chi positions. Each position is further divided into superficial, intermediate and deep depths. This method is known as three positions and three regions and nine positions in Cunkou area. 2 WGM2#857 指法 The positioning of the fingers in pulse diagnosis. First, to locate the Guan (medial aspect of the styloid process) position with the middle finger; then, to locate the Cun (anterior to Guan) position with the index finger and the Chi (posterior to Guan) position with the ring finger. The three fingers are slightly flexed, presenting the shape of an arc. The fingertips are kept on the same horizontal level and the pulse is felt with the palmar aspects of the fingers. 2 WGM2#858 中指定關 A doctor places the middle finger on the Guan position (the medial side of the styloid process) for pulse examination. 2 WGM2#859 總按 A method of pulse diagnosis where the three fingers are simultaneously positioned on the wrist to feel the pulse in Cun, Guan and Chi positions. 2 WGM2#860 舉、按、尋 A method of moving and exerting different finger pressures on positions for pulse examination. Lifting is to place the fingers gently on the Cunkou artery pulsation. Pressing is to exert finger pressure to reach deeper area. Searching is to gradually increase or decrease the finger pressure, moving finger contact areas to locate the best position with obvious pulsation. 2 WGM2#861 布指 Positioning of fingers in pulse examination. Generally, a doctor places the middle finger of the right hand to feel the Guan position of a patient’ s left hand, the index finger to feel the Cun position, the ring finger to feel the Chi position, and adjust the distances between the fingers according to the patient’s height. 2 WGM2#862 脈象 The pulse sensations, including such elements as the rate, rhythm, length, smoothness, tension and width. 2 WGM2#863 病脈 Pulses that are not normal or beyond physiological variations of a normal pulse. 2 WGM2#864 胃、神、根 The three main elements to distinguish deficiency from excess. A pulse with stomach qi feels relaxed, moderate and smooth. A pulse with spirit feels soft, forceful and rhythmic. A pulse with root feels forceful at the Chi position upon heavy pressure. In summary, a pulse with stomach qi, spirit and root indicates abundant stomach qi and normal functioning of qi and blood. 2 WGM2#865 五十動 When feeling the pulse, it is advisable to measure at least 50 beats to identify an abrupt or regularly/ irregularly intermittent pulse. 2 WGM2#866 指目 Refers to the area between fingertips and finger pulps, and the middle part connecting the two corners of the fingernails. 2 WGM2#867 至數 A pulse-taking terminology, referring to pulse rates in one breath (a breathing cycle). A normal pulse is 4–5 beats in one breath. A rapid pulse is more than 5 beats in one breath. A slow pulse is less than 4 beats in one breath. 2 WGM2#868 二十八脈 1) The 28 pulse conditions, namely, superficial (floating in other texts), deep, slow, rapid, slippery, hesitant, deficient, excessive, long, short, surging, feeble, tight, delayed, wiry, hollow, drumskin, soft, weak, scattered, thready, hidden, stirring, abrupt, knotted, intermittent and large (or swift). 2) The 28 meridians, including the 24 meridians of the both hands and feet, plus the Ren meridian, Du meridian, Yinqiao meridian and Yangqiao meridian. 2 WGM2#869 脈色合參 Refers to comprehensive analysis on the pulse and facial complexion. Since the condition of the pulse and the five colours share a common pathological mechanism, the combined analysis provides a more accurate diagnosis of conditions and can predict prognosis. 2 WGM2#870 脈症合參 A comprehensive analysis on the pulse and symptoms in diagnosing medical conditions. Sometimes the pulse is consistent with the symptoms, for example, a superficial, rapid pulse in a yang heat pattern or a thready, weak pulse in a deficiency pattern. Sometimes, the pulse is not consistent with the symptoms, for example, a deep, thready pulse in a yang heat pattern or a surging, large pulse in a deficiency pattern. 2 WGM2#871 舍脈從症 When there is an inconsistency between the pulse and symptoms, sometimes the treatment strategy is more based on symptoms than the pulse if symptoms manifest the pathological nature. 2 WGM2#872 舍症從脈 When there is an inconsistency between the pulse and symptoms, sometimes the treatment strategy is more based on the pulse than symptoms if the pulse manifests the pathological nature. 2 WGM2#873 脈無胃氣 A pulse that has lost its usual rhythm, frequency and evenness, manifesting as wiry, tight, hard or scattered, rootless and irregular. It is often a life-threatening sign, indicating an exhaustion of stomach qi and vital qi failure of the five zang organs. 2 WGM2#874 脈從四時；脈應四時 Physiological variations of normal pulses in four seasons. These include a mild wiry pulse in warm spring, a mild surging pulse in hot summer, a mild superficial pulse in cool autumn and a mild deep pulse in cold winter. The inconsistency or contradiction between the pulse and seasons indicates an abnormal body condition. 2 WGM2#875 春脈如弦 In spring, yang qi ascends, everything comes out of hibernation and stretches in all directions, and qi and blood within the body starts to flow outward. Hence, the pulse is wiry and straight. 2 WGM2#876 夏脈如鉤 In summer, yang qi flourishes and everything grows. As a result, the pulse is surging, large, and forceful, like roaring waves that crash onto the shore powerfully and slowly fade away. 2 WGM2#877 秋脈如浮 In autumn, yang qi starts to constrict and the pulsation decreases. As a result, the pulse is mild, superficial and comes in a rush and becomes scattered. 2 WGM2#878 冬脈如營 In winter, yang qi hides inside, and the skin pore is closed. As a result, the pulse is deep. 2 WGM2#879 陽微陰弦 Feeble yang results from yang qi deficiency of the upper jiao. Wiry yin results from excess yin cold in the lower jiao. Yin cold obstructing chest yang may cause chest bi-impediment or cardiac pain. 2 WGM2#880 格陽關陰 When the carotid pulsation feels four times stronger than normal, it is called rejected yang. It results from the three yang meridians (with overflow of qi and blood) rejecting the three yin meridians. When the radial pulsation is felt four times stronger than normal, it is called blocked yang. It results from the three yin meridians (with overflow of qi and blood) rejecting the three yang meridians. These conditions are also referred to as blockage between the upper and lower bodies. 2 WGM2#881 外關內格 Refers to radial pulsation felt at Yuji (LU 10), indicating that yang qi is blocked outside, whereas yin qi is rejected inside. 2 WGM2#882 浮、中、沉 Three levels in feeling the pulse by using light, moderate and heavy powers respectively. 2 WGM2#883 寸關尺 The three sections over the radial artery for feeling the pulse. Specifically, the Guan position is central to the styloid process at the wrist, where the tip of the physician’ s middle finger is placed; the Chi position is next to it on the distal aspect where the tip of the physicians’index finger is placed; and the Cun position is on the proximal aspect where the tip of the physicians’ring finger is placed. 2 WGM2#884 寸脈 One of the three positions at the Cunkou area: the pulsation of the radial artery felt at the radial styloid process. 2 WGM2#885 關脈 One of the three positions at the Cunkou area: the pulsation of the radial artery felt at the ulnar side of the radial styloid process. 2 WGM2#886 尺脈 One of the three positions at the Cunkou area: the pulsation of the radial artery felt at the cubital side of the radial styloid process. 2 WGM2#887 單按 A pulse diagnosis method to feel the pulse on one hand with just one finger to differentiate the conditions of Cun, Guan and Chi pulses. For example, to lift the index and ring fingers while feeling the Guan position with the middle finger. 2 WGM2#888 平脈；常脈 A pulse that can be felt at all three regions, with a frequency of 4–5 beats (60–75 beats per minute (bpm)) in one breath. It is neither superficial nor deep. It is relaxed, smooth, soft, forceful and rhythmic. It is marked by the three essential elements: stomach qi, spirit and root. 2 WGM2#889 浮脈 A pulse that can be easily felt with gentle touch but become insufficient or weak when pressing down. Often indicates an exterior pattern or yang qi deficiency. 2 WGM2#890 沉脈 A pulse that is difficult to feel with light or moderate pressure but can be felt on heavy pressure. It indicates an interior pattern. Specifically, a deep, forceful pulse indicates an interior excess pattern; whereas a deep, weak pulse indicates an interior deficiency pattern. 2 WGM2#891 遲脈 A pulse with less than 4 beats in one breath (<60 bpm). It indicates a cold pattern. 2 WGM2#892 數脈 A pulse with more than 5 beats in one breath (>75 bpm). It indicates a heat pattern. Specifically, a rapid, forceful pulse indicates an excess heat pattern; whereas a rapid, weak pulse indicates a deficiency heat pattern. 2 WGM2#893 洪脈 A pulse that is broad, large and forceful like roaring waves that crash onto the shore powerfully and slowly fade away. Often indicates an excess heat pattern. 2 WGM2#894 大脈 A pulse that is broad and can be felt on all three fingers. It indicates pathogenic factors prevailing over anti-pathogenic qi. A large, forceful pulse indicates an excess heat pattern; whereas a large, weak pulse indicates a deficiency pattern or loss of qi. 2 WGM2#895 微脈 A pulse that is extremely thin, soft and barely palpable. It may be felt and then sometimes is lost. It indicates deficiency of yin, yang, qi and blood. 2 WGM2#896 細脈 A pulse that feels thin and soft, like a silken thread. It indicates deficiency or dampness. 2 WGM2#897 散脈 A pulse that feels superficial without root. With light pressure, it is irregularly and chaotic. With heavy pressure, it is impalpable. It indicates critical conditions with dispersion of Yuan- primordial qi. 2 WGM2#898 虛脈 A pulse that is weak at all three regions, with emptiness feeling when pressed with force. It indicates a deficiency pattern. 2 WGM2#899 實脈 A pulse that is forceful at all three regions using different pressure. It indicates an excess pattern. 2 WGM2#900 滑脈 A pulse that feels smooth like pearls rolling on a dish. Beats come and go fluently and smoothly, feeling slick to the fingers. It indicates phlegm- fluid retention, indigestion and excess heat. Physiologically, it can be considered as a normal pulse. It can also be seen in healthy people or women during pregnancy, indicating abundant and harmonious qi and blood. 2 WGM2#901 澀脈 A pulse that feels stagnant and obstructive, like a knife scraping bamboo. It indicates consumption of essence, blood/fluids insufficiency, or qi stagnation and blood stasis. 2 WGM2#902 長脈 A pulse that can be felt beyond the Cun, Guan and Chi positions. It is straight from head to tail. It is straight and long like a pole. It indicates yang excess with internal heat. 2 WGM2#903 短脈 A pulse that cannot reach its location or range. It can be felt most clearly at the Guan position, more indistinct at the Cun and the Chi positions. A short, forceful pulse indicates qi stagnation; whereas a short, weak pulse indicates qi deficiency. 2 WGM2#904 弦脈 A pulse that feels straight, long and tense, like the feeling of pressing a tight string of a musical instrument. It indicates liver/gallbladder problems, pain, wind, or phlegm-fluid retention. 2 WGM2#905 芤脈 A pulse that feels superficial, large but empty in the centre, like a scallion (spring onion) stalk. It could be due to a sudden loss of blood and/or fluid causing the emptiness, resulting in severe yin deficiency and subsequent massive dispersion of yang. 2 WGM2#906 緊脈 A pulse that feels like pulling a twisted rope. It indicates a cold pattern, pain pattern or indigestion. 2 WGM2#907 緩脈 A pulse with about 4 beats in one breath (60 bpm). The beats come and go slowly. It indicates dampness, weakness of the spleen and stomach, or low ability to energize the pulse due to qi deficiency. 2 WGM2#908 革脈 A pulse that can be easily felt with gentle touch. It is superficial with an empty centre, feeling like the head of a drum. It indicates loss of blood/essence and insecurity of healthy qi. 2 WGM2#909 牢脈 A pulse that feels deep, excessive, string-taut and long. It is indistinct on light or moderate pressure but stable on heavy pressure. It indicates internal cold, perhaps hernia and abdominal masses. 2 WGM2#910 弱脈 A pulse that feels thready, soft, deep and weak. It indicates deficiency of qi and blood. 2 WGM2#911 濡脈 A pulse that is superficial, thready and can be felt with light pressure but indistinct upon heavy pressure. It indicates loss of yin blood or dampness. 2 WGM2#912 伏脈 A pulse that is difficult to feel and requires heavy pressure down to the bone. It indicates severe stagnation of pathogenic factors. 2 WGM2#913 促脈 A pulse that arrives as urgent and forceful but irregularly interrupted. It indicates excess heat, stagnation of qi, blood, phlegm-fluid retention or swelling/pain. 2 WGM2#914 結脈 A pulse that arrives unhurriedly and stops at irregular intervals. It indicates qi stagnation due to excess yin, blood stasis due to cold phlegm or deficiency of qi and blood. 2 WGM2#915 代脈 A pulse that arrives fast, and stops regularly for a relatively longer period of time. It indicates qi deficiency of the zang organs, fear or traumatic injuries. 2 WGM2#916 疾脈；極脈 A pulse that arrives swiftly and has a faster rate than a rapid pulse. It indicates acute febrile conditions, exhaustion of yin and impending exhaustion of Yuan-primordial qi. 2 WGM2#917 反關脈 A physiological variation of a normal pulse: the changes of the anatomic position of the radial artery shifts the pulse normally at the Cunkou region to the back of the wrist from the Chi position. 2 WGM2#918 斜飛脈 A physiological variation of a normal pulse: the changes of the anatomic position of the radial artery shifts the pulse normally at the Cunkou region to the dorsum of the hand from the Chi position. 2 WGM2#919 趺陽脈 A pulse located at the anterior tibial artery of the dorsum of the foot. It is also known as surging yang (Chongyang) pulse. It is used to indicate the sufficiency of the qi and blood of spleen and stomach. 2 WGM2#920 鉤脈 A pulse that feels firm, surging and large. It comes powerfully and fades away slowly. It is normal in summer. 2 WGM2#921 離經脈 A pulse with one beat or three beats in one breath. It is often seen in a pregnant woman about to give birth. 2 WGM2#922 六陽脈 One of the normal pulses: constitutional surging and large on Cun, Guan and Chi positions of both hands. 2 WGM2#923 六陰脈 One of the normal pulses: constitutional deep and thready on Cun, Guan and Chi positions of both hands. 2 WGM2#924 平息 Normal breathing frequency used in ancient times as a reference in measuring patients’breathing frequencies. 2 WGM2#925 人迎脈 The pulsation of the carotid artery, easily felt on both sides of the laryngeal prominence. 2 WGM2#926 怪脈；真髒脈；敗脈；死脈；絕脈 A pulse that has no root (stomach qi). Often occurs in later stage of critical conditions, indicating qi exhaustion of zang–fu organs and collapse of stomach qi. 2 WGM2#927 月經脈 A pulse (usually slippery) often seen in healthy menstruating women. It indicates harmony between qi and blood during the period. 2 WGM2#928 妊娠脈 A pulse characterized by slippery and rapid on the Chi positions, because the Chi position corresponds to the kidney and the uterus is associated with the kidney. A slippery, rapid pulse results from moving of fetal qi. 2 WGM2#929 相兼脈 Presence of two or more pulse conditions. 1 WGM2#2250 三、治則、治法與療法 2 WGM2#2251 3.1 治則 3 WGM2#2252 急則治標 A principle to address symptoms in acute conditions, for example, it is important to stop bleeding for heavy blood loss, to arrest diarrhoea for fulminant diarrhoea, alleviate pain for severe, intense pain and promote urination for urine retention. 3 WGM2#2253 緩則治本 A principle to regulate and reinforce the body to address the root cause when medical conditions become stable. 3 WGM2#2254 標本兼治；標本同治 A principle to address both symptoms and root cause simultaneously when needed. 3 WGM2#2255 因時制宜 A principle to use an appropriate method and medicine according to seasonal climate changes. 3 WGM2#2256 因地制宜 A principle to use an appropriate method and medicine according to geographic features. 3 WGM2#2257 因人制宜 A principle to use an appropriate method and medicine according to individual gender, age and constitution. 3 WGM2#2258 扶正祛邪；扶正達邪 A principle to reinforce anti-pathogenic qi to drive out the invading pathogenic factors. It is indicated for deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi coupled with exposure to pathogenic factors. 3 WGM2#2259 扶正固本；扶正培本 A principle to reinforce anti-pathogenic qi to speed up recovery. It is indicated for deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi. 3 WGM2#2260 祛邪扶正；祛邪安正 A principle to drive out the invading pathogenic factors, supplemented by reinforcing anti- pathogenic qi. It is indicated for excessive pathogenic factors with insufficiency of anti- pathogenic qi. 3 WGM2#2261 攻補兼施 A principle to reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and, at the same time, remove pathogenic factors. It is indicated for excessive pathogenic factors coupled with deficiency of healthy qi. 3 WGM2#2262 先攻後補 A principle to remove the invading pathogenic factors, followed by reinforcing anti-pathogenic qi. It is indicated for deficiency of healthy qi coupled with acute conditions that require immediate removal of pathogenic factors. 3 WGM2#2263 先補後攻 A principle to reinforce healthy qi, followed by removing the invading pathogenic factors. It is indicated for acute conditions that require immediate removal of pathogneic factors coupled with deficiency of healthy qi. 3 WGM2#2264 正治法；逆治法 A principle to use medicines opposite in nature to the disease, for example, to treat heat pattern with medicines cold in nature, treat cold pattern with medicine hot in nature, treat excess pattern with purgative/reducing medicines and treat deficiency pattern with tonic medicines. 3 WGM2#2265 寒者熱之 A principle to treat cold conditions with medicines or formulas that are warm or hot in nature. 3 WGM2#2266 熱者寒之 A principle to treat heat conditions with medicines or formulas that are cool or cold in nature. 3 WGM2#2267 虛則補之 A principle to treat deficiency conditions with tonic medicines or formulas. 3 WGM2#2268 實則瀉之 A principle to treat excess conditions with medicines or formulas that are purgative or reducing in nature. 3 WGM2#2269 反治法；從治法 A principle to address false signs or symptoms in extreme conditions such as extreme cold or heat. Under such conditions, it is necessary to use medicines similar in nature to the disease (i.e. follow the false symptoms), for example, to treat false heat with heat or treat false cold with cold. 3 WGM2#2270 寒因寒用 A principle to treat false cold (true heat) symptoms with medicines cool or cold in nature. 3 WGM2#2271 熱因熱用 A principle to treat false heat (true cold) symptoms with medicines warm or hot in nature. 3 WGM2#2272 通因通用 A principle to treat food stagnation-related vomiting and diarrhoea or uterine bleeding due to blood stasis with purgative or stasis-unblocking medicines or formulas. 3 WGM2#2273 調理陰陽；調平陰陽；調整陰陽 A principle to restore yin-yang equilibrium through medicines, food, emotions or reinforcing/ reducing needling techniques. 3 WGM2#2274 從陰引陽；陰中求陽 This is originally a needling method to puncture yin meridians for problems of yang meridians. Later, this method has been developed into a treatment principle based on interdependence between yin and yang: to add some yin-nourishing medicines to yang-reinforcing formulas to assist the transformation of yang qi. 3 WGM2#2275 從陽引陰；陽中求陰 This is originally a needling method to puncture yang meridians for problems of yin meridians. Later, this method has been developed into a principle based on interdependence between yin and yang: to add some yang-reinforcing medicines to yin-nourishing formulas to assist the generation of yin qi. 3 WGM2#2276 虛者補其母；虛則補其母 A principle to treat deficiency of zang–fu organs based on the five-element theory. For example, since (spleen) earth promotes (lung) metal, lung deficiency can be treated by reinforcing the spleen and stomach. 3 WGM2#2277 實者瀉其子；實則瀉其子 A principle to treat excess of zang–fu organs based on the five-element theory. For example, since (heart) fire promotes (spleen earth), hyperactivity of heart fire can be treated by reducing the spleen and stomach. 3 WGM2#2278 異病同治 A principle to use same treatment for different diseases that share the same pathogenesis. 3 WGM2#2279 同病異治 A principle to use different treatments for the same disease caused by different etiological factors; or a principle to treat the same disease according to differences in individuality, time, geographic features, disease severity, differentiated patterns, and ongoing struggle between anti-pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors. 3 WGM2#2280 先表後裡 A principle to treat an exterior pattern before an interior pattern. It applies to a severe exterior pattern but mild interior pattern in concurrent exterior and interior pattern. This principle aims to prevent pathogenic factors in the exterior from entering the interior. 2 WGM2#2281 3.2 治法 3 WGM2#2282 解表法；發表法 Methods to release the exterior 3 WGM2#2283 辛溫解表；辛溫發汗；發表散寒 A treatment method to remove wind and dissipate cold with pungent, warm medicines or formulas. It is indicated for wind cold exterior pattern. 3 WGM2#2284 辛涼解表；辛涼透表；疏散風熱 A treatment method to remove wind and clear heat with pungent, cool medicines or formulas. It is indicated for wind heat exterior pattern. 3 WGM2#2285 辛涼清熱；解表清熱 A treatment method to clear heat in the exterior. It is indicated for patterns involving both the Wei- defence and qi phases. 3 WGM2#2286 疏邪解表；疏邪透表 A method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior. It is indicated for excess exterior pattern. 3 WGM2#2287 疏風透疹；解表透疹 A treatment method to remove wind and promote skin eruption through formulas or external therapies. It is often indicated for measles or rubella. 3 WGM2#2288 解表通經 A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior and unblock meridian qi through formulas, tuina or external therapies. It is indicated for external pathogenic factors impairing the meridian qi. 3 WGM2#2289 解表宣肺 A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for wind warmth or wind cold attacking the lung. 3 WGM2#2290 調和營衛 A treatment method to coordinate between Ying nutrients and Wei-defence through removing wind and nourishing yin. It is indicated for disorders due to disharmony between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence. 3 WGM2#2291 祛濕解表 A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior and resolve dampness with aroma. It is indicated for wind dampness affecting the exterior. 3 WGM2#2292 理氣解表 A treatment method to release the exterior and regulate qi. It is indicated for pathogenic factors affecting the exterior coupled with qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2293 扶正解表 A treatment method to release the exterior and reinforce the healthy qi. It is indicated for deficiency of qi, blood, yin and yang coupled with external pathogenic factors affecting the exterior. 3 WGM2#2294 益氣解表；補氣解表 A treatment method to release the exterior and tonifyqi. It is indicated for exterior pattern coupled with qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2295 湧吐法 Treatment methods to irritate the throat with medicine or tools to induce vomiting. The purpose is to expel harmful substances out of the body. 3 WGM2#2296 湧吐痰涎 A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate phlegm. It is indicated for exuberant, turbid phlegm affecting the upper or middle jiao. 3 WGM2#2297 湧吐風痰 A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate wind phlegm. It is indicated for wind phlegm affecting the upper part of the body. 3 WGM2#2298 湧吐痰食 A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate stagnant phlegm and food. It is indicated for phlegm intertwined with undigested food. 3 WGM2#2299 湧吐宿食 A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate undigested food. It is indicated for food retention in the stomach. 3 WGM2#2300 開關湧吐；湧吐開關 A treatment method to induce vomiting to unblock and resuscitate. It is indicated for exuberant, turbid phlegm disturbing the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2301 攻下法；攻裡法 Treatment methods to clear interior heat, retained water or stagnant blood. 3 WGM2#2302 清熱攻下；瀉火攻下；瀉火通腑；瀉火通便；清熱通腑；清熱通便；苦寒攻下；峻下熱結 A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire and unblock the bowel. It is indicated for heat accumulating in the large intestine. 3 WGM2#2303 瀉結行滯 A treatment method to combine purgative and qi-circulating medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to constipation due to heat and qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2304 溫下實寒 A treatment method to combine purgative, yang- warming and cold-dissipating medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to excessive cold retention. 3 WGM2#2305 潤燥通便；潤腸通便；增液通下；滋陰通下 A treatment method to combine purgative, fluid- generating and dryness-moistening medicines. It is indicated for constipation due to intestinal dryness or yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2306 益氣通下；益氣通便 A treatment method to supplement qi to promote bowel movements. It is indicated for constipation due to qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2307 溫陽通便；溫陽通下 A treatment method to combine purgative, yang- warming and cold-dissipating medicines. It is indicated for constipation due to (yang) deficiency cold. 3 WGM2#2308 潤腸泄熱 A treatment method to combine purgative, ying- nourishing, dryness-moistening and heat-clearing medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to heat retention and intestinal dryness. 3 WGM2#2309 軟堅潤燥 A treatment method to use medicines to soften hardness and moisten dryness. It is indicated for conditions due to dryness resulting from fluid insufficiency. 3 WGM2#2310 瀉下逐水；攻下逐水； A treatment method to use purgative medicines to resolve water retention. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of water fluid. 3 WGM2#2311 急下存陰 A treatment method to conduct urgent purgation to preserve yin fluids. It is indicated for febrile disease with dry heat consuming yin fluids. 3 WGM2#2312 表裡雙解法 Treatment methods to remove pathogenic factors in both the exterior and interior. 3 WGM2#2313 解表攻裡；發表攻裡；發表攻下；解表攻下 A treatment method to combine purgative and exterior-releasing medicines. It is indicated for excess pattern involving both the exterior and interior. 3 WGM2#2314 解表清裡 A treatment method to combine exterior-releasing and interior-clearing medicines. It is indicated for exterior–interior heat pattern or exterior cold with interior heat pattern. 3 WGM2#2315 解表溫裡；發汗溫裡 A treatment method to use medicines to induce sweating, release the exterior, warm the interior and dissipate cold. It is indicated for exterior- interior cold pattern or exterior heat with interior cold pattern. 3 WGM2#2316 和解法 Treatment methods to harmonize and release pathogenic factors affecting Shaoyang or coordinate functions of the zang–fu organs. 3 WGM2#2317 和解表裡 A treatment method to use medicines that are neutral in property to harmonize between the exterior and interior. It is indicated for mild conditions involving both the exterior and interior. 3 WGM2#2318 調和肝脾；調理肝脾 A treatment method to soothe the liver, fortify the spleen and regulate qi activity to harmonize between the liver and spleen. It is indicated or liver qi stagnation with spleen deficiency or liver hyperactivity with spleen deficiency. 3 WGM2#2319 疏肝和胃 A treatment method to regulate qi activity of the liver and stomach to harmonize between the liver and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation of the liver and stomach or disharmony between the liver and stomach. 3 WGM2#2320 調理腸胃；調和腸胃 A treatment method to regulate qi activity of the stomach and intestines to harmonize between the stomach and intestines. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation of the stomach and intestines. 3 WGM2#2321 調理脾胃；調和脾胃 A treatment method to regulate qi activity of the spleen and stomach to harmonize between the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between the spleen and stomach. 3 WGM2#2322 調和氣血；調理氣血；理氣和血 A treatment method to use qi-regulating and blood-circulating formulas. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between qi and blood. 3 WGM2#2323 調氣和營 A treatment method to use medicines to regulate qi and harmonize the Ying nutrients. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between qi and Ying nutrients. 3 WGM2#2324 平調寒熱；調和寒熱 A treatment method to use neutral-property medicines to clear heat and remove cold. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between (yin) cold and (yang) heat. 3 WGM2#2325 分消走泄 A treatment method to induce urination and promote bowel movements to eliminate pathogenic factors. 3 WGM2#2326 分消上下 A treatment method to use medicines to induce vomiting, eliminate phlegm and promote bladder or bowel movements to separately eliminate pathogenic factors. 3 WGM2#2327 表裡分消 A treatment method to use medicines to release the exterior and clear interior excess to separately eliminate pathogenic factors from the exterior and interior. 3 WGM2#2328 調理沖任；調攝沖任 A treatment method to use formulas to regulate qi and blood of the Chong and Ren. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between the Chong and Ren. 3 WGM2#2329 清熱法 Treatment methods to clear excess or deficiency heat 3 WGM2#2330 清熱瀉火；清熱降火；苦寒清熱 A treatment method to use formulas that are cold in property and bitter in taste to clear heat and reduce fire. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberant fire-heat. 3 WGM2#2331 辛寒清熱；辛寒清氣 A treatment method to use formulas that are pungent cold in taste and cold in property to clear and disperse heat. It is indicated for qi phase pattern, pattern of both Wei-defence and qi phases or interior heat moving out to the exterior. 3 WGM2#2332 清熱解毒；泄熱解毒；泄熱敗毒；清熱敗毒；清火解毒；清瀉火毒 A treatment method to clear heat and reduce fire to remove toxins. It is indicated for toxic fire, migratory toxic fire or toxic fire entering the collaterals. 3 WGM2#2333 清熱涼血；清氣涼血 A treatment method to use formulas to clear heat and cool blood. It is indicated for blazing of both qi and blood and blood phase pattern. 3 WGM2#2334 清營涼血 A treatment method to clear heat in the Ying nutrients and cool blood. It is indicated for conditions due to heat entering the Ying nutrients and blood. 3 WGM2#2335 清宣鬱熱；清泄鬱熱；清泄鬱火；清宣鬱火；解鬱泄熱；清熱除煩；清心除煩 A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire and alleviate vexation. It is indicated for qi stagnation transforming into fire or heat disturbing the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2336 清瀉虛熱；清瀉虛火 A treatment method to clear heat and nourish yin. It is indicated for internal heat due to yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2337 清泄裡熱；清泄臟腑 A treatment method to clear heat of the zang–fu organs. It is indicated for excess heat in the zang– fu organs. 3 WGM2#2338 清心瀉火；清心泄熱 A treatment method to clear the heart and reduce fire. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberance of heart fire. 3 WGM2#2339 清熱瀉肺 A treatment method to clear lung heat. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberance of lung heat. 3 WGM2#2340 清胃泄熱；清胃降火；清胃降熱；清胃泄火 A treatment method to clear stomach fire. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberance of stomach fire. 3 WGM2#2341 清脾泄熱；清脾瀉火；清泄脾胃伏火 A treatment method to clear fire heat of the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for excess heat in the spleen and stomach. 3 WGM2#2342 清肝泄火；清肝瀉火；清肝瀉熱；清肝泄熱 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver meridian. It is indicated for fire hyperactivity along the liver meridian, exuberance of liver fire and upward flaming of liver fire. 3 WGM2#2343 清泄膽熱；清泄膽火 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the gallbladder meridian. It is indicated for stagnant heat in the gallbladder meridian. 3 WGM2#2344 清瀉肝膽；清泄肝膽 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver and gallbladder. It is indicated for fire hyperactivity of the liver and gallbladder. 3 WGM2#2345 清心瀉脾 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and spleen. It is indicated for heat accumulating in the heart and spleen. 3 WGM2#2346 清心瀉肝 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and liver. It is indicated for fire hyperactivity of the heart and liver. 3 WGM2#2347 清心瀉肺 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and lung. It is indicated for exuberant heat in the heart and lung. 3 WGM2#2348 清心瀉腎 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and kidney. It is indicated for fire heat in the heart and kidney. 3 WGM2#2349 瀉肝清肺 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver and lung. It is indicated for liver fire attacking the lung or exuberant heat in the liver and lung. 3 WGM2#2350 瀉肝清胃 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver and stomach. It is indicated for liver fire attacking the stomach or exuberant heat in the liver and stomach. 3 WGM2#2351 清瀉肺胃 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the lung and stomach. It is indicated for exuberant heat in the lung and stomach. 3 WGM2#2352 清泄膈熱 A treatment method to clear heat and cool the diaphragm. It is indicated for heat disturbing the diaphragm. 3 WGM2#2353 清瀉腸熱 A treatment method to clear intestinal fire heat. It is indicated for conditions due to excess heat in the intestines. 3 WGM2#2354 清泄相火 A treatment method to clear heat and reduce ministerial fire. It is indicated for hyperactivity and stirring of ministerial fire. 3 WGM2#2355 清熱通淋；瀉火通淋 A treatment method to clear fire heat in the urinary bladder. It is indicated for heat strangury or retained heat in the urinary bladder. 3 WGM2#2356 清熱安胎 A treatment method to clear fire heat to quiet the fetus. It is indicated for threatened abortion due to heat disturbing the uterus. 3 WGM2#2357 清熱生津；泄熱生津；泄熱存津；清熱存津；甘涼清熱 A treatment method to use heat-clearing and fluid-generating medicines. It is indicated for fire heat consuming fluids or internal heat due to yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2358 清熱除蒸 A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire and eliminate bone-steaming sensation. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency fire or bone- steaming sensation. 3 WGM2#2359 理氣法 Treatment methods to regulate qi activity 3 WGM2#2360 理氣行滯；理氣導滯 A treatment method to regulate qi and unblock stagnation. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2361 疏肝理氣；疏肝解鬱 A treatment method to soothe the liver, regulate qi, unblock stagnation and resolve depression. It is indicated for conditions due to liver qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2362 疏肝利膽 A treatment method to soothe liver qi and promote the flow of bile. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation of the liver and gallbladder. 3 WGM2#2363 宣肺通氣 A treatment method to disperse lung qi. It is indicated for conditions due to pathogenic factors affecting the dispersing of lung qi. 3 WGM2#2364 行氣和胃；理氣和胃；理氣健胃；行氣健胃；行氣寬中 A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation, harmonize the stomach and soothe the middle jiao. It is indicated for conditions due to stomach qi failing to descend or stomach qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2365 理氣健脾 A treatment method to regulate and supplement qi, unblock stagnation, and strengthen the spleen. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen failing to transport and transform, spleen deficiency with qi stagnation or worries damaging the spleen. 3 WGM2#2366 行氣降逆；順氣降逆 A treatment method to circulate and down- regulate qi. It is indicated for conditions due to adverse ascending of qi. 3 WGM2#2367 理氣消痞；行氣消痞；行氣散結；理氣散結 A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and thus resolve masses/nodules. It is indicated for conditions due to chronic qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2368 理血法 Treatment methods to regulate blood and restore normal blood circulation 3 WGM2#2369 活血化瘀；活血祛瘀；活血散瘀； A treatment method to circulate blood and transform stasis. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis. 3 WGM2#2370 化瘀清熱 A treatment method to transform stasis and clear heat. It is indicated for blood stasis transforming into heat or heat-induced blood stagnation. 3 WGM2#2371 活血行滯；活血行氣 A treatment method to circulate blood, resolve stasis, regulate qi and eliminate stagnation. It is indicated for blood stasis due to qi stagnation or qi stagnation due to blood stasis. 3 WGM2#2372 活血消積；活血消癥 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and resolve masses. It is indicated for masses due to blood stagnation. 3 WGM2#2373 祛瘀生新；化瘀生新 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and regenerate new blood. It is indicated for blood stasis coupled with blood deficiency. 3 WGM2#2374 活血養血；和血養血；祛瘀養血 A treatment method to circulate and nourish blood. It is indicated for conditions due to blood deficiency coupled with stasis. 3 WGM2#2375 祛瘀通絡；化瘀通絡；行瘀通絡 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis obstructing the meridians. 3 WGM2#2376 化瘀利水 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, resolve water retention and drain dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis and water retention. 3 WGM2#2377 化瘀消腫；祛瘀消腫；散瘀消腫；破瘀消腫 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and resolve swelling. It is indicated for haematoma. 3 WGM2#2378 活血舒筋；祛瘀舒筋 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, relax tendons and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis affecting the tendons and meridians. 3 WGM2#2379 活血祛風；活血搜風 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, eliminate wind and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis with wind dryness or blood stasis with wind bi-impediment. 3 WGM2#2380 活血止痛；活血通絡止痛 A treatment method to circulate blood, unblock meridians and alleviate pain. It is indicated for pain due to blood stasis obstructing the meridians. 3 WGM2#2381 化瘀止血；祛瘀止血 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and stop bleeding. It is indicated for bleeding due to blood stasis. 3 WGM2#2382 通絡下乳 A treatment method to unblock meridians to increase lactation. It is indicated for insufficient lactation due to meridian obstruction. 3 WGM2#2383 和絡；通絡；活絡 A treatment method to harmonize meridians using acupuncture, tuina, external therapies or herbal formulas. It is indicated for conditions caused by meridian obstruction. 3 WGM2#2384 通經止癢 A treatment method to unblock meridians, harmonize blood and stop itching using herbal formulas or other therapies. It is indicated for itching due to obstruction of meridian qi. 3 WGM2#2385 活血調經；和血調經 A treatment method to circulate blood, regulate qi and benefit menstruation. It is indicated for irregular menstruation due to disharmony between qi and blood. 3 WGM2#2386 和血安胎 A treatment method to circulate blood, regulate qi and quiet the fetus. It is indicated for threatened abortion due to disharmony between qi and blood. 3 WGM2#2387 祛瘀下胎；化瘀下胎；化瘀催產；祛瘀催產 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and induce labour. It is indicated for difficult labour due to blood stasis and qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2388 化瘀通腦 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and unblock brain collaterals. It is indicated for conditions due to stasis obstructing the brain collaterals. 3 WGM2#2389 化瘀宣肺 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for conditions due to stasis obstructing the lung collaterals. 3 WGM2#2390 化瘀寬胸 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, and soothe the chest and diaphragm. It is indicated for stasis obstructing the chest, diaphragm or subcostal region. 3 WGM2#2391 化瘀寬心 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and unblock heart vessels. It is indicated for conditions due to heart blood stasis. 3 WGM2#2392 化瘀和胃 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, harmonize the stomach, and soothe the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for stasis obstructing the stomach collaterals. 3 WGM2#2393 化瘀養胃 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, nourish the stomach and harmonize the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to stomach deficiency with blood stasis. 3 WGM2#2394 化瘀疏肝 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, soothe the liver and harmonize collaterals. It is indicated for conditions due to liver blood stasis. 3 WGM2#2395 化瘀養肝 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, tonify blood and nourish the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver deficiency with blood stasis. 3 WGM2#2396 化瘀理脾 A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, strengthen the spleen and harmonize the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis affecting the spleen meridian. 3 WGM2#2397 祛濕法 Methods to disperse and transform dampness with aromatic medicines 3 WGM2#2398 辟穢化濁；芳香化濁；辟穢泄濁；芳香泄濁 A treatment method to transform turbidity and repel filth with aromatic medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to filth, turbidity and dampness. 3 WGM2#2399 利濕化濁；祛濕化濁 A treatment method to induce urination to transform turbid dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness. 3 WGM2#2400 宣散濕邪；宣散濕濁 A treatment method to disperse turbid dampness with aromatic, pungent medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness binding the exterior. 3 WGM2#2401 行氣化濕；理氣化濕 A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and transform dampness with aromatic medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness obstructing the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#2402 化濕和營；燥濕和營 A treatment method to transform dampness with aromatic medicines and harmonize between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness affecting the surface of the body. 3 WGM2#2403 化濕和中；化濕醒脾；化濕健脾；化濕運脾 A treatment method to transform turbid dampness to strengthen the spleen and harmonize the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness affecting the spleen and stomach or spleen deficiency coupled with dampness. 3 WGM2#2404 健脾化濕；扶脾化濕；扶脾祛濕；健脾祛濕 A treatment method to tonify spleen qi to transform turbid phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen deficiency coupled with dampness. 3 WGM2#2405 淡滲分利；淡滲祛濕 A treatment method to resolve dampness by inducing urination with medicines that are bland in taste. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of water dampness. 3 WGM2#2406 寬中利濕；寬中化濕 A treatment method to transform turbid dampness to strengthen the spleen and harmonize the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen deficiency coupled with dampness. 3 WGM2#2407 清心利濕；清心利水 A treatment method to induce urination and clear heart fire. It is indicated for exuberance of heart fire coupled with water dampness. 3 WGM2#2408 清膽利濕 A treatment method to clear gallbladder heat and transform dampness. It is indicated for damp heat in the gallbladder. 3 WGM2#2409 燥濕行氣；燥濕行滯 A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and dry dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation coupled with dampness retention. 3 WGM2#2410 燥濕和胃；燥濕和中 A treatment method to dry dampness with pungent, dry medicines and harmonize the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness obstructing the spleen and stomach. 3 WGM2#2411 祛風燥濕；疏風燥濕；疏風化濕；祛風化濕 A treatment method to remove wind and dry dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to wind dampness affecting the body. 3 WGM2#2412 散寒除濕；散寒祛濕；散寒燥濕； A treatment method to remove cold and eliminate dampness with pungent, warm medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to cold dampness affecting the body. 3 WGM2#2413 清熱祛濕；清熱除濕 A treatment method to clear heat and eliminate dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to damp heat accumulation. 3 WGM2#2414 清利三焦；清化三焦；清化三焦濕熱；清理三焦濕熱 A treatment method to combine heat-clearing and dampness-resolving medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to damp heat diffusing over the three jiao. 3 WGM2#2415 清熱燥濕解毒；泄熱燥濕解毒；泄熱化濕解毒；清熱化濕解毒 A treatment method to clear heat, transform dampness and remove toxins. It is indicated for conditions due to toxic damp heat accumulation. 3 WGM2#2416 利水消腫 A treatment method or formula to induce urination to resolve oedema. It is indicated for oedema. 3 WGM2#2417 除濕通絡；化濕通絡 A treatment method to transform dampness and unblock collaterals. It is indicated for dampness obstructing the collaterals. 3 WGM2#2418 潤燥法 Treatment methods to increase fluids to moisten dryness 3 WGM2#2419 輕宣潤燥；輕宣外燥 A treatment method to disperse lung qi, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for external dryness affecting the exterior. 3 WGM2#2420 清熱潤燥 A treatment method to clear heat, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for conditions due to warm dryness damaging yin. 3 WGM2#2421 清肺潤燥；清燥潤肺 A treatment method to clear heat, disperse lung qi and moisten dryness. It is indicated for dryness affecting the lung, lung heat due to yin deficiency or lung dryness with stagnant heat. 3 WGM2#2422 滋陰潤燥；養陰潤燥 A treatment method to nourish yin, clear heat, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for internal dryness due to yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2423 養血潤燥；補血潤燥 A treatment method to tonify blood, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for blood dryness due to yin deficiency or blood deficiency with wind dryness. 3 WGM2#2424 潤燥止渴 A treatment method to nourish yin, increase fluids and alleviate thirst. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency of yin fluids. 3 WGM2#2425 潤燥止咳；潤肺止咳 A treatment method to nourish yin, moisten dryness and stop coughing. It is indicated for cough due to yin deficiency and lung dryness. 3 WGM2#2426 潤燥解毒 A treatment method to nourish yin, moisten dryness and remove toxins. It is indicated for conditions due to toxic dryness. 3 WGM2#2427 增液通便；增水行舟 A treatment method to nourish fluids, moisten the intestines and promote bowel movements. It is indicated for constipation due to large intestine dryness. 3 WGM2#2428 補益法 Treatment methods to tonify yin, yang, qi, blood and bodily fluids and reinforce the functions of the zang–fu organs. 3 WGM2#2429 補氣；益氣；扶正益氣；扶正補氣 A treatment method to tonify healthy qi. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2430 補益心氣；補心益氣 A treatment method to tonify qi and nourish the heart. It is indicated for conditions due to heart qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2431 補益肺氣；補肺益氣 A treatment method to tonify qi and benefit the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to lung qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2432 補益中氣；補脾健胃；補中益氣 A treatment method to tonify qi, strengthen the spleen and benefit the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach. 3 WGM2#2433 補益肝氣；補肝益氣 A treatment method to tonify qi and nourish the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2434 補益腎氣；補腎益氣 A treatment method to tonify the kidney and supplement qi. It is indicated for conditions due to kidney qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2435 補益心肺；補心益肺 A treatment method to tonify qi of the heart and lung. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the heart and lung. 3 WGM2#2436 補脾益肺；培土生金 A treatment method to tonify qi of the spleen and lung. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the spleen and lung. 3 WGM2#2437 補益脾腎；補脾益腎 A treatment method to tonify qi of the spleen and kidney. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 3 WGM2#2438 補氣固脫；益氣固脫 A treatment method to greatly supplement vital qi. It is indicated for conditions due to collapse of vital qi. 3 WGM2#2439 補血 A treatment method to supplement blood. It is indicated for conditions due to blood deficiency. 3 WGM2#2440 補血養心 A treatment method to tonify blood and nourish the heart. It is indicated for conditions due to heart blood deficiency. 3 WGM2#2441 補血養肝 A treatment method to tonify blood and nourish the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver blood deficiency. 3 WGM2#2442 補血固脫 A treatment method to tonify blood and prevent collapse. It is indicated for conditions due to blood loss. 3 WGM2#2443 滋陰；滋補陰液 A treatment method to nourish yin and supplement yin fluids with sweet, tonic food or medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2444 滋補心陰；滋養心陰 A treatment method to nourish heart yin. It is indicated for conditions due to heart yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2445 滋補肺陰；滋養肺陰 A treatment method to nourish yin and tonify the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to lung yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2446 滋陰益胃；養陰益胃；養陰和胃；滋陰和胃；益胃生津 A treatment method to nourish yin, generate fluids, supplement qi and benefit the stomach. It is indicated for stomach yin deficiency, qi and yin deficiency of the stomach or stomach dryness. 3 WGM2#2447 滋補脾陰；滋養脾陰 A treatment method to nourish yin and fortify the spleen. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2448 滋補肝陰；滋養肝陰 A treatment method to nourish liver yin. It is indicated for conditions due to liver yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2449 滋補腎陰；滋養腎陰 A treatment method to nourish kidney yin. It is indicated for conditions due to kidney yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2450 滋補心肺；滋養心肺 A treatment method to nourish and supplement the heart and lung. It is indicated for qi and yin deficiency of the heart and lung. 3 WGM2#2451 滋陰清熱；養陰清熱 A treatment method to nourish yin and clear heat. It is indicated for conditions due to (yin) deficiency heat. 3 WGM2#2452 補陽益氣；溫陽益氣 A treatment method to combine yang-warming and qi-tonifying medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to yang qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2453 補陽；壯陽；溫陽 A treatment method to warm and tonify yang qi. It is indicated for conditions due to yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2454 溫補心陽 A treatment method to use warm-property medicines to tonify the heart and activate yang qi. It is indicated for conditions due to heart yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2455 溫補肺陽 A treatment method to warm yang and tonify the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to lung yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2456 溫補脾陽；溫運脾陽 A treatment method to warm yang and fortify the spleen. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2457 溫補胃陽；溫陽益胃 A treatment method to warm yang and strengthen the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to stomach yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2458 溫補肝陽 A treatment method to warm yang and tonify the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2459 溫補腎陽；溫補腎氣；溫腎壯陽 A treatment method to warm yang and tonify the kidney. It is indicated for conditions due to kidney yang deficiency and kidney qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2460 溫補心肺 A treatment method to warm and tonify the heart and lung. It is indicated for yang deficiency of the heart and lung. 3 WGM2#2461 溫陽行氣；溫陽理氣 A treatment method to warm yang, regulate qi and unblock stagnation. It is indicated for conditions due to yang deficiency and qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2462 補益氣血；補氣養血 A treatment method to tonify qi and blood. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency of qi and blood. 3 WGM2#2463 滋陰補陽；滋陰溫陽 A treatment method to nourish yin and tonify yang. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency of yin and yang. 3 WGM2#2464 益氣滋陰；益氣養陰；滋陰益氣；補精益髓；補腎益髓 A treatment method to supplement qi and nourish yin. It is indicated for deficiency of qi and yin. 3 WGM2#2465 補益精髓 A treatment method to supplement essence and marrow with medicines that contain animal flesh and blood. It is indicated for kidney deficiency or essential qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2466 補益心腎 A treatment method to tonify the heart and benefit the kidney. It is indicated for yin/ yang deficiency of the heart and kidney, qi/ yin deficiency of the heart and kidney, and qi deficiency of the heart and kidney. 3 WGM2#2467 滋陰補血 A treatment method to combine yin-nourishing and blood-tonifying medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to yin blood deficiency. 3 WGM2#2468 生氣於精 A treatment method to tonify yin essence to transform into yang qi. It is indicated for conditions resulting from yang qi deficiency due to yin essence deficiency. 3 WGM2#2469 益氣固脫 A treatment method to prevent life-threatening qi collapse following loss of blood/fluids with qi-supplementing and astringent medicines. 3 WGM2#2470 溫裡法 Treatment methods to warm and unblock the zang–fu organs and meridians, supplement yang and dissipate cold 3 WGM2#2471 回陽；回陽急救 A treatment method to greatly tonify yang qi. It is indicated for conditions due to yang depletion. 3 WGM2#2472 溫陽散寒；溫裡散寒 A treatment method to warm and tonify yang qi and dissipate cold. It is indicated for cold retention due to yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2473 溫經散寒；溫經祛寒 A treatment method to warm yang, dissipate cold and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to cold retention in the meridians. 3 WGM2#2474 散寒止痛 A treatment method to stop pain by dissipating cold. It is indicated for pain due to cold retention. 3 WGM2#2475 祛暑法 Treatment methods to remove summer heat 3 WGM2#2476 祛暑清熱；滌暑清熱 A treatment method to remove summer heat. It is indicated for conditions due to summer heat. 3 WGM2#2477 祛暑解表；解表清暑 A treatment method to clear summer heat and release the exterior. It is indicated for summer heat attacking the exterior. 3 WGM2#2478 清暑解毒 A treatment method to clear summer heat and transform dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to accumulation of summer heat and dampness. 3 WGM2#2479 祛暑利濕；清暑利濕；清暑化濕；祛暑化濕 A treatment method to clear summer heat and transform dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of summer heat and dampness. 3 WGM2#2480 清暑益氣 A treatment method to clear summer heat, tonify qi and generate fluids. It is indicated for conditions due to summer heat damaging bodily fluids. 3 WGM2#2481 清心滌暑 A treatment method to clear the heart and remove summer heat. It is indicated for summer heat blocking the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2482 清暑宣肺 A treatment method to clear summer heat and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for cough or haemoptysis due to summer heat damaging the lung collaterals. 3 WGM2#2483 治風法 Treatment methods to dispel external wind or calm down the internal wind 3 WGM2#2484 疏散風邪；疏散外風 A treatment method to remove wind and release the exterior. It is indicated for conditions due to wind attacking the exterior. 3 WGM2#2485 平肝熄風；鎮肝熄風 A treatment method to use formulas that contain heavy medicinal minerals to submerge liver yang and stop wind. It is indicated for conditions due to liver yang transforming into wind or sudden hyperactivity of liver yang. 3 WGM2#2486 平肝潛陽 A treatment method to use heavy medicinal minerals to soothe the liver and subdue yang. It is indicated for conditions due to hyperactivity of liver yang. 3 WGM2#2487 熄風解痙；熄風定痙；鎮痙熄風 A treatment method to stop wind and relieve convulsions. It is indicated for convulsions due to internal stirring of liver wind. 3 WGM2#2488 祛痰法 Treatment methods to resolve phlegm fluids or nodules in the zang–fu organs, meridians, cutaneous membrane and limbs/joints 3 WGM2#2489 宣肺化痰；宣肺祛痰；豁痰宣肺 A treatment method to combine medicines to disperse lung qi and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to turbid phlegm obstructing the lung. 3 WGM2#2490 燥濕化痰；祛濕化痰；化痰除濕；豁痰燥濕 A treatment method to dry dampness and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm dampness. 3 WGM2#2491 清熱化痰；清熱祛痰；清化熱痰 A treatment method to combine medicines that clear heat and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to heat phlegm. 3 WGM2#2492 潤燥化痰；潤肺化痰；潤化燥痰 A treatment method to generate fluids, moisten dryness and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to dry phlegm. 3 WGM2#2493 溫化寒痰；溫陽化痰 A treatment method to warm yang, remove cold and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to cold phlegm. 3 WGM2#2494 祛風化痰；治風化痰 A treatment method to combine medicines to remove wind and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to wind phlegm. 3 WGM2#2495 理氣化痰；行氣化痰；行氣祛痰；理氣祛痰 A treatment method to combine medicines to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation with phlegm retention or phlegm qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2496 散寒化飲 A treatment method to dissipate cold and transform water retention using pungent warm medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of cold fluid. 3 WGM2#2497 瀉肺逐飲 A treatment method to combine medicines to transform fluid retention and drain the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to fluid retention affecting the lung. 3 WGM2#2498 溫陽化飲；溫化寒飲；溫化痰飲 A treatment method to warm yang, transform phlegm and eliminate fluid retention using pungent warm medicines. It is indicated for conditions resulting from fluid retention due to yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2499 化痰消食 A treatment method to combine medicines to transform phlegm and promote digestion. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm-food stagnation. 3 WGM2#2500 祛痰化瘀 A treatment method to combine medicines to eliminate phlegm and transform stasis. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm combined with stasis. 3 WGM2#2501 化痰散結；化痰破結；滌痰破結；滌痰散結；祛痰軟堅；豁痰軟堅 A treatment method to combine medicines to transform phlegm, eliminate masses and soften hardness. It is indicated for phlegm nodules. 3 WGM2#2502 化痰消癭；化痰消瘤 A treatment method to transform phlegm, resolve goitre and disperse nodules. It is indicated for goitre due to phlegm nodules. 3 WGM2#2503 祛痰宣痹 A treatment method to unblock bi-impediment by eliminating turbid phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to turbid phlegm retention. 3 WGM2#2504 清熱祛痰化瘀 A treatment method to clear heat, eliminate phlegm and transform stasis. It is indicated for phlegm heat intertwined with stasis or phlegm stasis transforming into heat. 3 WGM2#2505 祛痰殺蟲 A treatment method to combine medicines to eliminate phlegm and kill parasites. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm mixed with parasites. 3 WGM2#2506 祛痰理氣解毒 A treatment method to eliminate stasis, regulate qi and remove toxins. It is indicated for toxic phlegm retention. 3 WGM2#2507 開竅法 Treatment methods to open the orifice and refresh the mind 3 WGM2#2508 開竅通閉；通竅開閉 A treatment method to open the orifices, refresh the mind and unblock impediments. It is indicated for conditions due to pathogenic factors misting the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2509 清熱開竅；泄熱開竅 A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire, open the orifices and refresh the mind. It is indicated for conditions due to heat blocking the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2510 寧心開竅；寧神開竅 A treatment method to nourish the heart and settle the mind. It is indicated for cardiac shock, shock from heavy blood loss or unconsciousness due to fear/fright damaging the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2511 芳香開竅；芳香通竅；辟穢開竅；辟穢通竅 A treatment method to unblock impediment and open the orifices with aromatic medicines. It is indicated for unconsciousness due to turbidity blocking the pericardium. 3 WGM2#2512 散寒開竅；散寒通竅；散寒通閉；散寒開閉；辛溫開竅；辛溫通竅 A treatment method to warm yang, dissipate cold and open the orifices with pungent, warm medicines. It is indicated for cold-induced shock or unconsciousness due to cold retention and qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2513 利濕開竅；利濕通竅；化濕開竅；化濕通竅 A treatment method to transform dampness and open the orifices. It is indicated for turbid phlegm misting the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2514 化痰開竅；祛痰開竅；滌痰開竅；豁痰開竅 A treatment method to transform turbid phlegm and open the orifices. It is indicated for phlegm- induced shock or phlegm misting the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2515 祛痰化濕開竅 A treatment method to eliminate phlegm, transform dampness and open the orifices. It is indicated for phlegm dampness disturbing the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2516 搜風祛痰開竅 A treatment method to remove wind, eliminate phlegm and open the orifices. It is indicated for wind phlegm disturbing the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2517 祛熱開竅 A treatment method to clear summer heat, circulate qi and open the orifices. It is indicated for summer heat blocking the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#2518 消石開閉 A treatment method to resolve stones and circulate qi. It is indicated for stones blocking the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#2519 解毒開閉 A treatment method to use medicines or formulas that remove toxins. It is indicated for epidemic toxins blocking the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2520 解毒開肺 A treatment method to remove toxins and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for toxic heat blocking the lung or measles virus blocking the lung. 3 WGM2#2521 驅蟲法 Treatment methods to kill or repel intestinal parasites 3 WGM2#2522 驅蛔殺蟲 A treatment method to repel and kill roundworms. It is indicated for conditions due to intestinal worms. 3 WGM2#2523 健脾驅蟲；補脾驅蟲 A treatment method to combine medicines to reinforce the spleen and repel parasitic worms. It is indicated for spleen deficiency coupled with retention of parasitic worms. 3 WGM2#2524 殺蟲消疳；殺蟲消積 A treatment method to kill parasitic worms and improve malnutrition. It is indicated for malnutrition due to retention of parasitic worms. 3 WGM2#2525 祛風殺蟲 A treatment method to remove wind and kill parasitic worms. It is indicated for conditions due to toxic worms or wind affecting the skin. 3 WGM2#2526 殺蟲寧神 A treatment method to kill worms, calm the mind, alleviate pain and stop seizures. It is indicated for pork tapeworm affecting the brain. 3 WGM2#2527 安神法 Treatment methods to calm/settle the mind and alleviate palpitations 3 WGM2#2528 重鎮安神；潛鎮安神 A treatment method to use heavy medicinal minerals to submerge yang and settle the mind. It is indicated for insomnia due to yang hyperactivity. 3 WGM2#2529 安神定志；安神定悸；寧心定志；寧心定悸 A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors and nourish the heart. It is indicated for severe palpitations, insomnia, poor memory and panic. 3 WGM2#2530 養心安神；補心安神 A treatment method to reinforce the heart and nourish blood. It is indicated for palpitations, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, poor memory and panic due to heart deficiency. 3 WGM2#2531 養血安神 A treatment method to tonify blood and nourish the heart. It is indicated for palpitations, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, poor memory and panic due to heart blood deficiency. 3 WGM2#2532 益腎寧神 A treatment method to tonify kidney essence. It is indicated for palpitations or insomnia due to fear disturbing the mind qi or disharmony between the heart and kidney. 3 WGM2#2533 益氣安神；益氣定神 A treatment method to tonify qi, nourish the heart and calm the mind. It is indicated for restlessness due to heart qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2534 滋陰安神；養陰安神 A treatment method to nourish heart yin and calm the mind. It is indicated for restlessness due to heart yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2535 和中安神；和胃安神 A treatment method to promote digestion, harmonize the stomach and calm the mind. It is indicated for insomnia due to stomach discomfort. 3 WGM2#2536 解毒安神 A treatment method to remove toxins, transform turbidity and calm the mind. It is indicated for toxic turbidity disturbing the mind. 3 WGM2#2537 解鬱安神 A treatment method to relieve stagnation, regulate qi and calm the mind. It is indicated for grief affecting the mind due to depression. 3 WGM2#2538 安神止癢 A treatment method to nourish blood and calm the mind. It is indicated for itching or restlessness due to yin blood failing to nourish the skin. 3 WGM2#2539 鎮驚安神；鎮心安神 A treatment method to calm the mind with heavy medicinal minerals. It is indicated for fear/fright disturbing the mind. 3 WGM2#2540 消導法 Treatment methods to promote digestion to eliminate stagnation, disperse masses and soften hardness 3 WGM2#2541 消食導滯；消食化滯 A treatment method to promote digestion and resolve stagnation. It is indicated for food retention in the stomach and intestines. 3 WGM2#2542 清熱導滯；泄熱導滯 A treatment method to combine medicines to promote digestion, resolve stagnation and clear heat. It is indicated for stomach heat due to food retention or food retention in the stomach and intestines. 3 WGM2#2543 消痞化積 A treatment method to promote digestion and transform stagnation. It is indicated for masses or distension due to food retention and qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2544 軟堅散結；軟堅消結；軟堅消癭；軟堅消癥；軟堅消腫 A treatment method to circulate qi, move blood, soften hardness and dissipate masses. It is indicated for goitre or masses due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. 3 WGM2#2545 消石導滯 A treatment method to resolve stones, circulate qi and promote bowel movements. It is indicated for stones obstructing the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#2546 固澀法 Treatment methods to secure qi, blood, fluids and essence from consumption 3 WGM2#2547 固表止汗；固表斂汗；斂汗固表 A treatment method to secure the exterior to stop sweating. It is indicated for spontaneous sweating due to insecure Wei-defensive qi. 3 WGM2#2548 斂肺止咳 A treatment method to tonify and astringe lung qi to stop coughing. It is indicated for cough due to lung qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2549 斂肺平喘 A treatment method to tonify and astringe lung qi to alleviate panting. It is indicated for fast breathing due to lung qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2550 澀腸止瀉；固腸止瀉 A treatment method to astringe the intestine to stop diarrhoea. It is indicated for chronic diarrhoea. 3 WGM2#2551 澀精止遺 A treatment method to astringe and secure the kidney essence to stop seminal emissions. It is indicated for nocturnal emissions or spermatorrhoea. 3 WGM2#2552 固經止血 A treatment method to astringe menses to stop bleeding. It is indicated for heavy menstruation. 3 WGM2#2553 固攝止血；攝血止血 A treatment method to astringe and secure blood to stop bleeding. It is indicated for bleeding due to qi failing to keep blood within the vessels. 3 WGM2#2554 固沖止帶；固腎止帶；固澀止帶 A treatment method to tonify the kidney and secure Chong and Ren meridians to stop vaginal discharges. It is indicated for vaginal discharges due to kidney deficiency and insecurity of the Chong and Ren meridians. 3 WGM2#2555 固腎安胎 A treatment method to tonify kidney qi to secure the fetus. It is indicated for threatened abortion due to kidney deficiency. 3 WGM2#2556 止血安胎 A treatment method to stop bleeding and secure the fetus. 3 WGM2#2557 固澀斂乳；固澀攝乳；補氣斂乳；固澀攝乳；補氣攝乳 A treatment method to tonify qi and astringe breast milk. It is indicated for spontaneous flow of breast milk due to qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2558 固攝斂淚；收斂止淚 A treatment method to tonify qi and stop lacrimation. It is indicated for spontaneous flow of tears due to qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2559 固脬止遺；固脬止尿；固脬止淋；補氣固脬 A treatment method to tonify kidney qi to secure the urinary bladder. It is indicated for enuresis or urinary incontinence due to kidney qi insecurity. 3 WGM2#2560 補氣固攝；益氣固攝 A treatment method to tonify qi to facilitate its securing function. It is indicated for conditions due to qi failing to secure blood, fluids or essence, etc. 3 WGM2#2561 固護陰液；斂陰固脫 A treatment method to astringe and nourish yin fluids. It is indicated for exhaustion of yin fluids. 3 WGM2#2562 溫陽固脫；溫澀固脫 A treatment method to warm yang, tonify qi and prevent collapse. It is indicated for yang qi failure. 3 WGM2#2563 升提固澀；升清固澀 A treatment method to combine medicines to supplement, lift and astringe qi. It is indicated for qi failing to secure blood, fluid or essence, etc. 3 WGM2#2564 補腎固澀；固攝下元 A treatment method to tonify kidney qi and facilitate its securing function. It is indicated for kidney qi insecurity. 3 WGM2#2565 治癰瘍法 Treatment methods to resolve superficial or suppurative skin conditions 3 WGM2#2566 解毒散癰 A treatment method to remove toxins and resolve sores or ulcers. 3 WGM2#2567 解毒消腫；化毒消腫；化毒散結；解毒散結 A treatment method to remove toxins, resolve sores/ulcers and eliminate swelling. 3 WGM2#2568 清熱排膿 A treatment method to clear heat, remove toxins and drain the pus of sores or ulcers. 3 WGM2#2569 祛腐生肌；去腐生肌 A treatment method to eliminate dead tissues, regenerate flesh and speed up wound healing. 3 WGM2#2570 消癰散癤 A treatment method to resolve swelling, remove toxins and eliminate boils. 3 WGM2#2571 燥濕斂瘡 A treatment method to dry dampness, regenerate flesh and speed up ulcerative wound healing. 3 WGM2#2572 清解餘毒；清透伏邪 A treatment method to clear heat and remove hidden toxins. 3 WGM2#2573 斂瘡止痛 A treatment method to alleviate pain and speed up ulcerative wound healing. 3 WGM2#2574 以毒攻毒 A treatment method to remove toxins with poisonous medicines. 3 WGM2#2575 提膿拔毒 A treatment method to drain pus through therapies or formulas to draw out pus and toxin. 3 WGM2#2576 提膿祛腐 A treatment method to drain pus and eliminate dead tissues through therapies or formulas to draw pus and remove putridity. 3 WGM2#2577 治五官法 Treatment methods for problems of the eyes, noses lips, tongue and ears 3 WGM2#2578 明目 A treatment method to remove wind, clear heat, cool blood, transform stasis, nourish blood, supplement qi, nourish yin, strengthen the spleen and tonify the liver and kidney to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the eyes. It is indicated for blurred vision. 3 WGM2#2579 通耳；利耳 A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the ears. 3 WGM2#2580 通鼻 A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the nose. 3 WGM2#2581 利咽 A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the throat. 3 WGM2#2582 開音 A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and restore the voice. It is indicated for hoarseness. 3 WGM2#2583 固齒 A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi, secure the teeth and moisten the gums. 3 WGM2#2584 其他治法 3 WGM2#2585 壯水制陽；滋陰抑陽 A treatment method to nourish yin fluids to contain hyperactivity of yang qi. It is indicated for hyperactivity of yang due to yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2586 益火消陰；壯陽消陰 A treatment method to warm and reinforce yang qi to dissipate yin cold. It is indicated for yin cold due to yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2587 引火歸原；導龍入海 A treatment method to reinforce kidney yang and combine medicines that enter meridians to astringe floating yang qi, i.e. to guide kidney yang into kidney yin. It is indicated for decline of vital fire or floating of deficiency yang. 3 WGM2#2588 和營生新 A treatment method to harmonize between the Ying nutrients and blood, circulate blood, regenerate new blood and flesh, and speed up wound healing. It is indicated for delayed wound healing due to blood stagnation. 3 WGM2#2589 宣通三焦 A treatment method to regulate qi, eliminate pathogenic factors and unblock the three jiao. It is indicated for pathogenic factors impairing the qi flow of the three jiao. 3 WGM2#2590 交通心腎 A treatment method to nourish kidney yin, astringe kidney yang, reduce heart fire and calm the heart mind to submerge yang and coordinate between the heart and kidney. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between the heart fire and kidney water. 3 WGM2#2591 清利頭目 A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire, submerge yang and clear the head and eyes. It is indicated for headache, eye pain and dizziness due to upward flaming of fire heat or hyperactivity of yang qi. 3 WGM2#2592 滑利竅道 A treatment method to lubricate and unblock orifices. It is indicated for dry orifices due to insufficiency of yin fluids. 3 WGM2#2593 寬胸利膈 A treatment method to eliminate pathogenic factors, regulate qi, lift yang, and down-regulate turbidity to soothe the chest and diaphragm. It is indicated for chest stuffiness, distension, fullness and tightness. 3 WGM2#2594 續筋接骨 A treatment method to use tuina or other therapies to repair the broken sinews or bones. It is indicated for sinew or bone injuries. 3 WGM2#2595 強筋壯骨 A treatment method to strengthen the sinews or bones through exercise or taking medicine. It is indicated for weak sinews/bones due to heredity, trauma or chronic diseases. 3 WGM2#2596 散結；軟堅 A treatment method to eliminate phlegm, regulate qi, break stasis and unblock collaterals to soften hardness, disperses nodules and resolve masses. It is indicated for masses, lumps or swelling. 3 WGM2#2597 佐金平木 A treatment method to disperse the lung (metal) and inhibit the liver (wood). It is indicated for migratory pain in the subcostal region, cough or panting due to hyperactivity of liver yang and failure of lung qi to disperse and descend. 3 WGM2#2598 益火生土 A treatment method to warm and reinforce the vital fire to supplement the transportation and transformation of the spleen (earth). It is indicated for early morning diarrhoea due to decline of the vital fire and spleen yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2599 金水相生 A treatment method to tonify the kidney and nourish the lung for lung deficiency and kidney deficiency, since the lung (metal) and kidney (water) mutually support physiologically and mutually affect pathologically. 3 WGM2#2600 培土制水 A treatment method to tonify the spleen (earth) to restrain overflow of water dampness. It is indicated for oedema or diarrhoea due to spleen deficiency. 3 WGM2#2601 瀉南補北 A treatment method to reduce heart fire and reinforce kidney water. The south here refers to heart fire, whereas the north refers to kidney water. 2 WGM2#2602 3.3 藥物治療類 3 WGM2#2603 中藥類 Knowledge about the concept of Chinese medicines, the basic theories as well as the origin, production, processing, property, actions and indications of medicines 3 WGM2#2604 中藥 Medicines to prevent, treat and diagnose diseases under the guidance of Chinese medical theories. 3 WGM2#2605 中藥學 The study of basic theories, origin, production, processing, property, actions, indications and application of Chinese medicines. 3 WGM2#2606 本草 An ancient term for Chinese medicine, mainly referring to medicinal plants. 3 WGM2#2607 草藥 Regional herbal medicines that may not be recorded in major books on materia medica; however, they are an integral part of Chinese medicine. 3 WGM2#2608 中藥材 Raw materials include medicinal plants, animals and minerals that can be prepared into pieces, extracts or Chinese patent medicine. 3 WGM2#2609 道地藥材 High-quality Chinese medicines produced in specific geographical areas. 3 WGM2#2610 飲片 Prepared herbal pieces that can be used directly in clinical use or preparation production. 3 WGM2#2611 配方顆粒 A new dosage form with standardized specification, dosage and quality manufactured through extracting, separating, condensing, drying, granulating or packaging. 3 WGM2#2612 炮製 A sequence of medicinal processing techniques to make materia medica into prepared pieces or different dosage forms. These techniques are adopted according to theories of Chinese medicine and medicinal properties. 3 WGM2#2613 修治；修制 The preliminary processing method of Chinese medicines, including purification, crushing and cutting. 3 WGM2#2614 純淨處理 A method to remove dust, impurities and clean medicines by picking, selecting, sieving, scraping and brushing. 3 WGM2#2615 粉碎處理 A method to grind medicines by pounding, grinding, filing and crushing. 3 WGM2#2616 切制處理 A method to cut medicines into pieces, blocks, threads or segments for preparation, drying, storage and weighing. 3 WGM2#2617 水制 A processing method to use water or other liquid auxiliary materials, including washing, bleaching, soaking, refining with water, etc. 3 WGM2#2618 潤；悶；伏 A method to moisten and soften medicines with water or other liquids before cutting, including water spraying, washing, soaking, infiltrating, drying, etc. 3 WGM2#2619 水飛 A method to obtain extremely fine medicinal powder in water. 3 WGM2#2620 漂 A method to soak medicines in static or running water for a period of time and exchange water regularly to remove the fishy smell, salt or toxic ingredients. 3 WGM2#2621 火制 A processing method to use heat or fire, including frying, roasting, calcining, etc. 3 WGM2#2622 炒 A method to stir fry medicines in a pot to a certain temperature degree, including plain frying or frying with adjuvants. 3 WGM2#2623 清炒 A method to fry without adjuvants. According to the temperature, plain stir-frying is divided into fried yellow, scorch fry and charcoaled fry. 3 WGM2#2624 輔料 These include liquid materials such as alcohol, vinegar or honey and non-liquid materials such as starch, sugar or salt. The stir-fry method involves medicines and solid materials. These include stir- frying with bran, rice, soil, sand, talcum powder or clamshell powder. 3 WGM2#2625 炙 A method to use liquid adjuvants to stir-fry medicines to change the medicinal property, reinforce the efficacy and reduce side-effects. The excipients include wine, vinegar, salt, ginger, honey or oil. 3 WGM2#2626 煆 A method to calcine medicines directly or indirectly with a strong fire to fully extract the active ingredients and achieve maximal efficacy. 3 WGM2#2627 煨 A method to wrap medicines with water-mixed flour or wet paper, placed in the heat of the ash, or heated with oil-absorbent paper separated from the drug barrier so that the medicine is turned from raw to cooked. 3 WGM2#2628 水火共制 A processing method to wrap medicines with wet tissue and place into fire or isolate with oil- absorbing sheets. 3 WGM2#2629 煮 A method to heat medicines with water or liquid excipients. 3 WGM2#2630 蒸 A method to steam or heat with water. 3 WGM2#2631 燀 A method to blanch in boiling water and take out immediately for drying process. 3 WGM2#2632 淬 A method to calcine medicines and place into cold water or liquid excipient quickly for easy crushing and absorption. 3 WGM2#2633 中藥變質 Physical or chemical changes in Chinese medicines due to inappropriate care in transportation or storage. These changes include mildew, worm-eaten, discolouration, flavour reversion, oiliness or air-slake and can directly affect the medicinal quality, efficacy and safety. 3 WGM2#2634 中藥不良反應 These include side-effects or toxic reactions. Following the standard dosage, side-effects of Chinese medicines are often mild and can resolve spontaneously without treatment. Toxic reactions are often caused by overdose or prolonged use of poisonous materia medica, and can do substantial damage to the organs and functions. 3 WGM2#2635 藥物偏性 Peculiar features and actions of medicines. 3 WGM2#2636 中藥性能 The core part of essential theories on Chinese medicines. These include four properties, five flavours, ascending/floating, descending/sinking, meridian tropism and toxicity. 3 WGM2#2637 中藥性狀 Physical or chemical characteristics of Chinese medicines, including their shape, colour, odour, taste and properties. 3 WGM2#2638 四氣五味 The basic properties and flavours of Chinese medicines. 3 WGM2#2639 四氣；四性 The four basic properties of medicines—cold, hot, warmth, and coolness. 3 WGM2#2640 溫熱藥 Medicines to remove or alleviate cold-induced disorders. 3 WGM2#2641 寒涼藥 Medicines to remove or alleviate heat-induced disorders. 3 WGM2#2642 平性藥 Medicines with no obvious property of cold or heat. 3 WGM2#2643 辛味 Medicines with a pungent flavour act to disperse/ circulate qi and move blood. They are indicated for exterior pattern, qi stagnation and blood stasis. 3 WGM2#2644 苦味 Medicines with a bitter flavour act to unblock, purge the intestine, dry dampness, clear fire and benefit yin. They are indicated for fire heat, dampness, adverse flow of qi and fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2645 甘味 Medicines with a sweet flavour act to tonify, harmonize the middle jiao and relieve spasm. They are indicated for deficiency pattern, disharmony between the spleen and stomach, spasm, pain, etc. 3 WGM2#2646 酸味 Medicines with a sour flavour act to astringe and secure. They are indicated for sweating (due to deficiency), diarrhoea, frequent urination, enuresis, bleeding, etc. Some sour-flavoured medicines can generate fluids, calm worms and stop pain. 3 WGM2#2647 澀味 Medicines with an astringent flavour act to astringe and secure. They are indicated for sweating (due to deficiency), diarrhoea, frequent urination, enuresis, bleeding, etc. 3 WGM2#2648 鹹味 Medicines with a salty flavour act to purge the intestine, promote bowel movements and soften masses. They are indicated for constipation, goitre, scrofula, phlegm nodules and masses. 3 WGM2#2649 淡味 Medicines with a bland flavour act to drain dampness and promote urination. They are indicated for oedema, dysuria and leg swelling. 3 WGM2#2650 辛甘化陽 The combination of a pungent and sweet flavour engenders a dispersing, outward and yang- assisting function. This includes a single medicine with both flavours or combined pungent and sweet medicines. 3 WGM2#2651 酸甘化陰 The combination of a sour and sweet flavour engenders a fluid-generating, inward and astringing function. This includes a single medicinal with both flavours or combined sour and sweet medicines. 3 WGM2#2652 辛開苦降 The combination of a pungent and bitter flavour allows for dispersal of obstruction and the descent of qi. This includes a single medicine with both flavours or combined pungent and bitter medicines. 3 WGM2#2653 升降浮沉 The four cardinal directionalities of medicines: ascending, descending, sinking and floating. These four directions are associated with the weight, property, preparation and combination of medicines. 3 WGM2#2654 升浮藥 Medicines to lift yang, release the exterior, induce vomiting, open the orifices, etc. They tend to go upward and outward. 3 WGM2#2655 沉降藥 Medicines to purge the intestine, resolve water retention, submerge yang and astringe. They tend to go inward and downward. 3 WGM2#2656 歸經 The ability of medicines to access a channel/ meridian. Meridian affinity is based on the theories on zang–fu organs and meridians. 3 WGM2#2657 引經報使 A property that medicines have special role for certain zang–fu organs or meridians and can guide other medicines to reach the affected meridians and body parts. 3 WGM2#2658 引經藥 Medicines with the ability to guide other ingredients of a formula to access a particular channel/meridian. 3 WGM2#2659 配伍 The combination, according to Chinese medicine theory, of two or more medicines to achieve a pre- determined clinical outcome. 3 WGM2#2660 七情和合 Compatibility methods of Chinese medicines, including the using of a single medicine, mutual reinforcement, mutual assistance, mutual restraint, mutual suppression, mutual inhibition and mutual opposition. 3 WGM2#2661 單行 Use a single medicine alone to treat a disorder. 3 WGM2#2662 相須 Use two medicines sharing similar properties in combination to reinforce each other’s action. 3 WGM2#2663 相使 Use two or more medicines sharing common efficacies in combination, one being the principal medicine while the others play a subsidiary role to reinforce the action of the principal one. 3 WGM2#2664 相畏 When two medicines are used in combination, the toxic or side-effects of one medicine can be reduced or eliminated by the other. 3 WGM2#2665 相殺 When two medicines are used in combination, one medicine can reduce or eliminate the toxic or side- effects of the other. 3 WGM2#2666 相惡 When two medicines are used in combination, the positive effects of one medicine can be reduced or eliminated by the other. 3 WGM2#2667 相反 When two medicines are used in combination, their toxic or side-effects can be produced or enhanced. 3 WGM2#2668 配伍禁忌 Combination of some medicines can reduce the curative effect, produce or enhance toxic or side- effects and/or affect the safety of medicines. These combinations should be avoided. Specifically, there are eighteen antagonisms and nineteen incompatibilities. 3 WGM2#2669 十八反 One of the contraindicated combinations of Chinese medicines. These include: Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) is antagonistic to Da Ji (Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis), Yuan Hua (Flos Genkwa), Gan Sui (Radix Euphorbiae Kansui) and Hai Zao (Sargassum); Wu Tou (Radix Aconiti) is antagonistic to Bei Mu (Bulbus Fritillariae), Gua Lou (Fructus Trichosanthis), Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae), Bai Lian (Radix Ampelopsis) and Bai Ji (Rhizoma Bletillae); and Li Lu (Radix Veratri Nigri) is antagonistic to Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng), Sha Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae), Dan Shen (Radix Adenophorae), Ku Shen (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), Xuan Shen (Radix Scrophulariae), Xi Xin (Herba Asari) and Shao Yao (Radix Paeoniae). 3 WGM2#2670 十九畏 One of the contraindicated combinations of Chinese medicines. These include: Liu Huang (sulfur) is incompatible with Pu Xiao (crude sodium sulfate), Shui Yin (mercury) with Pi Shuang (arsenic trioxide),Lang Du (Radix Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae) Mi Tuo Seng (litharge), Ba Dou (Semen Crotonis) with Qian Niu (Semen Pharbitidis), Ding Xiang (Flos Caryophylli) with Yu Jin (Radix Curcumae), Ya Xiao (crystalline sodium sulfate) with San Leng (Rhizoma Sparganii), Chuan Wu (Radix Aconiti) and Cao Wu (Radix Aconiti Kuznezoffi) with Xi Jiao (Cornu Rhinoceri), Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng) with Wu Ling Zhi (with Faeces Trogopterorum), and Guan Gui (Cortex Cinnamomi) with Shi Zhi (Halloysitum Rubrum). 3 WGM2#2671 證候用藥禁忌；病證用藥禁忌 Medicines that may aggravate medical conditions should be avoided. 3 WGM2#2672 妊娠用藥禁忌 Medicines that are absolutely contraindicated to use or used with caution during pregnancy. Absolutely contraindicated medicines are toxic, harsh or abortive. Medicines to circulate blood, move qi, and drain downward, and warm, pungent medicines to warm the interior should be used with caution. 3 WGM2#2673 服藥食忌 Food that should be avoided while taking medication. 3 WGM2#2674 湯液 A liquid made by decocting prepared pieces of Chinese medicines in water. 3 WGM2#2675 煎藥法 The decoction of Chinese medicine involves the pot, water, heat control, and decocting method. 3 WGM2#2676 煎藥火候 This includes the heat intensity and decocting duration. It includes quick (strong) fire and slow (mild) fire. Generally, a quick fire is used to boil and then reduced to mild fire (a simmering heat) to maintain the temperature. 3 WGM2#2677 文火；慢火；微火 A mild and slow fire to maintain the temperature in decocting Chinese medicine after boiling. 3 WGM2#2678 武火；急火；緊火 A strong and quick fire in decocting Chinese medicine. 3 WGM2#2679 先煎 A method for insoluble minerals, rocks or shells that require a long time to decoct. These ingredients need to be ground and decocted 30–60 minutes first before placing into the rest of the decoction. Toxic medicines need to decoct first for 60–120 minutes before placing into the rest of the decoction to reduce their toxicity. 3 WGM2#2680 另煎；另燉 A method to decoct some medicines separately (2–3 hours), usually precious medicines, to ensure that the ingredients remain active. 3 WGM2#2681 沖服 A method to pour the medicine directly into water or other boiling liquid. Valuable medicines need to be ground into fine powder first. 3 WGM2#2682 泡服；焗服 A method to soak medicines in hot water or decoctions for half an hour and then take the medication after removing the dregs. 3 WGM2#2683 煎湯代水 A method to decoct some ingredients separately and then use the decoction instead of water to decoct the rest of the ingredients. This method has two purposes: 1) to prevent the separately decocted ingredients causing the decoction to appear cloudy or muddy; 2) applies to ingredients that are light in weight, big in dosage and volume, and strong in water absorption. 3 WGM2#2684 解表藥 Medicines to release the exterior. They are indicated for exterior pattern. Based on the property and actions, these medicines are further categorized into two types: medicines to remove wind and dissipate cold and medicines to remove wind and clear heat. 3 WGM2#2685 辛溫解表藥；發散風寒藥 Medicines that are pungent in flavour and warm in property. They mainly act to remove wind and dissipate cold and are indicated for wind cold exterior pattern. Some medicines can also remove wind, alleviate itching, relieve pain, stop coughing, promote urination to resolve oedema, and heal sores/ulcers. These medicines can be used for wind cold-induced itchy rashes, cough, oedema, sores/ulcers, and bi-impediment due to wind and dampness. 3 WGM2#2686 辛涼解表藥；發散風熱藥 Medicines that are pungent in flavour and cool in property. They mainly act to remove wind and clear heat and are indicated for wind heat exterior pattern. Some medicines can also clear the head/ eyes, benefit the throat, promote skin eruption and stop coughing. These medicines can be used for wind heat-induced red, swollen and painful eyes, red, swollen throat, inhibited skin eruption, and cough due to wind heat. 3 WGM2#2687 清熱藥 Medicines to clear interior heat. They are indicated for interior heat pattern. Based on the property and actions, these medicines are further categorized into five types: medicines to clear heat/fire, medicines to clear heat and dry dampness, medicines to clear heat and cool blood, and medicines to clear deficiency heat. 3 WGM2#2688 清熱瀉火藥 Medicines that are bitter or sweet in flavour and cold in nature. They are mainly indicated for excess heat in the qi phase and fire heat in the zang–fu organs, including lung heat, stomach fire, heart fire or liver fire. 3 WGM2#2689 清熱燥濕藥 Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. They mainly act to clear heat and dry dampness and are indicated for damp heat pattern. 3 WGM2#2690 清熱涼血藥 Medicines that are sweet, bitter or salty in flavour and cold in property. They are mainly indicated for excess heat in the Ying nutrients and blood phases. Some medicines can also nourish yin and engender fluids. These medicines can be used for yin deficiency causing damage to fluids. 3 WGM2#2691 清熱解毒藥 Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. They mainly act to clear heat and remove toxins and are therefore indicated for conditions due to toxic heat. Some medicines can also be used for snake bite or cancer. 3 WGM2#2692 清虛熱藥 Medicine that are cold/cool in property. They mainly act to clear deficiency heat and alleviate bone-steaming sensation. They are indicated for internal heat due to yin deficiency. 3 WGM2#2693 瀉下藥 Medicines to produce bowel movements. They are indicated for constipation or difficulty passing of stools. Based on the property and actions, these medicines are further categorized into three types: draining purgative medicines, moistening purgative medicines and drastic purgative medicines. 3 WGM2#2694 攻下藥 Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. They have strong effect in promoting bowel movements and clearing fire/heat. These medicines are indicated for constipation due to excess heat and retention of dry faeces. 3 WGM2#2695 潤下藥 Medicines that are sweet in flavour and oily in quality. They mainly act to moisten the intestine, soften faeces and promote bowel movements. They are indicated for constipation due to exhaustion of fluids, yin deficiency or blood deficiency resulting from ageing, a weak constitution, chronic disease and childbirth. 3 WGM2#2696 峻下逐水藥 Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. These medicines often have a drastic effect and can cause severe diarrhoea and relieve retained water. They are indicated for oedema, pleural effusion, ascites, or panting due to phlegm- fluid retention. 3 WGM2#2697 祛風濕藥 Medicines to eliminate wind, resolve dampness and alleviate pain. They are indicated for bi-impediment patterns. Based on the bi-impediment category and medicinal property, these medicines are further categorized into three types: medicines to remove wind and resolve dampness; medicines to remove wind, clear heat and resolve dampness; and medicines to remove wind, resolve dampness and strengthen tendons and bones. 3 WGM2#2698 化濕藥；芳香化濕藥 Medicines that are aromatic in smell and dry in property. They mainly act to transform dampness and benefit the spleen. These medicines are indicated for dampness affecting the spleen and stomach. 3 WGM2#2699 利水滲濕藥 Medicines to unblock the water passage and drain water dampness. They are indicated for internal retention of water dampness. 3 WGM2#2700 溫裡藥；祛寒藥 Medicines to warm the interior and dissipate cold. They are indicated for interior cold pattern. 3 WGM2#2701 理氣藥 Medicines to regulate qi activity. They are indicated for qi stagnation and adverse flow of qi. 3 WGM2#2702 消食藥 Medicines to promote digestion and transform food stagnation. They are indicated for disorders due to food stagnation. 3 WGM2#2703 驅蟲藥 Medicines to expel or kill parasites. They are indicated for intestinal parasites. 3 WGM2#2704 止血藥 Medicines to stop bleeding. They are indicated for internal or external bleeding. Based on the property and functions, these medicines are further categorized into four types: medicines to cool blood and stop bleeding, medicines to transform stasis and stop bleeding, medicines to astringe and stop bleeding and medicines to warm meridians and stop bleeding. 3 WGM2#2705 涼血止血藥 Medicines that are sweet and bitter in flavour and cold and cool in property. They mainly act to clear pathogenic heat in the blood phase. These medicines are indicated for bleeding due to heat- induced reckless blood flow. 3 WGM2#2706 化瘀止血藥；活血止血藥 Medicines to stop bleeding and circulate blood to transform stasis. They act to stop bleeding but do not cause stasis; and circulate blood but do not cause bleeding. These medicines are indicated for haemorrhagic conditions due to stagnant blood or blood failing to circulate within the vessels. 3 WGM2#2707 收斂止血藥 Medicines that are astringent and neutral in property. They mainly act to astringe and stop bleeding. These medicines are widely used for all kinds of bleeding. 3 WGM2#2708 溫經止血藥 Medicines that are warm/heat in property. They mainly act to warm the interior, dissipate cold, warm meridians and stop bleeding. These medicines are indicated for bleeding due to deficiency cold. 3 WGM2#2709 活血祛瘀藥 Medicines to circulate blood and resolve stasis. They are indicated for blood stasis. Based on the functions and clinical application, these medicines are further categorized into four types: medicines to circulate blood and stop pain; medicines to circulate blood and resolve stasis; medicines to circulate blood and heal the wound; and medicines to break blood and resolve masses. 3 WGM2#2710 化痰藥 Medicines to transform or eliminate phlegm. Based on the property and functions, they are further categorized into two types: medicines to warm and transform cold phlegm; and medicines to clear heat and transform heat phlegm. 3 WGM2#2711 溫化寒痰藥 Medicines that are pungent and bitter in flavour and warm and dry in property. They mainly act to warm the lung, eliminate cold, dry dampness and transform phlegm. These medicines are indicated for disorders due to cold phlegm or damp phlegm. 3 WGM2#2712 清化熱痰藥 Medicines that are cold or cool in property. They mainly act to clear heat and transform phlegm. These medicines are indicated for disorders due to heat phlegm or dry phlegm. 3 WGM2#2713 止咳平喘藥 Medicines to stop coughing and alleviate panting. These medicines enter the lung meridian and are indicated for coughing and panting. 3 WGM2#2714 安神藥 Medicines to calm the mind. Based on the property and efficacy, these medicines are further categorized into two types: heavyweight medicines to tranquilize the mind; and medicines to nourish the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2715 重鎮安神藥 Medicines (mostly minerals, fossil bones or shells) heavy in weight and downbearing in property. These medicines are indicated for excess mental uneasiness including palpitations, insomnia, convulsions, epilepsy or mania. 3 WGM2#2716 養心安神藥 Medicines that are sweet in flavour, moist in quality and tonic or neutral in property. They mainly act to nourish the heart and tranquilize the mind. These medicines are indicated for mild or severe palpitations due to malnourishment of heart mind, and insomnia, poor memory and dream-disturbed sleep due to heart yin or heart blood deficiency. 3 WGM2#2717 平肝息風藥 Medicines to soothe the liver and remove wind. They are indicated for hyperactivity of liver yang and internal stirring of liver wind. Based on their functions and indications, these medicines can be further categorized into two subtypes: medicines to soothe liver yang; and medicines to stop liver wind. 3 WGM2#2718 平降肝陽藥 Medicines that are heavy in weight and cold in property. They mainly act to suppress or submerge yang. They are indicated for dizziness, headache or tinnitus due to hyperactivity of liver yang, and a red face and eyes, restlessness, and bitter mouth due to ascending of liver fire. 3 WGM2#2719 息風止痙藥 Medicines that are cold, cool or neutral in property. They mainly act to soothe the liver, stop wind and resolve spasm/convulsions. They are indicated for dizziness, blurred vision, neck rigidity, tremor of limbs, spasms, epilepsy, convulsions, tetanus or opisthotonus due to internal stirring of liver wind. 3 WGM2#2720 開竅藥 Medicines that are aromatic and pungent to open the orifices and refresh the mind. They are indicated for mental unconsciousness in block pattern. 3 WGM2#2721 補虛藥 Medicines to reinforce the body and prevent against diseases. They are indicated for deficiency pattern. Based on the property, functions and indications, these medicines are categorized into medicines to tonify qi, medicines to tonify yang, medicines to tonify blood and medicines to nourish yin. 3 WGM2#2722 補氣藥 Medicines that are sweet in flavour and warm or neutral in property. They mainly act to tonify qi and are indicated for qi deficiency. 3 WGM2#2723 補血藥 Medicines that are sweet in flavour and warm in property. They mainly act to tonify blood and are indicated for blood deficiency. 3 WGM2#2724 補陽藥 Medicines that are sweet and pungent in flavour and warm in property. They mainly act to tonify yang qi and are indicated for yang deficiency. 3 WGM2#2725 補陰藥 Medicines that are sweet in flavour and cold in property. They mainly act to nourish yin fluids and are indicated for yin deficiency (insufficiency of fluids). 3 WGM2#2726 收澀藥；固澀藥 Medicines to astringe and secure qi, blood, essence and body fluids. They are indicated for spontaneous sweating, night sweats, nocturnal emissions, enuresis, persistent leucorrhoea, uterine bleeding, chronic diarrhoea and chronic dysentery. Based on the property, efficacy and indications, astringent medicines are further divided into medicines to secure the exterior and stop sweating, medicines to astringe the lung and intestine and medicines to secure semen, astringe the urine and stop leucorrhoea. 3 WGM2#2727 固表止汗藥 Medicines that are sweet in flavour and neutral in property. They mainly act to secure the exterior and stop sweating and are indicated for spontaneous sweating or night sweats. 3 WGM2#2728 斂肺澀腸藥 Medicines that are sour and puckering in flavour and have astringent properties. They mainly act to astringe the lung and intestine, alleviate coughing/panting, and stop diarrhoea. These medicines are indicated for chronic coughing/ panting and persistent diarrhoea/dysentery. 3 WGM2#2729 固精縮尿止帶藥 Medicines that are sour and puckering in flavour and astringent in property. They mainly act to secure semen, astringe urination and stop vaginal discharge. These medicines are mainly indicated for nocturnal emissions/spermatorrhoea, enuresis/profuse urine, or persistent vaginal discharge. 3 WGM2#2730 湧吐藥；催吐法 Medicines to produce nausea and vomiting. They are indicated for food poisoning, indigestion and phlegm stagnation in the stomach or above the chest. 3 WGM2#2731 外用藥 Medicines used for topical areas to remove toxins, resolve swelling, drain pus, regenerate tissue, heal wounds, kill insects and stop itching. They are indicated for sores, ulcers, carbuncles, scabies, traumatic injuries, snake bites or problems of the five sense organs. The method includes topical plaster, embrocating, fumigation, blow throat, nose and eye drops. 3 WGM2#2732 方劑類 3 WGM2#2733 時方 Formulas by physicians after Zhang Zhongjing in the Han Dynasty (220 to 202 BC). 3 WGM2#2734 經方 Formulas recorded in medical books before the Han dynasty, represented by Zhang Zhongjing. 3 WGM2#2735 驗方 Effective formulas that have been demonstrated or confirmed by long clinical practice. 3 WGM2#2736 古方 The formulas before the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). 3 WGM2#2737 秘方 Effective and secret formulas. 3 WGM2#2738 湯頭；湯方；湯頭歌訣 Oral herbal formulas to be decocted with water. Wang Ang, a Qing dynasty physician compiled a book named Tang Tou Ge Jue (Decoction in Rhymes) to make it easier for learners to memorize. 3 WGM2#2739 七方 Seven formula types include major formulas, minor formulas, slow-acting formulas, fast-acting formulas, odd-numbered formulas, even- numbered formulas and compound formulas. 3 WGM2#2740 大方 Formulas used for combined patterns upon contraction of excessive pathogenic factors. These include the following five aspects: ① drastic potency; ② many ingredients; ③ large doses; ④ take the large amount in one single dose; ⑤ indicated for major, severe disorders of the lower jiao. 3 WGM2#2741 小方 Formulas used for one pattern alone upon contraction of mild pathogenic factors. These include the following three aspects: ① mild medical conditions; ② indicated for disorders of the upper jiao and take in small amount in frequent intervals; ③ fewer ingredients 3 WGM2#2742 緩方；緩劑 Formulas indicated for chronic conditions with a weak constitution. These include the following six aspects: ① many mutually-counterbalanced ingredients; ② use non-toxic ingredients to alleviate symptoms but do not cause damage to the anti-pathogenic qi; ③ use slow-acting ingredients; ⑤ use pills to remove pathogenic factors gradually; ⑥ use demulcent medicines to boost the immune system to help recovery. 3 WGM2#2743 急方 Formulas indicated for emergency or critical conditions. These include the following four aspects: ① critical conditions that require immediate care; ② fast purging efficacy; ③ drastic potency; ④ directed at symptoms in acute conditions, such as Kai Guan San (Lockjaw- Relieving Powder) or Si Ni Tang (Frigid Extremities Decoction). 3 WGM2#2744 奇方 Formulas with one single ingredient or odd- numbered ingredients. 3 WGM2#2745 偶方 Formulas with two or even-numbered ingredients. 3 WGM2#2746 複方；重方 Formulas consisting of two or more set formulas. They are often used for complex conditions. 3 WGM2#2747 方劑學 The study of the origin and evolution of formulas, treatment methods, composition principles, compatibility and clinical applications of Chinese herbal formulas. 3 WGM2#2748 八法 The eight methods are categorized according to functions of the formulas. They are sweating , vomiting, draining downward , harmonizing , warming , clearing, reducing and tonifying. 3 WGM2#2749 汗法 A method to induce perspiration, facilitate interaction between the Ying nutrients and Wei- defence, and disperse lung qi. It helps to expel six exogenous pathogenic factors through sweating and thus releases the exterior. 3 WGM2#2750 吐法 A method to induce vomiting to fast remove phlegm, indigested food and poisons from the throat, thoracic diaphragm or stomach. 3 WGM2#2751 下法 A method to induce bowel movements to cleanse or eliminate indigested food, dry faeces, cold accumulation, stagnant blood, phlegm, and water retention. It allows for the removal of pathogenic factors out of the body. 3 WGM2#2752 和法 A method to moderate different parts of the body to expel pathogenic factors and regulate functions of the zang–fu organs. It helps to achieve yin- yang or interior–exterior balance by releasing the Shaoyang pattern when the pathogen lies in between the interior and exterior of the body and by harmonizing zang–fu organs. 3 WGM2#2753 溫法 A method to warm the interior to eliminate pathogenic cold. 3 WGM2#2754 消法 A method to promote digestion, circulate qi, move blood, transform phlegm, drain water retention and kill parasites. 3 WGM2#2755 清法 A method to clear heat, reduce fire, remove toxins and cool blood to eliminate pathogenic heat in the interior. 3 WGM2#2756 補法 A method to reinforce qi, blood, yin and yang of the body. Indicated for deficiency of zang–fu organs, qi, blood, yin and yang. 3 WGM2#2757 十劑 A categorization method according to functions of the formula. The 10 types are dispersing formula, unblocking/unclogging formula, tonifying formula, purgative formula, formula consisting of light-weighted medicines, formula consisting of heavy-weighted medicines, lubricative formula, astringent formula, dry formula and moistening formula. 3 WGM2#2758 宣劑 Formulas that disperse congestion and relieve stagnation. 3 WGM2#2759 通劑 Formulas that move qi and circulate blood. 3 WGM2#2760 補劑 Formulas that nourish and tonify qi, blood, yin and yang of the five zang organs. 3 WGM2#2761 泄劑；瀉劑 Formulas that promote bowel movements and unclog the fu organs. 3 WGM2#2762 輕劑 Formulas that remove pathogenic factors out of the exterior. 3 WGM2#2763 重劑 Formulas that tranquilize and calm the mind. 3 WGM2#2764 澀劑；固澀劑 Formulas that prevent qi, blood, essence and body fluids from exhaustion and collapse. 3 WGM2#2765 滑劑 Formulas that diminish obstruction. 3 WGM2#2766 燥劑 Formulas that dry dampness. 3 WGM2#2767 濕劑 Formulas that moisten or nourish the body. 3 WGM2#2768 君藥；主藥 Ingredient(s) that provide a dominant curative action on the main pattern/disorder or primary symptoms. 3 WGM2#2769 臣藥；輔藥 ① Ingredient(s) to help strengthen the action of the monarch medicines on main pattern or primary symptoms; ②ingredient(s) in a formula that provide a principal curative action for associated conditions or patterns. 3 WGM2#2770 佐藥 Ingredient(s) to help the monarch and minister medicines treat principal or associated patterns; to counterbalance the toxicity or drastic actions of the monarch or minister medicines; or has/ have the opposite flavour and property with the monarch medicines. They are further categorized into facilitating assistant medicines, counterbalancing assistant medicines and counteracting assistant medicines. 3 WGM2#2771 佐助藥 Ingredient(s) to help facilitate the action of the monarch and minister medicines on main or associated patterns. 3 WGM2#2772 佐製藥 Ingredient(s) to eliminate or moderate the toxicity and drastic actions of the monarch and minister medicines. 3 WGM2#2773 反佐藥 Ingredient(s) with a property opposite to and a therapeutic effect complementary to the monarch medicine(s). 3 WGM2#2774 使藥 Ingredient(s) to coordinate the rest of the ingredients or direct action to the affected meridians or sites. They are further categorized into coordinating medicines and meridian- directing medicines. 3 WGM2#2775 調和藥 The guide ingredient(s) to coordinate the rest of the ingredients in a formula. 3 WGM2#2776 劑型 The form of a prepared medicine designed for medical treatment or prevention. 3 WGM2#2777 湯劑；煎劑；湯液 A liquid preparation form by boiling or soaking the ingredients in water, and taken after the sediment is removed. 3 WGM2#2778 丸劑 A solid globular mass made of finely powdered medicines with a suitable excipient or binder. It can be further categorized into honeyed pills, water pills, water-honeyed pills, paste pills, concentration pills, wax-wrapped pills, and mini pills. 3 WGM2#2779 蜜丸 Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses honey as the excipient. 3 WGM2#2780 水丸 Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses water (alternatively, alcohol, vinegar, honeyed water or medicinal juice) as excipient. 3 WGM2#2781 糊丸 Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses rice paste, flour paste or medicated leaven paste as the excipient. 3 WGM2#2782 濃縮丸 Pills made from concentrated paste of medicinal decoction coupled with other medicinal powder through drying, grinding and mixing with water, honey or medicinal juice. 3 WGM2#2783 蠟丸 Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses beeswax as the excipient. 3 WGM2#2784 微丸 Pills with a diameter of less than 2.5 mm. 3 WGM2#2785 散劑 A powder-like preparation made from a mixture of one or more herbs. 3 WGM2#2786 膏劑 A medicated paste is made from decocted medicines with water or vegetable oil. It can be further categorized into fluid extract, extractum, ointment and plaster. 3 WGM2#2787 煎膏；膏滋；膏方 A semi-liquid form made from condensed medicinal decoction and processed honey/sugar. 3 WGM2#2788 流浸膏 A semi-liquid medicated preparation containing the active constituents with appropriate solvents. 3 WGM2#2789 浸膏 A concentrated medicated preparation obtained by extracting the active constituents with appropriate solvents. 3 WGM2#2790 軟膏；藥膏 A viscous, semi-solid preparation for external application. It is made from fine medicinal powder and ointment bases. 3 WGM2#2791 硬膏；膏藥；薄貼 A solid medicated dressing for external application. Often consists of medicines, edible vegetable oil and red lead. 3 WGM2#2792 顆粒劑；沖劑 Granulated preparations made by herbal extracts and an excipient or fine medicinal powder. 3 WGM2#2793 酒劑 A liquid form of herbal extracts prepared with distilled liquour. 3 WGM2#2794 茶劑 Preparations made from the infusion or decoction of herbs or herbal extracts. 3 WGM2#2795 錠劑 A solid form (shaped like a spindle, cylinder or bar) of fine medicinal powder or coupled with adhesive agents. 3 WGM2#2796 條劑 An external dosage form of fine medicinal powder mixed with mulberry paper. 3 WGM2#2797 線劑 A dried external dosage form of soaked and decocted silk or cotton thread. 3 WGM2#2798 灸劑 External dosage form of moxa wool or moxa sticks to apply to certain body parts or acupuncture points. 3 WGM2#2799 栓劑 A solid dosage form made from fine medicinal powder and bases. It is inserted into the rectum/ vagina, where it dissolves or melts and exerts local or systemic effects. 3 WGM2#2800 平旦服 To take the medicine in the morning on an empty stomach. 3 WGM2#2801 熱服 A method to take the decoction when it is hot. 3 WGM2#2802 溫服 A method to take the decoction when it is neither cold nor hot. 3 WGM2#2803 冷服 A method to take the decoction when it becomes cold. 3 WGM2#2804 噙化；含化 A method to melt the medicine in the mouth. 3 WGM2#2805 頓服 A method to take the decoction all in one single dose. 3 WGM2#2806 分服 A method to take the medicine in divided times. 3 WGM2#2807 頻服 A method to take the decoction in small portions at frequent intervals. 3 WGM2#2808 解表劑 Formulas to induce sweating, relieve muscle soreness, and/or promote the eruption of measles. They are indicated for exterior pattern. These formulas are categorized into three types— formulas to release the exterior with pungent, warm medicines, formulas to release the exterior with pungent, cool medicines and formulas to reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior. 3 WGM2#2809 辛溫解表劑 Formulas mainly consisting of pungent, warm and dispersing medicines. They are indicated for wind cold exterior pattern. 3 WGM2#2810 分經論治 These formulas are often used for common cold, headache, and perspiration. A representative formula is Jiu Wei Qiang Huo Tang (Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction). 3 WGM2#2811 辛涼解表劑 Formulas mainly consisting of pungent, cool and dispersing medicines. They are indicated for exterior wind heat pattern. 3 WGM2#2812 扶正解表劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior and reinforce the body. They are indicated for exterior pattern in individuals with a weak constitution. 3 WGM2#2813 瀉下劑 Formulas to promote bowel movements, remove food stagnation in the stomach and intestines, or resolve water retention. They are indicated for excessive interior pattern. These formulas are categorized into four types: formulas to drain downward with cold-property medicines; formulas to drain downward with warm-property medicines; formulas to drain downward with moistening medicines; and formulas to drain downward with water-expelling medicines. 3 WGM2#2814 寒下劑 Formulas mainly consisting of cold-property ingredients. They are indicated for interior excessive heat accumulation pattern. 3 WGM2#2815 釜底抽薪 Take away firewood from under the cauldron” s a metaphorical expression for the method of ischarging heat with purgation. These formulas ct to purge excess heat. A representative formula s Da Cheng Qi Tang (Major Purgative Decoction). 3 WGM2#2816 溫下劑 Formulas mainly consisting of warm, pungent medicines to warm yang and dissipate cold, coupled with bitter, cold medicines to purge pathogenic factors. They are indicated for excessive interior cold pattern. 3 WGM2#2817 潤下劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to nourish yin and purge the intestine. They are indicated for constipation due to intestinal dryness. 3 WGM2#2818 逐水劑 Formulas mainly consisting of purgative medicines to resolve water retention. They are indicated for interior water retention. 3 WGM2#2819 攻補兼施劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to purge the intestine and tonify the body. They are indicated for interior excess and deficiency of healthy qi. 3 WGM2#2820 增水行舟 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to nourish yin and generate fluids. They are indicated for constipation due to heat in Yangming organ. A representative formula is Zeng Ye Tang (Fluid- Increasing Decoction). 3 WGM2#2821 和解劑 Formulas to harmonize and release Shaoyang, coordinate the liver and spleen, and regulate the stomach and intestines. They are used to treat pathogenic factor affecting the Shaoyang, disharmony between the liver and spleen and lack of coordination between the stomach and intestines. These formulas are categorized into three types: formulas to harmonize Shaoyang; formulas to harmonize the liver and spleen; and formulas to harmonize the stomach and intestines. 3 WGM2#2822 和解少陽劑 Formulas that are indicated for cold damage affecting the Shaoyang (combined exterior and interior pattern). 3 WGM2#2823 調和肝脾劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to soothe and soften the liver, regulate qi, nourish blood and strengthen the spleen. They are indicated for disharmony between the liver and spleen. 3 WGM2#2824 調和腸胃劑 Formulas mainly consisting of pungent warm and bitter, cold medicines to disperse and down- regulate qi. They are indicated for disharmony between the stomach and intestines. 3 WGM2#2825 清熱劑 Formulas mainly consisting of heat-clearing medicines. They act to clear fire/heat, cool blood and remove toxins. These formulas are categorized into six types: formulas to clear heat in the qi phase; formulas that clear heat in the Ying nutrients phase and cool blood; formulas to clear heat in both qi and blood; formulas to clear heat and remove toxins; formulas to clear heat in Zang– fu organs; and formulas to clear deficiency heat. 3 WGM2#2826 清氣分熱劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat. They are indicated for heat in the qi phase. 3 WGM2#2827 甘寒清熱 Formulas that are indicated for exuberant heat damaging bodily fluids. They mainly consist of sweet and cold medicines: the sweet ones to nourish yin and regenerate fluids, and the cold/ cool ones to clear heat. A representative formula is Wu Zhi Yin (Five-Juice Beverage). 3 WGM2#2828 清營涼血劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and cool blood. They are indicated for heat entering the Ying nutrients and blood phases. 3 WGM2#2829 透熱轉氣 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and remove toxins, coupled with medicines to clear heat in the qi phase. They are indicated for the early stage of heat entering the Ying nutrients phase in febrile diseases. A representative formula is Qing Ying Tang (Ying Phase Clearing Decoction). 3 WGM2#2830 火鬱發之 Formulas to expel stagnant heat/fire through dispersing, ascending and unblocking using light medicines. Representative formulas are Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin (Universal Relief Toxin-Removing Beverage) and Qing Wei San (Stomach-Clearing Powder). 3 WGM2#2831 以瀉代清 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and purge the intestine. They are indicated for interior heat. A representative formula is Liang Ge San (Diaphragm-Cooling Powder). 3 WGM2#2832 清熱解毒劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and remove toxins. They are indicated for pestilence, pathogenic warmth and toxic heat pattern. 3 WGM2#2833 苦寒直折 Formulas that are indicated for exuberant interior heat. These formulas mainly consist of bitter, cold medicines: the bitter ones to clear fire and the cold ones to clear heat. A representative formula is Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction). 3 WGM2#2834 氣血兩清劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat, cool blood and remove toxins. They are indicated for pestilence heat in both qi and blood. 3 WGM2#2835 清臟腑熱劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear internal heat. They are indicated for interior heat pattern. 3 WGM2#2836 清虛熱劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear deficiency heat. They are indicated for deficiency heat. 3 WGM2#2837 先入後出 Formulas that are used for later stage of febrile diseases with retention of pathogenic factors in the Yin phase. A representative formula is Qing Hao Bei Jie Tang (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction). Bie Jia (Carapax Trionycis) guides Qing Hao (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) to the interior and Qing Hao guides Bie Jia out to the exterior. The combination of the two ingredients nourishes yin and clears internal heat. 3 WGM2#2838 祛暑劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat. They are indicated for summer heat- related problems. These formulas are categorized into four types: formulas to clear summer heat; formulas to clear summer heat and release the exterior; formulas to clear summer heat and resolve dampness; and formulas to clear summer heat and benefit qi. 3 WGM2#2839 祛暑清熱劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat. They are indicated for summer heat pattern. 3 WGM2#2840 祛暑解表劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat, transform dampness or release the exterior. They are indicated for exposure to wind heat and summer heat damaging the spleen and stomach. 3 WGM2#2841 祛暑利濕劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat and resolve dampness. They are indicated for summer heat and dampness or downward flow of summer heat and dampness. 3 WGM2#2842 清暑益氣劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat, supplement qi, and nourish yin. They are indicated for summer heat damaging qi and bodily fluids. 3 WGM2#2843 溫裡劑 Formulas to warm the interior, supplement yang, dispel cold, and unblock blood vessels. They are indicated for interior cold pattern. These formulas are categorized into three types: formulas to warm the middle jiao and remove cold; formulas to resuscitate yang to prevent collapse; and formulas to warm meridians and dispel cold. 3 WGM2#2844 溫中祛寒劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm the interior and remove cold. They are indicated for deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach. 3 WGM2#2845 回陽救逆劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm yang and prevent fainting. They are indicated for approaching collapse of yang qi. 3 WGM2#2846 溫經散寒劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm and unblock meridians and remove cold. They are indicated for joint pain due to cold retaining in meridians. 3 WGM2#2847 表裡雙解劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior, warm the interior, and reinforce the body. They are indicated for pattern involving both the exterior and interior. These formulas are further categorized into three subtypes: exterior-releasing and interior-clearing formulas; exterior-releasing and interior-warming formulas; and exterior-releasing and interior- attacking formulas. 3 WGM2#2848 解表攻裡劑 Formulas mainly consisting of exterior-releasing medicines and purgative medicines. They are indicated for retention of exogenous pathogens coupled with interior excess pattern. 3 WGM2#2849 解表清裡劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior and clear heat. They are indicated for retention of exogenous pathogens coupled with interior heat. 3 WGM2#2850 解表溫裡劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior and warm the interior. They are indicated for retention of exogenous pathogens coupled with interior cold. 3 WGM2#2851 補益劑 Formulas mainly consisting of tonic medicines. They are indicated for deficiency of qi, blood and yin and yang. These formulas are further categorized into six types: formulas to tonify qi; formulas to tonify blood; formulas to tonify qi and blood; formulas to nourish yin; formulas to tonify yang; and formulas to tonify yin and yang. 3 WGM2#2852 補氣劑 Formulas mainly consisting of qi-tonifying medicines. They are indicated for qi deficiency pattern. 3 WGM2#2853 甘溫除熱 Formulas consisting of sweet, warm medicines. They are indicated for fever due to qi deficiency or yang deficiency. Representative formulas are Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (Minor Middle Jiao-Fortifying Decoction) and Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Middle Jiao- Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction). 3 WGM2#2854 補血劑 Formulas mainly consisting of blood-tonifying medicines. They are indicated for blood deficiency pattern. 3 WGM2#2855 氣血雙補劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to tonify qi and blood. They are indicated for deficiency of both qi and blood. 3 WGM2#2856 補陰劑 Formulas mainly consisting of yin-nourishing medicines. They are indicated for yin deficiency pattern. 3 WGM2#2857 陽中求陰 A method to combine a small amount of yang- tonifying medicines for kidney yin deficiency. This method enhances the effect of nourishing yin. The representative formula is Zuo Gui Wan (Left- Restoring Pill). 3 WGM2#2858 補陽劑 Formulas mainly consisting of yang-tonifying medicines. They are indicated for yang deficiency pattern. 3 WGM2#2859 陰中求陽 Formulas to combine a small amount of yin- nourishing medicines for kidney yang deficiency. This method enhances the effect of warming yang. The representative formula is You Gui Wan (Right- Restoring Pill). 3 WGM2#2860 陰陽並補 Formulas consisting of yin-nourishing and yang- tonifying medicines. They are indicated for deficiency of yin and yang. 3 WGM2#2861 安神劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to calm the mind. Indicated for mental restlessness. These formulas are categorized into two types: formulas to calm the mind with heavy medicines; and formulas to tranquilize the mind by nourishing yin and blood. 3 WGM2#2862 重鎮安神劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines (heavy in weight) to calm the mind. They are indicated for hyperactivity of heart yang and heat disturbing the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2863 滋養安神劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to nourish and calm the mind. They are indicated for yin blood failing to nourish the heart mind. 3 WGM2#2864 開竅劑 Formulas containing aromatic medicines. They are indicated for loss of consciousness and blockage of orifices. These formulas are categorized into two types: formulas to clear heat; and formulas to warm the interior and open the orifices. 3 WGM2#2865 涼開劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and open the orifices. They are indicated for heat blockage pattern due to toxic heat entering the pericardium in febrile disease. 3 WGM2#2866 溫開劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to dispel cold and open the orifices. They are indicated for cold blockage pattern: cold, dampness and turbid phlegm blocking the mind or filthy turbidity obstructing the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#2867 固澀劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe or secure qi, blood, essence and body fluids. They are indicated for loss of or abnormal leakage/discharge of qi, blood, essence and body fluids. These formulas are categorized into five types: formulas to secure the exterior and stop sweating; formulas to astringe the lung and stop coughing; formulas to astringe the large intestine and stop diarrhoea; secure the essence gate and stop nocturnal emissions/urinary emissions; and secure Chong and Ren meridians and stop uterine bleeding/leucorrhoea. 3 WGM2#2868 固表止汗劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe and stop sweating. They are indicated for sweating disorders. 3 WGM2#2869 斂肺止咳劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe the lung. They are indicated for lung deficiency pattern due to chronic coughing. 3 WGM2#2870 澀腸固脫劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe the intestines and secure collapse. They are indicated for faecal incontinence or rectal prolapse. 3 WGM2#2871 澀精止遺劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to secure the semen and astringe urination. They are indicated for nocturnal emissions or enuresis. 3 WGM2#2872 固崩止帶劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to stop bleeding and vaginal discharge. They are indicated for metrorrhagia, metrostaxis or profuse vaginal discharge. 3 WGM2#2873 理氣劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to move or down-regulate qi. They are indicated for qi stagnation or adverse ascending of qi. These formulas are categorized into two types: formulas to circulate qi; and formulas to down-regulate qi. 3 WGM2#2874 行氣劑 Formulas that act to unblock qi activities and are often indicated for liver or spleen/stomach qi stagnation. 3 WGM2#2875 降氣劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to make the qi descend. These formulas are indicated for adverse ascending of qi. 3 WGM2#2876 理血劑 Formulas mainly consisting of blood-regulating medicines. They are indicated for blood stasis or haemorrhage. These formulas are subdivided into two types: formulas to circulate blood and resolve stasis; and formulas to stop bleeding. 3 WGM2#2877 活血祛瘀劑 Formulas mainly consisting of blood-circulating medicines. They are indicated for blood stasis pattern. 3 WGM2#2878 剛柔相濟 Formulas that combined dry, pungent and aromatic medicines with soft, sweet and moistening medicines. A representative formula is Huang Tu Tang (Yellow Earth Decoction). 3 WGM2#2879 止血劑 Formulas mainly consisting of haemostatic drugs. They are indicated for bleeding pattern. 3 WGM2#2880 治風劑 Formulas mainly consisting of wind-removing or wind-extinguishing medicines. They are indicated for external or internal wind. 3 WGM2#2881 疏散外風劑 Formulas mainly consisting of pungent medicines to remove external wind. They are indicated for external wind pattern. 3 WGM2#2882 平熄內風劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to soothe the liver and extinguish wind. They are indicated for internal stirring of liver wind. 3 WGM2#2883 治燥劑 Formulas that act to dispel external dryness with pungent, light-weight ingredients or eliminate internal dryness with sweet, cold and yin-nourishing ingredients. These formulas are subdivided into two types: formulas to dispel external dryness; and formulas to nourish yin and moisten internal dryness. 3 WGM2#2884 輕宣潤燥劑 Formulas mainly consisting of pungent medicines light in weight and dispersing in function. They are indicated for external dryness pattern. 3 WGM2#2885 滋陰潤燥劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines (sweet in flavour and cool in property) to moisten dryness. They are indicated for internal dryness pattern. 3 WGM2#2886 祛濕劑 Formulas that act to resolve water retention and relieve stranguria are indicated for water dampness pattern. These formulas are categorized into five types: formulas to dry dampness and harmonize the stomach; formulas to clear heat and eliminate dampness; formulas to promote urination and drain dampness; formulas to warm and transform cold dampness; and formulas to remove wind and transform dampness. 3 WGM2#2887 燥濕和胃劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to dry dampness and harmonize the stomach. They are indicated for dampness affecting the spleen and stomach or disharmony of stomach qi. 3 WGM2#2888 清熱祛濕劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and resolve dampness. They are indicated for damp heat pattern. 3 WGM2#2889 利水滲濕劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines (sweet or bland in flavour) to drain dampness through urination. They are indicated for water dampness pattern. 3 WGM2#2890 溫化水濕劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm yang and transform water and dampness. They are indicated for cold dampness pattern. 3 WGM2#2891 祛風勝濕劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to remove wind and transform dampness. They are mainly indicated for wind dampness pattern. 3 WGM2#2892 祛痰劑 Formulas that are indicated for phlegm from all causes. These formulas are subdivided into five types: formulas to dry dampness and transform phlegm; formulas to clear heat and transform phlegm; formulas to moisten dryness and transform phlegm; formulas to warm and transform phlegm; and formulas to stop wind and transform phlegm. 3 WGM2#2893 燥濕化痰劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to dry dampness and transform phlegm. They are indicated for damp phlegm pattern. 3 WGM2#2894 清熱化痰劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and transform phlegm. They are indicated for heat phlegm pattern. 3 WGM2#2895 潤燥化痰劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to moisten the lung and transform phlegm. They are indicated for dry phlegm pattern. 3 WGM2#2896 溫化寒痰劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm and transform cold phlegm. They are indicated for cold phlegm pattern. 3 WGM2#2897 治風化痰劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to remove/extinguish wind and transform phlegm. They are indicated for wind phlegm pattern. 3 WGM2#2898 消導化積劑 Formulas to promote digestion. They are indicated for food stagnation from different causes. These formulas are subdivided into two types: formulas to promote digestion to resolve stagnation; and formulas to strengthen the spleen to promote digestion. 3 WGM2#2899 消食導滯劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to promote digestion. They are indicated for poor digestion due to food stagnation. 3 WGM2#2900 消痞化積劑 Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to circulate qi, transform stasis, soften hardness and eliminate masses. They are indicated for stuffiness, fullness, stagnation or paediatric malnutrition due to food stagnation damaging the spleen and stomach. 3 WGM2#2901 驅蟲劑 Formulas to kill intestinal parasites/worms. They are indicated for intestinal parasites. 3 WGM2#2902 湧吐劑 Formulas to induce vomiting, expectorate phlegm, undigested food and poison in the stomach. They are indicated for phlegm syncope, food stagnation and food poisoning. 3 WGM2#2903 治瘍劑 Formulas to remove toxins, resolve swelling, expel toxins, regenerate tissues, and heal the wound. 3 WGM2#2904 中成藥 Safe, effective and reliable Chinese medical preparations that have been tested by clinical use and manufactured according to standard technical procedures. 2 WGM2#2905 3.4 養生保健方法 2 WGM2#2906 3.5 針灸類(含拔罐、刮痧） 3 WGM2#2907 經絡腧穴類 3 WGM2#2908 經絡 Meridians and collaterals are pathways for qi and blood to flow throughout the body. They form a comprehensive network linking the tissues and internal organs into an organic whole. 3 WGM2#2909 十二經脈；十二正經 The twelve meridians (i.e. the twelve regular meridians) are: the lung meridian; the large intestine meridian; the stomach meridian; the spleen meridian; the heart meridian; the small intestine meridian; the bladder meridian; the kidney meridian; the pericardium meridian; the Sanjiao meridian; the gallbladder meridian; and the liver meridian. 3 WGM2#2910 手太陰肺經 The lung meridian pertains to the lung and connects with the large intestine. It mainly travels along the anterior border of the medial aspect of the arm. 3 WGM2#2911 手陽明大腸經 The large intestine meridian pertains to the large intestine and connects with the lung. It mainly travels along the anterior border of the radial aspect of the arm, passes through the cheeks, enters the lower teeth, and then over the upper lip and terminates beside the opposite nostril. 3 WGM2#2912 足陽明胃經 The stomach meridian pertains to the stomach and connects with the spleen. It starts directly below the pupil between the eyeball and the infraorbital ridge. Running downward along the lateral side of the nose, to the lateral corner of the mouth. Curving posterior to the anterior angle of the mandible. Then it travels to the posterior aspect of the mandible ascending in front of the ear and following the anterior hairline, it reaches the forehead. It then runs along the throat and enters the supraclavicular fossa. The straight line of the meridian separates the supraclavicular fossa and runs downward along the middle mammillary line. It travels to the side of the umbilicus and descends to the inguinal groove. Running downward it travels along the anterior aspect of the thigh and reaches the knee. From there is continues further down along the anterior border of the lateral aspect of the tibia to the dorsum of the foot and reaches the lateral side of the tip of the second toe. 3 WGM2#2913 足太陰脾經 The spleen meridian pertains to the spleen and connects with the stomach. It mainly travels along the anterior border of the medial aspect of the leg and passes through the chest and abdomen. 3 WGM2#2914 手少陰心經 The heart meridian pertains to the heart and connects with the small intestine. It mainly travels along the posterior border of the ulnar palmar aspect of the arm. 3 WGM2#2915 手太陽小腸經 The small intestine meridian pertains to the small intestine and connects with the heart. It mainly travels along the posterior border of the dorsal ulnar aspect of the arm, passes through the shoulder and reaches the face. 3 WGM2#2916 足太陽膀胱經 The bladder meridian pertains to the urinary bladder and connects with the kidney. It is mainly distributed over the head, back and along the back of the leg. 3 WGM2#2917 足少陰腎經 The kidney meridian pertains to the kidney and connects with the urinary bladder. It mainly travels along the posterior border of the medial aspect of the leg and passes through the chest and abdomen, finally terminating at the root of the tongue. 3 WGM2#2918 手厥陰心包經 The pericardium meridian pertains to the pericardium and connects with the Sanjiao. It mainly travels along the palmar aspect of the upper arm and moves towards the forearm running between the tendons of the m. palmaris longus and m. flexor carpi radialis. 3 WGM2#2919 手少陽三焦經 The Sanjiao meridian pertains to Sanjiao and connects with the pericardium. It is mainly distributed along the dorsal aspect of the forearm between the radius and ulna and reaches the ears and face. 3 WGM2#2920 足少陽膽經 The gallbladder meridian pertains to the gallbladder and connects with the liver. It is mainly distributed over the head, sides of the head, chest, and abdomen and descends down to the lateral aspect of the leg. 3 WGM2#2921 足厥陰肝經 The liver meridian pertains to the liver and connects with the gallbladder. It mainly travels along the medial aspect of the leg, passes over the chest and abdomen, and its divergent meridian reaches the vertex. 3 WGM2#2922 手三陰經 The three hand-yin meridians are lung meridian, heart meridian and pericardium meridian. 3 WGM2#2923 手三陽經 The three hand-yang meridians are large intestine meridian, small intestine meridian and Sanjiao meridian. 3 WGM2#2924 足三陰經 The three foot-yin meridians are spleen meridian, kidney meridian and liver meridian. 3 WGM2#2925 足三陽經 The three foot-yang meridians are stomach meridian, bladder meridian and gallbladder meridian. 3 WGM2#2926 奇經八脈 The eight extraordinary meridians are different from the twelve regular meridians with special distributions and functions. They are Du meridian, Ren meridian, Chong meridian, Dai meridian, Yinwei meridian, Yangwei meridian, Yinqiao meridian and Yangqiao meridian. 3 WGM2#2927 督脈 The Du meridian is mainly distributed over the head, face and along the midline of the back. 3 WGM2#2928 任脈 The Ren meridian is mainly distributed over the neck, face and along the midline of the chest and abdomen. 3 WGM2#2929 沖脈 The Chong meridian is mainly distributed over the chest and face, inside the spine and along the first lateral line of the abdomen. 3 WGM2#2930 帶脈 The Dai meridian is mainly distributed over the waist, subcostal area and abdomen. It encircles the waist like a girdle. 3 WGM2#2931 陰蹻脈 The Yinqiao meridian is mainly distributed over the heel, the medial aspect of the leg, perineum, abdomen, chest, head, and eyes. 3 WGM2#2932 陽蹻脈 The Yangqiao meridian is mainly distributed over the heel, lateral aspect of the leg, thigh, subcostal area, shoulder, head and eyes. 3 WGM2#2933 陰維脈 The Yinwei meridian is mainly distributed over the medial aspect of the leg and thigh and ascends along the third lateral line of the abdomen. It reaches the throat and meets with the Ren meridian at Tiantu (Ren 22) and Lianquan (Ren 23). 3 WGM2#2934 陽維脈 The Yangwei meridian is mainly distributed below the external malleolus, the lateral aspect of the leg, and over the subcostal area, shoulder and sides of the head. It meets with the Du meridian at Fengfu (Du 16) and Yamen (Du 15). 3 WGM2#2935 絡脈 Collaterals are branches of meridians, including minute collaterals, blood collaterals and superficial collaterals. 3 WGM2#2936 十五絡脈 The fifteen collaterals include the collaterals of the twelve meridians, the collaterals of the Du and Ren meridian as well as the major collateral of the spleen. 3 WGM2#2937 十六絡脈 The sixteen collaterals include the above- mentioned fifteen collaterals plus the major collateral of the stomach. 3 WGM2#2938 脾之大絡 The major collateral of the spleen begins from Dabao (SP 21), emerges at 3 cun below Yuanye (GB 22) and spreads over the chest and subcostal area. 3 WGM2#2939 胃之大絡 The major collateral of the stomach begins from Xuli (the pulsation at the apex of the heart), passes through the diaphragm, connects with the lung and emerges from the left breast. 3 WGM2#2940 血絡 Superficial vessels visible to the naked eye. 3 WGM2#2941 浮絡 Collaterals on the surface of the body. 3 WGM2#2942 孫絡 Extremely small collaterals. 3 WGM2#2943 十二經別；經別 The twelve divergent meridians branch out from the twelve regular meridians and are deeper in the body. They function to strengthen the connection between internally-externally coupled meridians. 3 WGM2#2944 十二經筋；經筋 The twelve muscle regions are corresponding sites where the qi and blood of the twelve meridians to nourish the muscles and tendons. Their distributions are almost the same as that of the twelve meridians. 3 WGM2#2945 十二皮部；皮部 The twelve cutaneous regions are corresponding sites where the qi and blood of the twelve meridians to nourish the skin. They are generally known as the outward manifestations of the twelve meridians and collaterals. 3 WGM2#2946 根結 The word“Gen”literally means root. It shares the similar meaning with“Ben”.The word“Jie” literally means knot. It shares the similar meaning with“Biao”(see Biao and Ben). 3 WGM2#2947 標本 The word“biao”literally means the tip of tree branches. Here it refers to the head, face and body trunk where meridian qi diffuses. The word“ben” literally means the trunk of a tree. Here it refers to the four limbs where meridian qi gathers. 3 WGM2#2948 氣街 Qi streets are the pathways for meridian qi to flow over the head and body trunk. There is a total of four qi streets, respectively on the head, chest, abdomen and lower leg. 3 WGM2#2949 四海 The four seas include the sea of marrow, sea of qi, sea of water and food, and sea of blood (sea of the twelve meridians). 3 WGM2#2950 髓海 The brain is known as“the sea of marrow”. 3 WGM2#2951 氣海 The chest is known as“the sea of qi”. 3 WGM2#2952 水穀之海 The stomach is known as“the sea of water and food”. 3 WGM2#2953 血海 The Chong meridian is known as“the sea of blood (sea of the twelve meridians)”. 3 WGM2#2954 陽脈之海 The Du meridian governs meridian qi of all yang meridians and is therefore known as“the sea of yang meridians”. 3 WGM2#2955 陰脈之海 The Ren meridian governs meridian qi of all yin meridians and is therefore known as“the sea of yin meridians”. 3 WGM2#2956 一源三歧 The Du, Ren and Chong meridians all arise from a common origin:“baozhong”(the lower abdomen where primordial kidney qi gathers), emerge out of the perineum, and then travels along their own pathways. 3 WGM2#2957 循經感傳 Sensations radiating along the pathways of meridians. 3 WGM2#2958 經絡現象 Specific disturbance of sensation, transmission of sensation and visible changes in skin colour and quality along the pathways of meridians. 3 WGM2#2959 肺系 The trachea and throat. The word“xi”means connecting tissues or structures. 3 WGM2#2960 目系 The posterior intraocular structures connecting with the brain. 3 WGM2#2961 心系 The structures connecting with the heart, such as blood vessels. 3 WGM2#2962 赤白肉際 The boundary between the palmar aspect and dorsal aspect of the hands and feet. The skin on the palm aspect appears white, whereas the skin on the dorsal aspect appears red or brown. It is often used as an anatomical landmark to locate certain points. 3 WGM2#2963 關闔樞 Three objects of a door are used figuratively to express the functions of the three yang and three yin meridians. Of the three yang meridians, Taiyang is compared to the bolt, Yangming to the plank and Shaoyang to the hinge. Of the three yin meridians, Taiyin is compared to the bolt, Jueyin to the plank and Shaoyin to the hinge. 3 WGM2#2964 腧穴 The specific sites where the qi and blood of the zang–fu organs and meridians are transported to the surface of the body. They are pathological reaction points and, at the same time, acupuncture stimulation points. 3 WGM2#2965 經穴 Acupuncture points of the fourteen meridians (i.e. twelve regular meridians + Du meridian + Ren meridian). 3 WGM2#2966 經外奇穴；奇穴 The points that are not contained in the above- mentioned fourteen meridians; however, these points have specific names and locations. 3 WGM2#2967 阿是穴；天應穴 The points of sensitivity or tenderness. They are neither meridians points nor extra points, and they do not have specific names or locations. 3 WGM2#2968 特定穴 The meridians points that have special names and functions. 3 WGM2#2969 五輸穴 A collective term of the Jing-well, Ying-spring, Shu-stream, Jing-river and He-sea points. They are all located distal to, or at the elbow and knee joints. 3 WGM2#2970 井穴 The point at which the qi rises is known as the Jing-well. Most Jing-well points are located on the fingers or toes. 3 WGM2#2971 滎穴 The point at which the qi glides is known as the Ying-spring. The Ying-spring points are generally located distal to the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints. 3 WGM2#2972 輸穴 The point at which the qi pours through is known as the Shu-stream. The Shu-stream points are generally located proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints or metatarsophalangeal joints. 3 WGM2#2973 經穴 The point at which the qi flows is known as the Jing-river. The Jing-river points are located around the joints of the wrists or ankles. 3 WGM2#2974 合穴 The point at which the qi enters inwards is known as the He-sea. The He-sea points are located around the joints of the elbows or knees. 3 WGM2#2975 原穴 The points where the Yuan-primordial qi pools. 3 WGM2#2976 絡穴 The points where a meridian exits off from the main flow and connects with the Yin/Yang paired meridian. 3 WGM2#2977 郤穴 The points where meridian qi is deeply converged. 3 WGM2#2978 背俞穴 The points on the back where qi of the respective zang–fu organs is infused. 3 WGM2#2979 募穴 The points on the chest and abdomen where qi of the respective zang–fu organs is infused. 3 WGM2#2980 八會穴 The points that have particular effects in the treatment of disorders relating to the zang, fu, qi, blood, tendon, vessels, bones and marrow. 3 WGM2#2981 八脈交會穴 The points where qi of the twelve regular meridians meets the eight extraordinary meridians. 3 WGM2#2982 下合穴 The points where qi of the six fu organs is infused into the three foot-yang meridians. 3 WGM2#2983 交會穴 The points intersected by two or more meridians. 3 WGM2#2984 針灸配穴 The selection of different points in acupuncture treatment. 3 WGM2#2985 近部取穴 A method to choose points at or close to the affected body area. 3 WGM2#2986 遠部取穴 A method to choose points away from the affected body area. 3 WGM2#2987 隨證取穴 A method to choose points according to differentiated pattern. 3 WGM2#2988 本經配穴法 A method to combine points along the affected meridian. 3 WGM2#2989 表裡（經）配穴法 A method to combine points from the internally- externally connected meridians. 3 WGM2#2990 同名經配穴法 A method to combine points from one hand meridian and one foot meridian that share the same name. 3 WGM2#2991 上下配穴法 A method to combine points on the upper and lower body. 3 WGM2#2992 前後配穴法 A method to combine points on the back and front of the body. 3 WGM2#2993 左右配穴法 A method to combine points on the left and right side of the body. 3 WGM2#2994 原絡配穴法 A method to combine the Yuan-source and Luo- connecting points. 3 WGM2#2995 主客原絡配穴法 A point combination method to use the Yuan- primary point of the affected meridian coupled with the Luo-connecting point of its interiorly- exteriorly connected meridian. This method is often employed to treat problems of the zang–fu organs and meridians. 3 WGM2#2996 俞募配穴法 A method to combine the back-Shu and front-Mu points. 3 WGM2#2997 腧穴定位法 The acupuncture points can be located according to the anatomical landmarks, proportional bone measurement, and finger measurement, etc. 3 WGM2#2998 骨度分寸法 A method to use landmarks on the body surface, primarily joints, to measure the length and width of various parts of the body. Then the width or length is divided respectively into definite numbers of equal units as the standards for the proportional measurement. 3 WGM2#2999 手指同身寸 A method to locate acupuncture points based on the finger sizes of the patient. 3 WGM2#3000 拇指同身寸 A method to take the width of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb as 1 cun. 3 WGM2#3001 中指同身寸 A method to take the distance between the ends of the two radial creases of the interphalangeal joints of the middle finger as 1 cun when the middle finger is flexed. 3 WGM2#3002 橫指同身寸；一夫法 A method to take the width of the patients’ four fingers (index, middle, ring and little) close together at the level of the dorsal skin crease of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger as three cun. It is also known as“Yi Fu Fa”in Chinese. 3 WGM2#3003 針刺類 3 WGM2#3004 針尖 The sharpest part of a needle. 3 WGM2#3005 針柄 The part of the needle held by an acupuncturist. 3 WGM2#3006 針體（針身） The part between the tip and the handle. 3 WGM2#3007 針根 The demarcation line between the handle and the body. 3 WGM2#3008 不銹鋼針 Acupuncture needles made of stainless steel. It is now commonly used in clinical practice. 3 WGM2#3009 銀質針 Acupuncture needles made of silver. They are often used in warming needle because of their good thermal and electrical conduction. 3 WGM2#3010 金質針 Acupuncture needles made of gold. 3 WGM2#3011 針刺方法 Basic acupuncture techniques. 3 WGM2#3012 毫針刺法 Basic techniques in using filiform needles. 3 WGM2#3013 刺手 The hand to hold and insert a needle. 3 WGM2#3014 押手 The hand that presses the puncturing area with one or more fingers, to facilitate needle insertion. 3 WGM2#3015 雙手進針法 A method to insert a needle into a point by using both the puncturing hand and pressing hand. 3 WGM2#3016 指切進針法 A method to press the skin of puncturing area with the nail of thumb or index finger of the pressing hand and insert the needle against the fingernail with the needling hand. 3 WGM2#3017 夾持進針法 A method to hold the lower part of the needle body with a piece of sterile cotton or gauze between the thumb and index finger of the pressing hand while inserting a needle. (Press the skin adjacent to the the needling site with the nail of thumb or index finger of the pressing hand, while inserting a needle against the fingernail with the needling hand). 3 WGM2#3018 舒張進針法 A method to stretch the skin around the puncturing area with the thumb and index finger (or the index and middle fingers) of the pressing hand while inserting a needle. 3 WGM2#3019 提捏進針法 A method to pinch and lift the skin of the puncturing area with the thumb and index finger of the pressing hand while inserting a needle. 3 WGM2#3020 單手進針法 A method to insert a needle into a point by using the puncturing hand alone. 3 WGM2#3021 管針進針法 A method to insert a needle using a fine tube as a guide. 3 WGM2#3022 散刺法 A needling technique to prick a point and its surrounding area. 3 WGM2#3023 挑刺法（挑治法） A needling technique to gently prick using a three- edged needle and let out a small amount of blood or tissue fluid. 3 WGM2#3024 點刺法 A needling technique to prick superficially and then remove immediately. It is often used for Jing- well points or blood-letting. 3 WGM2#3025 刺絡法 A needling technique to prick superficial collaterals using a three-edged or a (single- use, disposable) seven-star needle to let out appropriate amount of blood. 3 WGM2#3026 針刺角度 The angle formed between the needle body and the skin while the needle is being inserted. 3 WGM2#3027 直刺 The needle insertion at a 90° angle to the skin. 3 WGM2#3028 斜刺 The needle insertion at a 45° angle to the skin. 3 WGM2#3029 平刺；橫刺，沿皮刺 Needle insertion at a 15° angle to the skin. 3 WGM2#3030 透刺 A method to insert a needle from one point towards another point (or more points). 3 WGM2#3031 行針；運針 Manipulating the needle after insertion to produce the desired effect. 3 WGM2#3032 提插法 A needling manipulation to lift and thrust a needle. 3 WGM2#3033 撚轉法 A needling manipulation to twirl (turn) or rotate a needle. 3 WGM2#3034 循法 A method to gently tap or massage the skin along the pathways of meridians to promote the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#3035 彈（柄）法 A needling manipulation to flick the handle of the needle to promote the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#3036 刮（柄）法 A needling manipulation to scrape the handle of the needle with fingernails to promote the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#3037 搖（柄）法 A needling manipulation to shake the needle handle to promote the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#3038 飛法 A needling manipulation to twist the needle handle with the thumb and index finger for a couple of times and release the fingers. The repeated twisting and releasing resembles a bird spreading its wings. 3 WGM2#3039 震顫法 A needling manipulation to hold the handle of the needle and make a small-amplitude and rapid lifting and thrusting to cause the needle to vibrate up and down to promote the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#3040 得氣 The arrival of qi is signalled by particular sensations felt by the patient and the practitioner. For the patient, it typically refers to soreness, numbness, distension and heaviness felt around the needle (but may move up or down along the meridian). For the practitioner, it refers to a gripping sensation or a feeling of pressure underneath the needle. 3 WGM2#3041 針感 Typical sensations of soreness, numbness, distension and heaviness felt around the needle by the patient. 3 WGM2#3042 候氣 A method to leave the needle in place for a while after insertion, without any manipulation. 3 WGM2#3043 催氣 A method to manipulate the needle to stimulate the flow of qi. 3 WGM2#3044 氣至病所 The effect of needling sensation reaching an affected area. 3 WGM2#3045 針刺補瀉 Needling manipulations to reinforce healthy qi for deficiency pattern and to remove pathogenic factors for excess pattern. 3 WGM2#3046 撚轉補瀉 Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce according to the twirling/rotating direction, angle, frequency and duration. 3 WGM2#3047 提插補瀉 Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce according to the forcefulness, speed, amplitude and duration of the lifting and thrusting. 3 WGM2#3048 徐疾補瀉 Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce according to the slow or rapid needle insertion and withdrawal. 3 WGM2#3049 迎隨補瀉 Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce by going against or following the pathways of meridians. 3 WGM2#3050 呼吸補瀉 Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce by inserting or withdrawing the needle when the patient breathes in or out. 3 WGM2#3051 開闔補瀉 Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce by opening or closing the needle holes. 3 WGM2#3052 平補平瀉 Needling manipulations to lift, thrust, or twirl evenly. 3 WGM2#3053 燒山火 A complex reinforcing manipulation to induce local or general warming sensation. The point to be needled is divided into three levels: shallow (heaven), intermediate (man) and deep (earth). Insert the needle into the shallow level first and then down to the intermediate and deep levels, coupled with rapid thrusting and slow lifting for a total of nine times in each level. Repeat the procedure three times and leave the needle in the deep level. 3 WGM2#3054 透天涼 A complex reducing manipulation to induce local or general cool sensation. The point to be needled is divided into three levels: shallow (heaven), intermediate (man) and deep (earth). Insert the needle to the deep level first and then lift to the intermediate and shallow levels, coupled with rapid lifting and slow thrusting for a total of six times in each level. Repeat the procedure three times and leave the needle in the shallow level. 3 WGM2#3055 子母補瀉法 One of the reinforcing or reducing manipulations. Manipulations of reinforcing the mother or reducing the son are selected according to deficiency or excess of the zang–fu organs or meridian problems. 3 WGM2#3056 子午流注 cial theory for point selection. The midnight- (Zi Wu) represents the time. The ebb-flow Zhu) refers to the circulation of qi and blood. theory believes the meridian qi and blood from Zi time (11:00 pm–1:00 am) to Wu time 0 am–1:00 pm) and then from the Wu time to i time. The yin qi becomes most abundant e Zi time and then begins to decline, and ang qi starts to increase and becomes most ant at the Wu time. Based on this theory, ive-Shu points located below the knee and joints should be selected according to the nated hours. 3 WGM2#3057 留針（置針） To retain a needle in place after the presence of needling sensation (arrival of qi). 3 WGM2#3058 出針 To remove a needle when the treatment is done. 3 WGM2#3059 針刺異常情況 Acupuncture-related adverse events include fainting, stuck needle, bent needle and broken needle. These accidents are often caused by a weak constitution, nervousness, hunger, inappropriate body position or medical negligence. 3 WGM2#3060 暈針 An adverse event during an acupuncture session: Patients may present with a pale complexion or experience dizziness, nausea and chest tightness. In severe cases, cold limbs, cold sweats, drop in blood pressure, syncope or shock may be present. 3 WGM2#3061 滯針 Difficulty or impossible to rotate, lift or thrust a needle. 3 WGM2#3062 彎針 The needle body becomes bent upon insertion or retention. 3 WGM2#3063 斷針 The needle body is broken and the broken part is on or below the skin surface. 3 WGM2#3064 針刺血腫 Localized swelling, distension and pain from bleeding in the tissue after needle withdrawal. 3 WGM2#3065 針刺性氣胸 Pneumothorax induced by inappropriate acupuncture needling that punctures the lung. 3 WGM2#3066 微針療法 A collective term for acupuncture in a specific local area, such as ear, scalp, or face, etc. 3 WGM2#3067 頭針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate specific lines on the scalp with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3068 耳針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the ear with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3069 耳穴 Specific stimulation areas distributed on the auricles. 3 WGM2#3070 面針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the face with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3071 眼針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate points around the eye socket with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3072 鼻針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the nose with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3073 舌針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the tongue with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3074 脊背針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the back with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3075 手針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the hand with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3076 足針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the foot with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3077 腕踝針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the wrist and ankle subcutaneously with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3078 腹針療法 A therapeutic method to stimulate specific abdominal points with an acupuncture needle. 3 WGM2#3079 第二掌骨側針法 A method to stimulate the area lateral to the second metacarpal bone with an acupuncture needle. This method is based on micro-system theory that regards the second metacarpal bone as the whole body. 3 WGM2#3080 三棱針 A thick needle with a round handle, a triangular body and a sharp tip similar to a lancet needle. It derives from the Sharp-edged Needle (one of the nine ancient needles). 3 WGM2#3081 皮膚針 Needling instrument composed of several short needles used for tapping the points, such as the plum-blossom needle or seven-star needle. These needles cannot be reused without sterilization. 3 WGM2#3082 梅花針 A dermal needle that has a bundle of five short, embedded needles resembling a plum blossom. This needle cannot be reused without sterilization. 3 WGM2#3083 七星針 A dermal needle that has seven short needles attached to the end of a handle in a cluster. This needle cannot be reused without sterilization. 3 WGM2#3084 皮內針 A small needling instrument for embedding at a certain point for an extended period. 3 WGM2#3085 撳針 An intradermal needle that is shaped like a thumbtack used for extended auricular therapy, approximately 0.2 mm–1.5 mm in length. 3 WGM2#3086 埋針療法；皮內針療法 A therapy to insert an intradermal needle into the skin of the body surface (an acupuncture point) and fix with tape to retain for a period of time. 3 WGM2#3087 電針 A therapeutic method to connect pulses of electrical current to inserted acupuncture needles. 3 WGM2#3088 穴位注射；水針 A therapeutic method to inject fluid, sometimes medicated, into acupuncture points. 3 WGM2#3089 火針；燔針 A therapeutic method to insert a hot needle to the affected area and remove immediately afterwards. 3 WGM2#3090 芒針 A therapeutic method to puncture one point towards another one subcutaneously using a long, thready needle like wheat awn. It derives from the Long Needle (one of the nine ancient needles). 3 WGM2#3091 鐳射針 A therapeutic method to use a low-energy laser beam to stimulate acupuncture points. 3 WGM2#3092 蜂針療法 A therapy to use the sting from a live bee (mechanical stimulation) and venom (pharmacological action) in the treatment of health conditions. 3 WGM2#3093 偽針；假針 A research control method that simulates acupuncture needle insertion without actual insertion, preferably without any penetration that carries physiological response. The tip of a sham needle is blunt to prevent the actual penetration into the body, which effectively trick the patient into thinking they are receiving real acupuncture, such as the“Streitberger”needle. 3 WGM2#3094 割治 A therapeutic method to incise the skin to squeeze out a small amount of fat. 3 WGM2#3095 穴位埋線 A therapeutic method to implant catgut or surgical suture at a selected point. 3 WGM2#3096 砭石 Pointed or wedge-shaped stones historically used to stimulate the surface of the body, drain pus or let blood out. 3 WGM2#3097 九針 A collective term for the nine types of needles described in the Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’ s Internal Classic), namely, shear needle, rounded needle, spoon-like needle, sharp-edged needle, round-sharp needle, sword-like needle, long needle, large needle and filiform needle. 3 WGM2#3098 鑱針 One of the nine ancient needles. It has an arrow- shaped head and often used for superficial insertion in the treatment of heat pattern or skin conditions. 3 WGM2#3099 圓針 One of the nine ancient needles. It has a cylindrical needle body and oval tip. It is often used for point massage in the treatment of muscle problems. 3 WGM2#3100 鍉針 One of the nine ancient needles. It has a big, thick needle body and a slightly sharp round tip. It is often used for blood problems and heat pattern. 3 WGM2#3101 鋒針 One of the nine ancient needles. It is also known as the three-edged needle. It is often used to prick subcutaneous veins or small vessels in the treatment of abscess, heat pattern, acute gastroenteritis, etc. 3 WGM2#3102 員利針 One of the nine ancient needles. It has a round and sharp needle tip and is often used for abscess, bi-impediment and acute conditions. 3 WGM2#3103 鈹針 One of the nine ancient needles. It has a (double- edged) sword-like needle tip and is often used to cut open the abscesses to drain pus and blood. 3 WGM2#3104 長針 One of the nine ancient needles. It has a longer needle body (approximately 20–30 cm or longer) and is often used for deep insertion in the treatment of chronic rheumatism or sciatica. 3 WGM2#3105 大針 One of the nine ancient needles. It has a thick needle body and a slightly round needle tip. It is often used to treat general oedema or abdominal masses. 3 WGM2#3106 毫針 One of the nine ancient needles. It is now the most common needle in acupuncture treatment. 3 WGM2#3107 五刺 A collective term for five ancient needling techniques, namely, half needling, leopard-spot needling, joint needling, Hegu needling, and Shu needling. 3 WGM2#3108 半刺 A technique characterized by a shallow insertion and swift withdrawal. It is often used for lung- related problems. 3 WGM2#3109 豹文刺 A technique characterized by pricking with a three-edged needle around the point, causing leopard spot-like haemorrhagic spots. It is often used for heart-related problems. 3 WGM2#3110 關刺 A technique characterized by puncturing the tendon close to the joint without causing bleeding. It is often used for liver-related problems. 3 WGM2#3111 合穀刺 A technique characterized by puncturing the muscles of the affected region with the needle going obliquely right and left, resembling the claws of a chicken. It is often used for spleen- related problems. 3 WGM2#3112 輸刺（五刺） A technique characterized by deep puncture directly to the bone. It is often used for kidney- related problems. 3 WGM2#3113 九刺 A collective term for nine ancient needling techniques, namely, Shu needling, distant needling, meridian needling, collateral needling, intramuscular needling, great drainage needling, skin needling, cauterized needling and contralateral needling. 3 WGM2#3114 輸刺（九刺） A technique to puncture the Ying-spring point and Shu-stream point of the meridian involved and the back-Shu points of five zang organs. 3 WGM2#3115 遠道刺 A technique to puncture points on the lower body (i.e. the lower He-sea points of the six fu organs) to treat problems of the upper body. 3 WGM2#3116 經刺 A technique to acupuncture stasis/tenderness points along the pathways of meridians. 3 WGM2#3117 絡刺 A technique to prick small vessels with a three- edged needle for bloodletting. 3 WGM2#3118 分刺 A technique to puncture directly into the muscle. 3 WGM2#3119 大瀉刺 A technique to incise with a sword-shaped needle to drain pus or eliminate stagnant blood, also known as lancing. 3 WGM2#3120 毛刺 A technique to puncture shallowly into the skin. 3 WGM2#3121 巨刺 A technique to puncture points on the left side if the right side is affected, or vice versa. 3 WGM2#3122 繆刺 A technique to conduct blood-letting on the left side if the right side is affected, or vice versa. 3 WGM2#3123 焠刺 A technique to prick swiftly with a cauterized needle. Indicated for cold bi-impediment pattern. 3 WGM2#3124 十二刺 A collective term for twelve ancient needling techniques, namely: coupled needling; successive trigger needling; relaxing needling; triple needling; quintuple needling; straight needling; Shu needling; short needling; superficial needling; yin needling; accompanied needling; and repeated shallow needling. 3 WGM2#3125 偶刺 A technique to puncture the tenderness spots felt on the front (corresponding to the front-Mu point) and back (corresponding to the back-Shu point). 3 WGM2#3126 報刺 A technique to puncture migratory Ashi points: while needling directly at the tender point, searching for other tender points over the surrounding area and needling in succession. 3 WGM2#3127 恢刺 A technique to insert the needle from the side of the tendon and then puncture the contracted muscle in different directions to induce relaxation. 3 WGM2#3128 齊刺 A technique to insert one needle perpendicularly, coupled with two more needles by its sides. Used to remove cold in a small, deeper area. 3 WGM2#3129 揚刺 A technique to insert one needle perpendicularly in the centre, coupled with four more needles anterior, posterior, right, and left to the perpendicular needle. Used to remove cold in a large, shallow area. 3 WGM2#3130 直針刺 A technique to pinch the skin and insert the needle subcutaneously (The word“straight”here means towards the affected shallow area). Used to remove cold in the superficial area. 3 WGM2#3131 輸刺（十二刺） A technique to insert a needle perpendicularly to the deep area to wait for needling sensation and then slowly withdraw the needle when the needling sensation is present. Used to clear pathogenic heat. 3 WGM2#3132 短刺 A technique to insert the needle slowly while gently shaking the needle, followed by mild rotation when the needle is close to the bone. Used to treat bone pain or tenderness. 3 WGM2#3133 浮刺 A technique to puncture the superficial area obliquely. Used indicated for muscle pain with a cold sensation. 3 WGM2#3134 陰刺 A technique to puncture bilateral Taixi (KI 3) (the Yuan-primordial point of the kidney meridian) simultaneously. Used to treat cold limbs. 3 WGM2#3135 傍針刺 A technique to insert one needle perpendicularly, coupled with another one lateral to its side. Indicated for tenderness or pain with a fixed location. 3 WGM2#3136 贊刺 A technique to repeatedly puncture the shallow areas to cause bloodletting. Often used for carbuncles or abscesses. 3 WGM2#3137 灸法類 3 WGM2#3138 灸法 A therapeutic method to apply burning mugwort (moxa) or other substances near or to particular points or areas of the body to relax, warm and tonify. 3 WGM2#3139 艾絨 Processed moxa leaves that concentrates the white hairs on the underside of the leaf. 3 WGM2#3140 艾炷 Cone-shaped mass made of moxa wool 3 WGM2#3141 壯 A dosage unit to count the number of moxa cones. 3 WGM2#3142 艾條 A cigar-shaped roll of mugwort wrapped in cotton paper. 3 WGM2#3143 藥艾條 Moxa sticks containing medicinal powder. 3 WGM2#3144 艾炷灸 A method to place a moxa cone directly or indirectly to the selected area and then ignite. 3 WGM2#3145 直接灸 A method to place a moxa cone directly on the selected area and then ignite to create a superficial burn. 3 WGM2#3146 瘢痕灸 A method to place a small moxa cone directly on the skin, then ignite until the skin blisters and then scars after it heals. 3 WGM2#3147 化膿灸 Please refer to scarring moxibustion. 3 WGM2#3148 無瘢痕灸 A method to place a small moxa cone directly on the skin, then ignite and remove the burning moxa before the skin burns enough to scar. 3 WGM2#3149 麥粒灸 A direct moxibustion method using a wheat grain size moxa cone. 3 WGM2#3150 間接灸；間隔灸，隔物灸 A method to place some insulated materials between the moxa cone and the skin. 3 WGM2#3151 隔薑灸 A method to place a fresh ginger slice between the moxa cone and the skin. 3 WGM2#3152 隔蒜灸 A method to place a fresh garlic slice or mashed garlic between the moxa cone and the skin. 3 WGM2#3153 隔鹽灸 A method to place some salt (usually at Shenque (Ren 8)) between the moxa cone and the skin. 3 WGM2#3154 隔附子餅灸 A method to place a monkshood cake between the moxa cone and the skin. 3 WGM2#3155 艾條灸 A method of indirect moxibustion where an ignited moxa stick or roll passes over a selected area without directly touching the surface to warm the area. 3 WGM2#3156 懸灸；懸起灸 An indirect moxibustion method to hold a moxa stick above the skin during the treatment. 3 WGM2#3157 溫和灸 An indirect moxibustion method to keep the end of an ignited moxa stick at a fixed distance (2–3 cm) from the selected area, enabling a mild warm sensation. 3 WGM2#3158 雀啄灸 An indirect moxibustion method to place an ignited moxa stick near the selected area and move it up and down like a pecking bird. 3 WGM2#3159 迴旋灸 An indirect moxibustion method to keep the end of an ignited moxa stick at a fixed distance from the selected area and move it back and forth circularly. 3 WGM2#3160 實按灸 An indirect moxibustion method to place several layers of cloth or cotton paper on the selected area and then press the ignited end of a moxa stick to allow the heat to penetrate the skin. 3 WGM2#3161 太乙神針 An indirect moxibustion method to apply an ignited moxa stick to the selected area. The moxa stick is made of fine powder of Tan Xiang (Lignum Santali Albi), Shan Nai (Rhizoma Kaempferiae), Qiang Huo (Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii), Gui Zhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi), Mu Xiang (Radix Aucklandiae), Xiong Huang (Realgar), Bai Zhi (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and Xi Xin (Radix et Rhizoma Asari). 3 WGM2#3162 雷火神針 An indirect moxibustion method to apply an ignited moxa stick to the selected area. The moxa stick is made of fine powder of Chen Xiang (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum), Mu Xiang (Radix Aucklandiae), Ru Xiang (Olibanum), Yin Chen (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), Qiang Huo (Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii), Gan Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis), Chuan Shan Jia (Squama Manitis), and She Xiang(Moschus). 3 WGM2#3163 溫針灸 A method to fix a small section of moxa stick or cone onto the handle of an inserted needle prior to igniting. 3 WGM2#3164 溫灸器灸 A method to put moxa wool or stick into a metal box or canister, ignite and then place the box or canister over the selected area. 3 WGM2#3165 燈火灸 A method to apply a quick momentary touch to the selected area with an ignited oiled rush of Juncus. 3 WGM2#3166 天灸；藥物發泡法 A method to apply irritants to the selected area to produce congestion and blistering. 3 WGM2#3167 穴位敷貼 A method to apply warm or hot medicinal substances to acupuncture points. 3 WGM2#3168 拔罐類 3 WGM2#3169 拔罐法 A therapeutic method to create negative pressure by consuming the air inside the cup with fire or other methods and then place the cup on the skin over the selected area. 3 WGM2#3170 火罐法；火吸法 A method to create negative pressure by introducing an ignited material inside the cup to consume the air, thereby enabling the cup to suck itself onto the skin. There are three different approaches: fire twinkling; fire throwing; and cotton sticking. 3 WGM2#3171 閃火法 A method to ignite an alcoholic cotton ball held with a forceps, place it inside the cup, quickly turn it around in one to two circles, take it out immediately, and place the cup on the selected area. 3 WGM2#3172 投火法 A method whereby an ignited paper is quickly flung into a cup to create a negative pressure on the selected area. 3 WGM2#3173 貼棉法 A method to stick an alcoholic cotton ball on the inner wall (the lower 1/3), ignite the cotton ball and quickly place the cup over the selected area. 3 WGM2#3174 水罐法；水吸法 A method to boil a cup in water to create negative pressure: to hold the boiled bamboo cup (the mouth facing downwards) with a forceps, cover the cup mouth with a towel to absorb the water in the cup, and then quickly place the cup over the selected area. 3 WGM2#3175 留罐法 Leave the cup in place after suction. 3 WGM2#3176 走罐法 A method to lubricate the cup mouth and selected area first and then slide the cup up and down while retaining its suction. 3 WGM2#3177 閃罐法 A method to rapidly place and remove the cup repeatedly over the selected area until the local skin becomes red. 3 WGM2#3178 刺絡拔罐 A method to prick the area to be treated with a three-edged needle or lancet and then suck out blood with a cup. 3 WGM2#3179 留針拔罐；針罐 A method to apply cupping to the centre of the site where a needle is retained. 3 WGM2#3180 藥罐 A boiling cup method to boil bamboo cups in medicinal liquid and then apply to the body. 3 WGM2#3181 刮痧療法 A method to scrape the skin repeatedly using a soup spoon or other smooth-edged instruments (such as horned animal bones, water buffalo horn or jade). The skin is often lubricated with massage oil or water. 3 WGM2#3182 刮痧板 Guasha tools are often made from buffalo horn, Bian-stone or jade. 2 WGM2#3183 3.6 推拿類 3 WGM2#3184 推拿；按摩；按蹺；喬摩；案扤 A Chinese medical therapy to apply manipulation to points or body areas for disease treatment and prevention as well as promoting health. Sometimes, patients are educated to exercise in addition to receiving treatment. 3 WGM2#3185 推拿手法 Specific, standardized methods and movements to treat/prevent diseases and benefit health. Tuina manipulations are supposed to be lasting, forceful, even, soft and penetrating to the deeper tissue. 3 WGM2#3186 㨰法 A tuina manipulation to stick to the area to be treated with the fifth metacarpophalangeal joint and conduct back-and-forth rolling using the hypothenar eminence and the ulnar side of the back of the hand. 3 WGM2#3187 滾法 A tuina manipulation to clench a fist to allow the distal phalanx bone of the thumb to be inside the fist, stick to the area to be treated with the proximal interphalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring and little fingers and then apply back- and-forth rolling manipulation. 3 WGM2#3188 一指禪推法 A tuina manipulation to exert constant force on the area to be treated with the tip or the palmar side of the thumb through active swing of the forearm. 3 WGM2#3189 一指禪偏鋒推法 A variation of Yi Zhi Chan pushing manipulation using the radial side of the thumb. 3 WGM2#3190 纏法 A fast Yi Zhi Chan pushing manipulation with a frequency of more than 220 times/min. 3 WGM2#3191 跪推法 A variation of Yi Zhi Chan pushing manipulation with the radial or dorsal side of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb. 3 WGM2#3192 魚際揉法 A tuina manipulation to knead and exert force on the area to be treated with the great thenar eminence through rhythmic swing of the forearm. 3 WGM2#3193 揉法 A tuina manipulation to apply perpendicular pressure to the surface of the body with the fingers, palms or elbows. The pressure is supposed to reach subcutaneous tissues. It includes kneading with the finger, kneading with the palm and kneading with the forearm. 3 WGM2#3194 摩法 A Tuina manipulation to rub the area to be treated circularly with the fingers or palms. 3 WGM2#3195 推法 A one-way linear pushing manipulation with the fingers, palms, or elbows. 3 WGM2#3196 刨推法 A pushing manipulation with the Hukou area (formed between the thumb and index finger). 3 WGM2#3197 刮法 A tuina manipulation to scrape with the radial side of the index finger, on the back of the interphalangeal joint of the index finger. Alternatively, scraping can be done with tools such as spoons or coins. 3 WGM2#3198 擦法 A tuina manipulation to apply linear rubbing with the hypothenar, great thenar, palms or fingers. 3 WGM2#3199 抹法 A tuina manipulation to apply top-down, left-right or arch-shaped wiping with the palmar side of the thumbs or the palms. 3 WGM2#3200 按法 A tuina manipulation to apply perpendicular pressure to the surface of the body with the palmar side of the fingers, palms or elbows. It is also one of the common diagnostic methods in tuina practice. 3 WGM2#3201 點法 A tuina manipulation to apply perpendicular pressure to the surface of the body with finger tips, interphalangeal joints or elbows. 3 WGM2#3202 壓法 A tuina manipulation to apply continuous, forceful pressure to the surface of the body with the palmar side of the thumbs, palms or elbows. 3 WGM2#3203 抵法 A tuina manipulation to apply symmetrical pressure to the area to be treated with the fingers or palms. 3 WGM2#3204 碟轉法 A tuina manipulation to apply rotating pressure to the area to be treated with the palms. 3 WGM2#3205 拳頂法 A tuina manipulation to apply pressure to the area to be treated with a fist. 3 WGM2#3206 捫法 A tuina manipulation to rub the palms and gently place (the warm palms) over the area to be treated. 3 WGM2#3207 押法 A tuina manipulation to press the area to be treated with the palmar side of the thumbs. 3 WGM2#3208 捏法 A tuina manipulation to apply coordinated pressure to the area to be treated with the thumb and the other four fingers. 3 WGM2#3209 挪法 A tuina manipulation to place the palm over the area to be treated, grasp and lift the muscle either using the thumb and the other four fingers or exerting a symmetric force from the base of the palm and fingers, hold for a while and then shift forward to repeat the procedure. 3 WGM2#3210 擰法 A tuina manipulation to clamp and release the area to be treated with flexed index finger and middle finger or with the thumb and flexed index finger. 3 WGM2#3211 勾法 A tuina manipulation to place the index finger and middle finger together and flex into a hook, stick to the skin with the radial border of the middle phalanx of index finger and then apply continuous pushing and wiping manipulation. 3 WGM2#3212 拿法 A tuina manipulation to pinch and knead the area to be treated with the thumb and the other four fingers. 3 WGM2#3213 抓法 A tuina manipulation to grab and pinch the area to be treated with five fingertips. 3 WGM2#3214 握法 A tuina manipulation to clutch and release the limb with the palm. 3 WGM2#3215 搓法 A tuina manipulation to hold the limb with both hands/palms and apply alternating or back-and- forth twisting. 3 WGM2#3216 理法 A tuina manipulation to apply rhythmic grasping and pinching of the limb. 3 WGM2#3217 撚法 A tuina manipulation to hold the area to be treated with the thumb and index finger and apply back-and-forth twisting. 3 WGM2#3218 撥法 A tuina manipulation to press the area to be treated with fingers or elbows and then apply perpendicular plucking force to the subcutaneous tissue. 3 WGM2#3219 拍法 A tuina manipulation to pat the area to be treated with the palms or fingers. 3 WGM2#3220 擊法 A tuina manipulation to knock the surface of the body with the fist, palms, fingers or mulberry sticks. 3 WGM2#3221 啄法 A tuina manipulation to place the five fingers together and peck the area to be treated. 3 WGM2#3222 叩法 A tuina manipulation to tap the area to be treated with the ulnar side of the little finger or a hollow fist. 3 WGM2#3223 劈法 A tuina manipulation to chop the area between the fingers with the ulnar side of the palm. 3 WGM2#3224 貫法 A tuina manipulation to place one palm over the area to be treated and percuss the dorsum of the hand with a hollow fist made by the other hand. 3 WGM2#3225 彈法 A tuina manipulation to flip the area to be treated with fingernails or palmar sides of the fingers. 3 WGM2#3226 抖法 A tuina manipulation to grasp the affected limb and apply small-amplitude radial shakings. 3 WGM2#3227 振法 A tuina manipulation to press acupuncture points or certain body parts with the fingers or palms and apply fast, continuous vibration. 3 WGM2#3228 搖法 A tuina manipulation to conduct passive rotation of the affected joint along the axis of motion. 3 WGM2#3229 拔伸法；牽引法 A tuina manipulation to immobilize one end of the affected joint or limb and pull the other end along the longitudinal axis. 3 WGM2#3230 勒法 A tuina manipulation to clamp the affected fingers or toes with the fingers and apply rapid pulling. 3 WGM2#3231 屈伸法 A tuina manipulation to slowly and repeatedly flex and extend the joints to stretch the surrounding tissues, and increase the joint range of motion. 3 WGM2#3232 扳法 A tuina manipulation to apply a sudden thrust force to the affected joint to produce passive rotation, flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. 3 WGM2#3233 背法 A tuina manipulation to carry the patient on the back and apply traction, shaking, vibration and instant extension to the affected lumbar vertebrae. 3 WGM2#3234 梳法 A tuina manipulation to place the palmar sides of the fingers over the area to be treated and apply soft, one-way combing. 3 WGM2#3235 拂法 A tuina manipulation to brush or scrub the surface of the body with the fingers. 3 WGM2#3236 捋法 A tuina manipulation to place the palm or fingers over the area to be treated, gradually push from the proximal end to the distal end, and then release the force quickly. 3 WGM2#3237 掩法 A tuina manipulation to gently cover the area to be treated with the hand and remain still. 3 WGM2#3238 捩法 A tuina manipulation to make a passive rotation of the joints. 3 WGM2#3239 端法 A tuina manipulation to hold or lift the affected limb with one or both hands. 3 WGM2#3240 摸法 A tuina manipulation to press the limbs or acupuncture points with fingers to help with diagnosis. 3 WGM2#3241 提法 A tuina manipulation to lift the post-traumatic sunken bones or joints to normal position using one or both hands or with the help of a rope. 3 WGM2#3242 攏法 A tuina manipulation to clamp and release the skin of the area to be treated with the ulnar aspects of both palms. 3 WGM2#3243 擠法；挾按法 A tuina manipulation to squeeze both sides of the area to be treated with one or both hands. 3 WGM2#3244 挽法 A tuina manipulation to pull or move the limbs of the patient. 3 WGM2#3245 推拿複合手法類 3 WGM2#3246 按揉法 A compound tuina manipulation composed of pressing and kneading manipulations. 3 WGM2#3247 拿揉法 A compound tuina manipulation composed of grasping and kneading manipulations. 3 WGM2#3248 推摩法 A compound tuina manipulation composed of Yi Zhi Chan pushing using the radial side of the thumb and rubbing circularly with the other four fingers. 3 WGM2#3249 牽抖法 A compound tuina manipulation composed of pulling-stretching and shaking manipulations. 3 WGM2#3250 揉捏法 A compound tuina manipulation composed of kneading and pinching manipulations. 3 WGM2#3251 提彈法 A compound tuina manipulation composed of tendon-flicking and muscle plucking manipulations. 3 WGM2#3252 彈筋法 A compound tuina manipulation composed of pinching and lifting manipulations. 3 WGM2#3253 推揉法 A compound tuina manipulation composed of Yi Zhi Chan pushing and kneading manipulation. 3 WGM2#3254 推扳法 A compound tuina manipulation composed of plucking and pulling manipulations. 3 WGM2#3255 勾點法 A compound tuina manipulation composed of hooking and point-pressing manipulations. 3 WGM2#3256 掃散法 A tuina manipulation to push and scrub along the Shaoyang meridian in the temporal region using the radial side of the thumb and tips of the other four fingers. 3 WGM2#3257 踩蹺法 A tuina manipulation to step with the feet on certain areas of the body. 3 WGM2#3258 捏脊法 A tuina manipulation to pinch and lift the skin of the spine symmetrically with the thumb, index finger and middle finger or with the thumb and the other four fingers and release the force immediately. Move forward gradually and repeat the same procedure. 3 WGM2#3259 點脊法 A tuina manipulation to press the bladder meridian on both sides of the spine. 3 WGM2#3260 插法 A tuina manipulation to insert the fingers into the space between the scapula and thoracic wall. It is specifically used for gastroptosis. 3 WGM2#3261 托法 A tuina manipulation to lift the affected area with one or both hands. It is commonly used for gastroptosis. 3 WGM2#3262 抄法 A tuina manipulation: Place the palms on the lower borders of the subcostal region and extend gradually to the low back, press and knead the soft tissues on both sides of the low back using the palmar sides of the fingers, lift the low back and abdomen and then swing to the left and right gently. 3 WGM2#3263 封腰法 A tuina manipulation to place the thumbs and the middle fingers over the lumbar triangles on both sides and apply soft, gentle pressure. 3 WGM2#3264 顫腰法 A tuina manipulation to press the low back coupled with traction and stretching. 3 WGM2#3265 脊柱推拿手法類 Manipulations used on the spine to correct spinal subluxation and regulate the functions of the spine. 3 WGM2#3266 推拿介質 Lotions applied to the surface of the body for lubrication or treatment. 3 WGM2#3267 推拿輔助器具類 Supplementary tools to assist in tuina treatment and health care. 3 WGM2#3268 桑枝棒 An assistant tuina tool made of 12 specific mulberry branches based on certain requirements with a strong effect to unblock and circulate qi and blood. It is often used on the top of the head, chest and back, waist, hip and limbs. 3 WGM2#3269 太平車 An assistant tuina tool comprising an iron bar with five to six pieces of jade or sandalwood made into a chain of beads. The head and tail of the iron bar are folded. The appliance is connected to a short handle and can be held in the hand and the beads work like a rolling wheel. It is often used on the face, bone joints, etc. 3 WGM2#3270 小兒推拿 A type of tuina therapy based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, using specific manipulations on the meridians and collaterals and specific points on the surface of the body. It helps to prevent against diseases and benefit health through harmonizing Zang–Fu organs, yin, yang, qi and blood, strengthen the body and promote the healthy growth and development of children. 3 WGM2#3271 少林內功 A main training method in tuina exercise and a key part of Neigong tuina. It is originally a form of martial art to strengthen the body, but now becomes a distinctive method and school of self- exercise plus tuina treatment. 3 WGM2#3272 易筋經 A traditional health-building exercise to stretch the body, strengthen the sinews, bones and ligaments and regulate the meridians and zang–fu organs. 3 WGM2#3273 其他推拿術語 3 WGM2#3274 熱敷 A common external therapy in Chinese medicine to treat diseases through heat stimulation. 3 WGM2#3275 膏摩 A therapeutic method to apply herbal ointment on the surface of the area to be treated, followed by tuina manipulations. 3 WGM2#3276 推拿鎮痛 One of the pain control methods in Chinese medicine by applying Tuina to reduce or control pain according to theories of Chinese medicine. 3 WGM2#3277 健身推拿 A tuina method for healthy people or people with suboptimal health to strengthen the body and help with disease prevention and treatment. 3 WGM2#3278 美容推拿 A type of tuina method to achieve healthier skin and slow down the ageing process of the skin. 2 WGM2#3279 3.7 導引氣功 3 WGM2#3280 導引 To guide qi to harmonize the body and stretch the body to make it soft. It aims to prevent and cure diseases and promote health through stretching exercise combined with breath and internal qi circulation. 3 WGM2#3281 氣功 An exercise method to regulate the body, breath and mind to achieve body-mind, man-society and man-nature harmonization. It cultivates the essence, qi and spirit internally and sinews, bones and body externally according to ancient Chinese philosophy. 3 WGM2#3282 大周天 Originated in Daoism, it refers to the second stage of internal alchemical process (i.e., to refine qi to spirit). This is performed on the basis of the small heavenly circle exercise and is believed that the large heavenly circle can connect spirit with qi, improve health and attain longevity. 3 WGM2#3283 三關 he three areas in the ascending path along the u meridian when internal qi circulates along he pathways of the Du and Ren meridians uring practicing the“small heavenly circle”(or microcosmic orbit”) meditation. They are rduous for internal qi to overcome and therefore alled“passes”or“barriers”.Alternatively, hey refer to the three steps in internal alchemy Neidan): refining the essence to qi; refining the i to spirit; and refining the spirit to emptiness. ome also use three passes to represent the ears, yes and mouth. 3 WGM2#3284 和合四象 A specific state in qigong practice that requires dropping the eyelids, listening to the silence, regulating breathing by focusing the eyes on the tip of the nose and closing the mouth. This state helps to remove distracting thoughts during qigong practice. 3 WGM2#3285 恬淡虛無 A state of peaceful inner joy and free from ego or desires. This principle on health cultivation was recorded in the Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’ s Internal Classic) and highly valued by generations of qigong masters. 3 WGM2#3286 丹田呼吸 A beneficial variation of natural breathing with the Dantian area. Unlike usual abdominal breathing, this breathing method does not need mental focus or external force. 3 WGM2#3287 3.8 太極 Taiji is an ancient Chinese philosophical term which represents the state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential; the oneness before duality, from which yin and yang, the basic polarity of the universe, originate. It has later become the highest conceivable principle about the generation, development and changes of all things in the universe. Taiji is often considered as the root and symbol of traditional Chinese culture. It has far-reaching impact on the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes), traditional Chinese medicine and taijiquan. 3 WGM2#3288 太極拳 An ancient Chinese martial art practiced for both defence training and health benefits. It is a combination of breathing, mental focus, and physical movements, whose intention is to cultivate the practitioner’ s internal qi. It is rooted in the philosophies of Confucianism, Daoism and Chinese medicine, and concepts of Taiji, yin-yang and the Five Elements. 3 WGM2#3289 太極拳流派 Major influential taijiquan styles include Chen style, yang style, Wú style, Wǔ style, Sun style and Zhaobao style. 3 WGM2#3290 太極拳拳理 The principles of taijiquan are based on its philosophical and medical meaning as well as practice requirements. They include Taiji theories, mnemonics and classics. 3 WGM2#3291 拳決 The tips or smart ways in Taiji practice. These include mnemonics for taijiquan, Taiji sword, Taiji spear, Taiji knife and Taiji pushing hands. These mnemonics are often vivid and conversational. 3 WGM2#3292 拳譜 A catalogue to record categories or systems. There are three types of Taiji manuals: 1) the names of sequenced Taiji skills and weapons routines/ forms; 2) Inheritance lineage; and 3) books on Taiji skills. 3 WGM2#3293 拳經 Classics/texts which are exclusively focussed on the essential principles that guide the practice of taijiquan. 3 WGM2#3294 拳勢 Intangible frame and rhythm, including physical moves, eye movement and connections or transitions between moves. 3 WGM2#3295 內家拳 It refers to Wudang martial arts (occupied with spiritual, mental or qi-related aspects), as opposed to Shaolin (external) martial arts (focused on physical aspects). There are three internal martial arts: taijiquan, xingyiquan (form- intention fist) and baguazhang (eight trigram palm). 3 WGM2#3296 盤架子 A series of movements in Taiji practice. 3 WGM2#3297 八面 hese include four sides and four corners. If we onsider taijiquan as a 3-D ball, symmetrical elease of forces from eight directions (left, right, p, down and two diagonal angles) is essential o maintain the body equilibrium, known as the rounded force”. 3 WGM2#3298 八體 Vertex, crotch, heart, eyes, ears, hands, feet and waist. 3 WGM2#3299 八不傳 Those with no loyalty or filial piety; those with no humanistic spirit; those with evil intentions; those who are reckless and impulsive; those who are defiant and arrogant; those who are rude and disrespectful; those who are unpredictable; and those who care too much about gains and losses. 3 WGM2#3300 四忌 Avoid using strength to store qi; avoid expanding the chest or sinking the low back; avoid shrugging the shoulders or sinking the neck; avoid discontinuity in body moves. 3 WGM2#3301 八要 Relax the shoulders and sink the elbows; lift the vertex and issue force from the thighs; tap the teeth and touch the palate with the tongue; sink the chest and loosen the waist; move naturally; internal-external unity; yin-yang coordination; and stillness in movement. 3 WGM2#3302 無極 An ancient philosophical term, referring to the primordial universe prior to the Taiji (supreme ultimate). In Taiji practice, it has three extended meanings: 1) a relatively static state; 2) mental serenity before body moves in Taiji practice; 3) abdomen. 3 WGM2#3303 兩儀 An ancient philosophical term, referring to yin and yang. In Taiji practice, the two forms have three extended meanings: 1) movement and stillness; 2) symmetrical Taiji moves; 3) the two kidneys. 3 WGM2#3304 三才 An ancient philosophical term, referring to heaven, earth and man. In Taiji practice, it is used to represent head, hands and feet, further indicating the upper, middle and lower body parts. 3 WGM2#3305 四象 An ancient philosophical term. It has two meanings in Taiji: 1) upper and lower limbs; 2) four directions—front, back, left and right. 3 WGM2#3306 體用 These include health benefits and self-defence training. Health benefits are achieved through practicing taolu (solo hand and weapons routines/ forms). Self-defence training mainly refers to pushing hands sequences, which embody a variety of self-defence techniques. 3 WGM2#3307 六合 The six closings include three internal harmonies (intent, qi and strength) and three external ones (shoulder-hip, elbow-knee and hands-feet). These harmonies allow the movements to connect seamlessly and the force to be intact. 3 WGM2#3308 太極圖 A symbol or diagram in Chinese philosophy representing Taiji and its dualist aspects—yin and yang. 3 WGM2#3309 虛領頂勁；提頂；頂頭懸；貫頂；懸頂 The head is held as if suspended by a thread attached to the crown, at the point Baihui (Du20). This posture aims to avoid tension in the neck. In doing so, do not tilt the head from side to side, or up and down. The whole body is light and nimble when the head is suspended at the crown. 3 WGM2#3310 沉肩墜肘 Relax and drop down the shoulders, especially the acromion, or the point Jianjing (GB 21); at the same time, slightly flex and drop the elbow. 3 WGM2#3311 護肫 A technique to protect the stomach in Taiji practice. It produces a similar effect as dropping the elbow. 3 WGM2#3312 展指坐腕 xtend and relax the fingers naturally, slightly eparating them to form an arc or spiral at the ack of the hand. This enables the internal i to radiate to the fingers and is known as materializing in the hands and fingers”. 3 WGM2#3313 兩膊相系 During Taiji practice, the movement of one arm triggers corresponding movement in the other one, as if they are connected to each other by a cord. 3 WGM2#3314 豎腕 Keep the wrist and fingers in a vertical position (approximately 90º). However, it is advisable not to use force to bend the wrist. 3 WGM2#3315 坐腕 Drop and relax the wrist to allow the internal energy to reach the fingertips from the arm. 3 WGM2#3316 鼓腕 Pump the wrist to soften and relax the hands. 3 WGM2#3317 直腕 Make the wrist straight and flat. 3 WGM2#3318 疊腕 Place one wrist over the other. 3 WGM2#3319 含胸拔背 Intentionally relax the chest and back muscles and intercostal space. The shoulders should be naturally rounded to allow the chest to be slightly hollowed. To“raise the back”means to stretch the spine longitudinally and horizontally to allow the qi to stick to the back (so that one can use this qi to issue great power). 3 WGM2#3320 擴背 Expanding the back is closely associated with sinking the chest. By sinking the chest, one will be able to expand the back naturally. 3 WGM2#3321 松腰斂臀 To relax the waist means to lift the coccyx and sink the points Shensu (BL 23) and Mingmen (DU 4). To tuck buttocks under means to slightly tuck in the buttocks. 3 WGM2#3322 弓腰收臀 By sinking the waist in a relaxed sitting position, one will be able to tuck in the buttocks naturally. 3 WGM2#3323 尾閭中正 During Taiji practice, the coccyx needs to be kept upright at all times. 3 WGM2#3324 尾閭收；提肛；吊襠；調襠 To lift the anus, tuck in the coccyx and keep the body neutral. This helps to maintain balance and feel comfortable. 3 WGM2#3325 上下一線 To make Baihui (DU 20) and Huiyin (REN 1) vertically connected, in order to keep the upper body aligned and upright; and to connect Jianjing (GB 21) with Yongquan (KI 1) to keep the head and feet vertically connected. 3 WGM2#3326 立身中正 To keep the torso perpendicular to the ground and place the bodyweight over the supporting feet. This helps to keep the body stable. 3 WGM2#3327 身肢放長 To lengthen the torso through“holding the head as if suspended from above”.To extend the arms through sinking the shoulders and dropping the elbows. To lengthen the legs through relaxing the waist, opening the hips and flexing the knees. 3 WGM2#3328 一身備五弓 The five bows include the torso, both hands and both feet. The body bow uses the waist as the handle and uses Yamen (DU 15) and coccyx as the tips. The hand bow uses the elbow as the handle and uses the wrist and clavicle as the tips. The foot bow uses the knee as the handle and uses the hip and heel as the tips. 3 WGM2#3329 泛臀 To attempt to float the buttocks before issuing internal energy. 3 WGM2#3330 溜臀 To relax and drop the buttocks when squatting down. 3 WGM2#3331 斂臀 To slightly tuck in the buttocks to facilitate the abdomen and relax the crotch. This helps to keep the body neutral and stable. 3 WGM2#3332 圓襠 To relax the hip joint, relax hip muscles and tuck in the femoral head. This enables the crotch to become round. 3 WGM2#3333 縮胯 To relax and, at the same time, tuck in the hips to enable the perineum to become a semicircle. 3 WGM2#3334 裹襠 To adduct the knees intentionally to protect the crotch. This helps to distinguish empty from solid, keep the lower body stable and increase the loading ability of the legs. This can also lengthen the legs. 3 WGM2#3335 蕩襠 A common error in Taiji practice. Slack crotch may cause energy to scatter. 3 WGM2#3336 尖襠 A common error in Taiji practice. A sharp-angled crotch may cause an inability to support the internal energy. 3 WGM2#3337 敞襠 A common error in Taiji practice. An open crotch (>90º) may cause an inability to obtain the internal energy. 3 WGM2#3338 坐腿 To appropriately flex the knee to enable the body weight to be placed on the flexed leg. 3 WGM2#3339 開合 Movement combination of the body, breathing and energy. The“opening”refers to eccentric movements of the arms, whereas the“closing” refers to concentric movements of the arms. Breathing in and releasing energy act to open, whereas breathing out and storing energy act to close. 3 WGM2#3340 蓄髮 To“store energy”means to relax muscles with mental focus. To“release energy”means to contract muscles and often combine with breathing. 3 WGM2#3341 動靜 A dynamic state in Taiji practice. Taiji movements are open, continuous and transitional like a river; however, they can also close and become static like mountains. 3 WGM2#3342 快慢 Taiji movements are relatively slower than other martial arts; the speed of movement varies among differing styles. 3 WGM2#3343 虛實分清；虛實分明 In Taiji practice, it is important to distinguish between fullness and emptiness all over the body (i.e. we must know exactly which part of our body is issuing power and which part is receiving it). As for the legs, the“empty”leg is never absolutely weightless, and the“full”leg does not have all the weight placed upon it. 3 WGM2#3344 開合虛實 The principles of Taiji exercise. The“opening” means to stretch, step forward, bend down and drop. The“closing”means to flex, step backward, raise and lift. The“empty”means absence of mental focus, supplementary force, relaxation and closing movements. The“solid”means presence of mental focus, major force point and opening movements. 3 WGM2#3345 內外相合 The coordination or harmony between mental intent and physical movement. The“unity”here means a perfect and natural combination between hands, feet and mental intent. 3 WGM2#3346 上下相隨 Coordinated movements of the upper and lower limbs as well as the torso. Hand movements, waist movements, leg movements, and even the eye movements — all are in one unified movement (The root is in the feet, released through the legs, controlled by the waist, and materialized in the hands and fingers). 3 WGM2#3347 節節貫串 This refers to successive movement of nine major joints throughout the body: neck, back, low back, hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow and wrist. 3 WGM2#3348 輕靈 A distinctive feature of taijiquan. Mindfulness or“intent”guides the body movement and breathing; both breathing and internal qi are controlled by the mindfulness of the will. The “gentle”means to guide movements with intent instead of force. The“flexible”means to move the arms or legs with agility. 3 WGM2#3349 一動無有不動 The power is rooted in the feet, controlled by the waist, and manifested through the fingers, integrating the body as one harmonious unit. 3 WGM2#3350 剛柔 Force and changes of taijiquan. The“hard”refers to fast, short release of force in an attack, whereas the“soft”refers to slow, gentle and spiral moves in defence. 3 WGM2#3351 方圓 The two technical features of Taiji. The“square” refers to the force points, whereas the“round” refers to arc-shaped Taiji movements. The two features are unity of opposites. 3 WGM2#3352 方圓相生 The“square”refers to the hard power point that manifests in four sides and four corners. The “round”refers to the soft, circulating qi. The “square”originates from the“round”,and the “round”contains the“square”.There is“square” within the“round”and vice versa. 3 WGM2#3353 十三勢 These include eight force-releasing methods and five footwork methods. The eight force-releasing methods include four straight directions (Peng, Lǚ, Ji and An) and four diagonal directions (Cai, Lie, Zhou and Kao). The five footwork methods are called step forward, step backward, gaze (that is, focus your intention toward and move) to the left, gaze to the right, and central equilibrium. 3 WGM2#3354 太極勁 A collective term for a variety of power or energy developed through Taiji practice. 3 WGM2#3355 中土常守 he“Zhong”means the centre in direction. The Tu”means earth in five elements. Together hey mean the“centre”or body weight. In Taiji ractice, it is important to distinguish empty and ull in all body parts as well as the two legs. 3 WGM2#3356 四兩撥千斤 A force of four ounces deflects a thousand ounds’(i.e. to repel force effortlessly). 3 WGM2#3357 勁與力 The“Jin”originally means strong and powerful. In Taiji practice, it refers to the cultivated, trained and flexible force that can change in power, direction, force point and force speed, in response to an opponent’ s attack. 3 WGM2#3358 氣沉丹田 To sink qi to Dantian, you need to keep the coccyx upright, sink the chest, relax the shoulders and suspend the crotch, and thus to guide qi down to the abdomen with intent. 3 WGM2#3359 開呼合吸 An essential principle in coordinated movements and breathing: breathe out when performing opening, solid, stretching, stepping forward, dropping, bending down, moving away, releasing, attacking or striking moves; and breathe in when performing closing, empty, sinking, flexing, stepping backward, lifting, moving back, raising, collecting, and softening moves. 3 WGM2#3360 開吸合呼 An essential principle in coordinated movements and breathing: breathe in when opening up the rib cage and breathe out when closing the rib cage. 3 WGM2#3361 意氣運動 A distinctive feature of taijiquan. The“intent” means to guide the body movement and breathing with mental intent. The“qi”means both breathing and internal qi are controlled by mental intent. 3 WGM2#3362 神氣鼓蕩 A distinctive feature of taijiquan. The“Shen” includes spirit and eye direction. The“qi” means breathing and internal qi move with body movement. 3 WGM2#3363 太極九如 The nine essentials in Taiji practice. These include: 1) keep the head upright as if suspended by a thread; 2) keep the coccyx upright as if pillared to the ground; 3) raise the upper back as if carrying a pot on the back ; 4) sink the chest like holding a tree; 5) suspend the crotch as if holding a ball; 6) relax the waist; 7) move the hands as if tearing cotton; 8) move the feet as if sailing a boat; and 9) move the legs as if pulling a string. 3 WGM2#3364 鬆緊 An important feature of Taiji practice. There is a saying that it takes at least 10 years to really understand Taiji. The key part is learning to cultivate internal energy through relaxation and stillness. It is necessary to avoid tension and mental stress before achieving relaxation in Taiji practice. 3 WGM2#3365 齊四梢 Intentionally projecting internal force through the tips of fingers and toes. 3 WGM2#3366 功法 Basic skills acquired through learning standard Taiji moves and pushing hands. These require continuous practice and include both psychological and physiological abilities. 3 WGM2#3367 太極劍 A weaponry (sword) form of Taiji practice, based on ancient fencing technique, coupled with fencing arts from other schools of martial arts. 3 WGM2#3368 太極扇 A combination of taijiquan and skills of playing with a fan. It moves or rotates the fan with intent and acts to benefit health, uplift the mood, and entertain yourself and others. 3 WGM2#3369 太極槍 A weaponry (spear) form of Taiji practice. The spear is long, sharp and easy to use. It is known as the“king of weapons”because of the significant military advantage it provides on battlefields. 3 WGM2#3370 太極棍 A Taiji practice, which uses a cane or stick as a weapon. The stick is known as the“head of weapons”.There were no standard Taiji cane forms before 1949, with the exception of the White Ape form in Chen style Taiji. After 1949, martial arts masters including Cui Yishi developed Taiji cane forms. 3 WGM2#3371 太極推手 Also known as hitting hands, kneading hands or crossing hands, pushing hands is a two-person training routine practiced in Taiji. It works to undo a person’ s natural instinct to resist force with force, teaching the body to yield to force and redirect it. There are mainly eight methods in practicing pushing hands: bing-warding off; lǚ-rolling back; ji-pressing; an-pushing; cai- plucking; lie-splitting; zhou- elbow striking; and kao-shoulder striking. 3 WGM2#3372 掤勁 Rising or expanding internal energy. With this energy, one feels the body is full of qi in all eight directions. During pushing hands, this energy allows you to create a buffer zone that prevents the first shock of an incoming attack and at the same time, enable you to defend, absorb or redirect the opponent’ s power. 3 WGM2#3373 捋勁 The use of force in a sideways direction, such as where we intercept and move with a forward directed attack, simultaneously diverting it slightly to one side and thus to empty space. 3 WGM2#3374 擠勁 Internal energy that projects forward from its source to prevent your opponent from issuing strength. During pushing hands, this energy radiates along the outside of the forearms and the back of the hands. 3 WGM2#3375 按勁 A forward and downward movement of energy. During pushing hands, this energy enables you to prevent your opponent from raising their arms or legs, and at the same time, allows you to stick to and redirect the opponent’ s power. 3 WGM2#3376 采勁 Internal energy that grasps or pulls the opponent’ s wrist or elbow downwards with the fingertips or palm. 3 WGM2#3377 挒勁 Internal energy to push or pluck forward. During pushing hands, this energy allows you to use a spiral motion to split the opponent’s body and destroy the opponent’ s balance. 3 WGM2#3378 肘勁 Internal energy that projects through the forearm rotation and tip of the elbow. During pushing hands, you can either defend the opponent’ s attack with the tip of your elbow. Alternatively, you can use one hand to stick to the opponent’ s hand and use flexed elbow of the other arm to spirally press the opponent’ s elbow and arm. 3 WGM2#3379 靠勁 Internal energy to squeeze forward with your shoulder, back and hip. During pushing hands, this energy allows you to push the opponent with your shoulder, back or hip. 3 WGM2#3380 雙浮 A wrong move in pushing hands. 3 WGM2#3381 雙重 Rigid, inflexible moves during pushing hands. 3 WGM2#3382 雙輕 Connection and transition between empty and solid moves. 3 WGM2#3383 單重 This is opposed to a stance with equal weight on both feet. Single weighted stance refers to the body weight focusing on one foot. 3 WGM2#3384 掤法 One of the eight methods in pushing hands: An upward circular movement, forward or backward, yielding or offsetting usually with the arms to disrupt the opponent’ s centre of gravity. 3 WGM2#3385 捋法 One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to apply sideways, circular yielding movement to the opponent’ s wrist with one hand and stick to the opponent’ s elbow with the other hand. 3 WGM2#3386 擠法 One of the eight methods in pushing hands: A pressing or squeezing offset in a direction away from the body, usually done with the back of the hand or outside edge of the forearm. 3 WGM2#3387 采法 One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to grasp the opponent’ s wrist or elbow downwards with the fingertips or palm. 3 WGM2#3388 挒法 One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to separate, to twist or to offset with a spiral motion, often while making immobile part of the body (such as a hand or leg) to split an opponent’ s body thereby destroying posture and balance. 3 WGM2#3389 肘法 One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to strike or push with the elbow. 3 WGM2#3390 靠法 One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to strike or push with the shoulder, upper back, arm or hip. 3 WGM2#3391 粘走 wo basic skills in the practice of Taiji pushing ands. To“adhere”means to get your opponent o follow you under your control; whereas to follow”means to obey your opponent’ s ntention by letting him think he can apply an pplication, which leads him to use force. 3 WGM2#3392 太極刀 A weaponry (broadsword) form of Taiji practice, which includes the philosophy, training and thirteen standard forms. 2 WGM2#3393 3.9 情志療法 Methods to treat disordered moods and emotions using Chinese medicine theories on emotions. 3 WGM2#3394 祝由法 A psychotherapeutic treatment protocol that combines analysis of causative factors of mental- emotional disorders with prayer. These analyses and prayer treatments are based on emotion theories and psychological principles in Chinese medicine. 3 WGM2#3395 情志相勝法 A psychotherapeutic method that uses the mutual restraint cycle of five element theory in the treatment of mental-emotional disorders, during which the doctor intentionally arouses certain feelings in the patient that counteract their abnormal emotional state. 3 WGM2#3396 悲勝怒 An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: sadness corresponds to metal; anger corresponds to wood; metal restrains wood; so sad feelings and language will subdue or release anger. 3 WGM2#3397 怒勝思 An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: anger corresponds to wood; thinking corresponds to earth; and wood restrains earth; so provocation to elicit an angry response will relieve anxiety and over-thinking. 3 WGM2#3398 思勝恐 An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: thinking corresponds to earth; fear corresponds to water; earth restrains water; so encouraging mental focus or meditation can help the patient ignore or forget fear. 3 WGM2#3399 恐勝喜 An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: fear corresponds to water; joy corresponds to fire; water restrains fire; so eliciting a fearful response will restrain excess joy and euphoria. 3 WGM2#3400 喜勝悲 An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: joy corresponds to fire; sadness corresponds to metal; fire restrains metal; and so happiness can overcome melancholy and sorrow. 3 WGM2#3401 活套法 Flexible psychotherapeutic methods that apply the mutual promotion or mutual restraint relationship among the five phases to different mental-emotional disorders. This idea was first mentioned in the Su Wen and later promulgated by Zhu Danxi. 3 WGM2#3402 驚者平之法 A method to treat mental-emotional diseases such as anxiety, panic and post-traumatic stress disorders. Under controlled conditions, by repeated exposure to the circumstance that trigger the patient’ s anxiety or traumatic response disorder, their adverse reaction is gradually lessened and normalized. 3 WGM2#3403 五行音樂 A method to use different qualities of the five musical tones (gong, shang, jiao, zheng and yu), related to the five elements in the treatment of mental disorders. 3 WGM2#3404 意療法 A method to treat mental disorders by communicating with the patient’ s self-image. 3 WGM2#3405 五志 Joy, anger, grief, excess thinking and fear. 3 WGM2#3406 五志過極 Pathological conditions that result from excessive mental activity impairing the essential qi of five zang organs and/or disturbing qi movement within zang–fu organs. 3 WGM2#3407 驚則氣亂 Sudden shock and fright disrupt the qi activity and causes qi movements to become confused and disorderly. 3 WGM2#3408 恐則氣下 Excess fear or an ongoing state of fearfulness causes qi to strongly descend. 3 WGM2#3409 喜則氣緩 Excess joy and/or euphoria cause qi to move too slowly and the qi movement becomes sluggish. 3 WGM2#3410 悲則氣消 Excess sorrow and grief weaken the qi. 3 WGM2#3411 怒則氣上 Rage and persistent anger cause disorderly ascending of the qi. 2 WGM2#3412 3.10 其他 3 WGM2#3413 食療學 The study of essential knowledge and use of diet as part of therapy. 3 WGM2#3414 藥膳 Food prepared in combination with Chinese herbs to benefit the health, where the selection of the herbs is based on the theories of Chinese medicine. 3 WGM2#3415 食療；食治；食養；食補 A therapeutic approach to harmonize qi and blood, balance yin and yang, prevent disease and benefit health, through the use of specifically tailored diets, where the properties of the food ingredients are guided by the theories of Chinese medicine.
依據 WHO 傳統中醫國際標準術語（ISBN 978-92-4-004232-2）建立，原始內容著作權屬於 World Health Organization，授權條款：CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO。本代碼系統非由 WHO 建立，WHO 不負責其內容之準確性。因原始資料無代碼版本資訊，故使用其「更新日期」作為版本資訊。 本代碼系統合併 WHO 傳統中醫國際標準術語中「脈診」與「治則、治法與方藥」兩個章節之詞條，以同一份來源文件建立單一 CodeSystem，並依臨床使用情境（病人脈象、病人治則）拆分為不同的 ValueSet。
A diagnostic method to feel, touch, palpate and press certain areas of the body.
A diagnostic method to understand the condition of illness by feeling a patients’pulse and perceiving the sensations under the fingers.
Pulse examination on three regions of the body: the head, upper limbs and lower limbs. Each region is sub-divided into upper, middle and lower sections. Altogether they form nine pulse-taking positions.
A method to directly touch or press certain areas of the body to feel the local temperature, moistness, softness, tenderness, lumps or other abnormal changes, and thus to determine the location, nature and severity of the pathology.
A diagnostic method to feel three parts and nine depths. The three parts are head, hand and feet. Each part has three depths (heaven, earth and man), and thus there are a total of nine divisions.
A diagnostic method to mainly press and palpate the patients’chest and abdomen to understand the condition of illness.
A diagnostic method used to feel three arteries: carotid artery at Renyin (ST 9), radial artery at Cunkou and dorsal artery of the foot at Chongyang (ST 42). The Cunkou area is felt for conditions of the twelve regular meridians; the Renyin (ST 9) and Chongyang (ST 42) are felt for stomach qi. Alternatively, Taixi (KI 3) is felt for kidney qi.
A diagnostic method used to feel the pulse at the Cunkou area located at the medial aspect of the styloid process where the radial artery pulsates. The Cunkou area is divided into Cun, Guan and Chi positions. Each position is further divided into superficial, intermediate and deep depths. This method is known as three positions and three regions and nine positions in Cunkou area.
The positioning of the fingers in pulse diagnosis. First, to locate the Guan (medial aspect of the styloid process) position with the middle finger; then, to locate the Cun (anterior to Guan) position with the index finger and the Chi (posterior to Guan) position with the ring finger. The three fingers are slightly flexed, presenting the shape of an arc. The fingertips are kept on the same horizontal level and the pulse is felt with the palmar aspects of the fingers.
A doctor places the middle finger on the Guan position (the medial side of the styloid process) for pulse examination.
A method of pulse diagnosis where the three fingers are simultaneously positioned on the wrist to feel the pulse in Cun, Guan and Chi positions.
A method of moving and exerting different finger pressures on positions for pulse examination. Lifting is to place the fingers gently on the Cunkou artery pulsation. Pressing is to exert finger pressure to reach deeper area. Searching is to gradually increase or decrease the finger pressure, moving finger contact areas to locate the best position with obvious pulsation.
Positioning of fingers in pulse examination. Generally, a doctor places the middle finger of the right hand to feel the Guan position of a patient’ s left hand, the index finger to feel the Cun position, the ring finger to feel the Chi position, and adjust the distances between the fingers according to the patient’s height.
The pulse sensations, including such elements as the rate, rhythm, length, smoothness, tension and width.
Pulses that are not normal or beyond physiological variations of a normal pulse.
The three main elements to distinguish deficiency from excess. A pulse with stomach qi feels relaxed, moderate and smooth. A pulse with spirit feels soft, forceful and rhythmic. A pulse with root feels forceful at the Chi position upon heavy pressure. In summary, a pulse with stomach qi, spirit and root indicates abundant stomach qi and normal functioning of qi and blood.
When feeling the pulse, it is advisable to measure at least 50 beats to identify an abrupt or regularly/ irregularly intermittent pulse.
Refers to the area between fingertips and finger pulps, and the middle part connecting the two corners of the fingernails.
A pulse-taking terminology, referring to pulse rates in one breath (a breathing cycle). A normal pulse is 4–5 beats in one breath. A rapid pulse is more than 5 beats in one breath. A slow pulse is less than 4 beats in one breath.
1) The 28 pulse conditions, namely, superficial (floating in other texts), deep, slow, rapid, slippery, hesitant, deficient, excessive, long, short, surging, feeble, tight, delayed, wiry, hollow, drumskin, soft, weak, scattered, thready, hidden, stirring, abrupt, knotted, intermittent and large (or swift). 2) The 28 meridians, including the 24 meridians of the both hands and feet, plus the Ren meridian, Du meridian, Yinqiao meridian and Yangqiao meridian.
Refers to comprehensive analysis on the pulse and facial complexion. Since the condition of the pulse and the five colours share a common pathological mechanism, the combined analysis provides a more accurate diagnosis of conditions and can predict prognosis.
A comprehensive analysis on the pulse and symptoms in diagnosing medical conditions. Sometimes the pulse is consistent with the symptoms, for example, a superficial, rapid pulse in a yang heat pattern or a thready, weak pulse in a deficiency pattern. Sometimes, the pulse is not consistent with the symptoms, for example, a deep, thready pulse in a yang heat pattern or a surging, large pulse in a deficiency pattern.
When there is an inconsistency between the pulse and symptoms, sometimes the treatment strategy is more based on symptoms than the pulse if symptoms manifest the pathological nature.
When there is an inconsistency between the pulse and symptoms, sometimes the treatment strategy is more based on the pulse than symptoms if the pulse manifests the pathological nature.
A pulse that has lost its usual rhythm, frequency and evenness, manifesting as wiry, tight, hard or scattered, rootless and irregular. It is often a life-threatening sign, indicating an exhaustion of stomach qi and vital qi failure of the five zang organs.
Physiological variations of normal pulses in four seasons. These include a mild wiry pulse in warm spring, a mild surging pulse in hot summer, a mild superficial pulse in cool autumn and a mild deep pulse in cold winter. The inconsistency or contradiction between the pulse and seasons indicates an abnormal body condition.
In spring, yang qi ascends, everything comes out of hibernation and stretches in all directions, and qi and blood within the body starts to flow outward. Hence, the pulse is wiry and straight.
In summer, yang qi flourishes and everything grows. As a result, the pulse is surging, large, and forceful, like roaring waves that crash onto the shore powerfully and slowly fade away.
In autumn, yang qi starts to constrict and the pulsation decreases. As a result, the pulse is mild, superficial and comes in a rush and becomes scattered.
In winter, yang qi hides inside, and the skin pore is closed. As a result, the pulse is deep.
Feeble yang results from yang qi deficiency of the upper jiao. Wiry yin results from excess yin cold in the lower jiao. Yin cold obstructing chest yang may cause chest bi-impediment or cardiac pain.
When the carotid pulsation feels four times stronger than normal, it is called rejected yang. It results from the three yang meridians (with overflow of qi and blood) rejecting the three yin meridians. When the radial pulsation is felt four times stronger than normal, it is called blocked yang. It results from the three yin meridians (with overflow of qi and blood) rejecting the three yang meridians. These conditions are also referred to as blockage between the upper and lower bodies.
Refers to radial pulsation felt at Yuji (LU 10), indicating that yang qi is blocked outside, whereas yin qi is rejected inside.
Three levels in feeling the pulse by using light, moderate and heavy powers respectively.
The three sections over the radial artery for feeling the pulse. Specifically, the Guan position is central to the styloid process at the wrist, where the tip of the physician’ s middle finger is placed; the Chi position is next to it on the distal aspect where the tip of the physicians’index finger is placed; and the Cun position is on the proximal aspect where the tip of the physicians’ring finger is placed.
One of the three positions at the Cunkou area: the pulsation of the radial artery felt at the radial styloid process.
One of the three positions at the Cunkou area: the pulsation of the radial artery felt at the ulnar side of the radial styloid process.
One of the three positions at the Cunkou area: the pulsation of the radial artery felt at the cubital side of the radial styloid process.
A pulse diagnosis method to feel the pulse on one hand with just one finger to differentiate the conditions of Cun, Guan and Chi pulses. For example, to lift the index and ring fingers while feeling the Guan position with the middle finger.
A pulse that can be felt at all three regions, with a frequency of 4–5 beats (60–75 beats per minute (bpm)) in one breath. It is neither superficial nor deep. It is relaxed, smooth, soft, forceful and rhythmic. It is marked by the three essential elements: stomach qi, spirit and root.
A pulse that can be easily felt with gentle touch but become insufficient or weak when pressing down. Often indicates an exterior pattern or yang qi deficiency.
A pulse that is difficult to feel with light or moderate pressure but can be felt on heavy pressure. It indicates an interior pattern. Specifically, a deep, forceful pulse indicates an interior excess pattern; whereas a deep, weak pulse indicates an interior deficiency pattern.
A pulse with less than 4 beats in one breath (<60 bpm). It indicates a cold pattern.
A pulse with more than 5 beats in one breath (>75 bpm). It indicates a heat pattern. Specifically, a rapid, forceful pulse indicates an excess heat pattern; whereas a rapid, weak pulse indicates a deficiency heat pattern.
A pulse that is broad, large and forceful like roaring waves that crash onto the shore powerfully and slowly fade away. Often indicates an excess heat pattern.
A pulse that is broad and can be felt on all three fingers. It indicates pathogenic factors prevailing over anti-pathogenic qi. A large, forceful pulse indicates an excess heat pattern; whereas a large, weak pulse indicates a deficiency pattern or loss of qi.
A pulse that is extremely thin, soft and barely palpable. It may be felt and then sometimes is lost. It indicates deficiency of yin, yang, qi and blood.
A pulse that feels thin and soft, like a silken thread. It indicates deficiency or dampness.
A pulse that feels superficial without root. With light pressure, it is irregularly and chaotic. With heavy pressure, it is impalpable. It indicates critical conditions with dispersion of Yuan- primordial qi.
A pulse that is weak at all three regions, with emptiness feeling when pressed with force. It indicates a deficiency pattern.
A pulse that is forceful at all three regions using different pressure. It indicates an excess pattern.
A pulse that feels smooth like pearls rolling on a dish. Beats come and go fluently and smoothly, feeling slick to the fingers. It indicates phlegm- fluid retention, indigestion and excess heat. Physiologically, it can be considered as a normal pulse. It can also be seen in healthy people or women during pregnancy, indicating abundant and harmonious qi and blood.
A pulse that feels stagnant and obstructive, like a knife scraping bamboo. It indicates consumption of essence, blood/fluids insufficiency, or qi stagnation and blood stasis.
A pulse that can be felt beyond the Cun, Guan and Chi positions. It is straight from head to tail. It is straight and long like a pole. It indicates yang excess with internal heat.
A pulse that cannot reach its location or range. It can be felt most clearly at the Guan position, more indistinct at the Cun and the Chi positions. A short, forceful pulse indicates qi stagnation; whereas a short, weak pulse indicates qi deficiency.
A pulse that feels straight, long and tense, like the feeling of pressing a tight string of a musical instrument. It indicates liver/gallbladder problems, pain, wind, or phlegm-fluid retention.
A pulse that feels superficial, large but empty in the centre, like a scallion (spring onion) stalk. It could be due to a sudden loss of blood and/or fluid causing the emptiness, resulting in severe yin deficiency and subsequent massive dispersion of yang.
A pulse that feels like pulling a twisted rope. It indicates a cold pattern, pain pattern or indigestion.
A pulse with about 4 beats in one breath (60 bpm). The beats come and go slowly. It indicates dampness, weakness of the spleen and stomach, or low ability to energize the pulse due to qi deficiency.
A pulse that can be easily felt with gentle touch. It is superficial with an empty centre, feeling like the head of a drum. It indicates loss of blood/essence and insecurity of healthy qi.
A pulse that feels deep, excessive, string-taut and long. It is indistinct on light or moderate pressure but stable on heavy pressure. It indicates internal cold, perhaps hernia and abdominal masses.
A pulse that feels thready, soft, deep and weak. It indicates deficiency of qi and blood.
A pulse that is superficial, thready and can be felt with light pressure but indistinct upon heavy pressure. It indicates loss of yin blood or dampness.
A pulse that is difficult to feel and requires heavy pressure down to the bone. It indicates severe stagnation of pathogenic factors.
A pulse that arrives as urgent and forceful but irregularly interrupted. It indicates excess heat, stagnation of qi, blood, phlegm-fluid retention or swelling/pain.
A pulse that arrives unhurriedly and stops at irregular intervals. It indicates qi stagnation due to excess yin, blood stasis due to cold phlegm or deficiency of qi and blood.
A pulse that arrives fast, and stops regularly for a relatively longer period of time. It indicates qi deficiency of the zang organs, fear or traumatic injuries.
A pulse that arrives swiftly and has a faster rate than a rapid pulse. It indicates acute febrile conditions, exhaustion of yin and impending exhaustion of Yuan-primordial qi.
A physiological variation of a normal pulse: the changes of the anatomic position of the radial artery shifts the pulse normally at the Cunkou region to the back of the wrist from the Chi position.
A physiological variation of a normal pulse: the changes of the anatomic position of the radial artery shifts the pulse normally at the Cunkou region to the dorsum of the hand from the Chi position.
A pulse located at the anterior tibial artery of the dorsum of the foot. It is also known as surging yang (Chongyang) pulse. It is used to indicate the sufficiency of the qi and blood of spleen and stomach.
A pulse that feels firm, surging and large. It comes powerfully and fades away slowly. It is normal in summer.
A pulse with one beat or three beats in one breath. It is often seen in a pregnant woman about to give birth.
One of the normal pulses: constitutional surging and large on Cun, Guan and Chi positions of both hands.
One of the normal pulses: constitutional deep and thready on Cun, Guan and Chi positions of both hands.
Normal breathing frequency used in ancient times as a reference in measuring patients’breathing frequencies.
The pulsation of the carotid artery, easily felt on both sides of the laryngeal prominence.
A pulse that has no root (stomach qi). Often occurs in later stage of critical conditions, indicating qi exhaustion of zang–fu organs and collapse of stomach qi.
A pulse (usually slippery) often seen in healthy menstruating women. It indicates harmony between qi and blood during the period.
A pulse characterized by slippery and rapid on the Chi positions, because the Chi position corresponds to the kidney and the uterus is associated with the kidney. A slippery, rapid pulse results from moving of fetal qi.
Presence of two or more pulse conditions.
A principle to address symptoms in acute conditions, for example, it is important to stop bleeding for heavy blood loss, to arrest diarrhoea for fulminant diarrhoea, alleviate pain for severe, intense pain and promote urination for urine retention.
A principle to regulate and reinforce the body to address the root cause when medical conditions become stable.
A principle to address both symptoms and root cause simultaneously when needed.
A principle to use an appropriate method and medicine according to seasonal climate changes.
A principle to use an appropriate method and medicine according to geographic features.
A principle to use an appropriate method and medicine according to individual gender, age and constitution.
A principle to reinforce anti-pathogenic qi to drive out the invading pathogenic factors. It is indicated for deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi coupled with exposure to pathogenic factors.
A principle to reinforce anti-pathogenic qi to speed up recovery. It is indicated for deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi.
A principle to drive out the invading pathogenic factors, supplemented by reinforcing anti- pathogenic qi. It is indicated for excessive pathogenic factors with insufficiency of anti- pathogenic qi.
A principle to reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and, at the same time, remove pathogenic factors. It is indicated for excessive pathogenic factors coupled with deficiency of healthy qi.
A principle to remove the invading pathogenic factors, followed by reinforcing anti-pathogenic qi. It is indicated for deficiency of healthy qi coupled with acute conditions that require immediate removal of pathogenic factors.
A principle to reinforce healthy qi, followed by removing the invading pathogenic factors. It is indicated for acute conditions that require immediate removal of pathogneic factors coupled with deficiency of healthy qi.
A principle to use medicines opposite in nature to the disease, for example, to treat heat pattern with medicines cold in nature, treat cold pattern with medicine hot in nature, treat excess pattern with purgative/reducing medicines and treat deficiency pattern with tonic medicines.
A principle to treat cold conditions with medicines or formulas that are warm or hot in nature.
A principle to treat heat conditions with medicines or formulas that are cool or cold in nature.
A principle to treat deficiency conditions with tonic medicines or formulas.
A principle to treat excess conditions with medicines or formulas that are purgative or reducing in nature.
A principle to address false signs or symptoms in extreme conditions such as extreme cold or heat. Under such conditions, it is necessary to use medicines similar in nature to the disease (i.e. follow the false symptoms), for example, to treat false heat with heat or treat false cold with cold.
A principle to treat false cold (true heat) symptoms with medicines cool or cold in nature.
A principle to treat false heat (true cold) symptoms with medicines warm or hot in nature.
A principle to treat food stagnation-related vomiting and diarrhoea or uterine bleeding due to blood stasis with purgative or stasis-unblocking medicines or formulas.
A principle to restore yin-yang equilibrium through medicines, food, emotions or reinforcing/ reducing needling techniques.
This is originally a needling method to puncture yin meridians for problems of yang meridians. Later, this method has been developed into a treatment principle based on interdependence between yin and yang: to add some yin-nourishing medicines to yang-reinforcing formulas to assist the transformation of yang qi.
This is originally a needling method to puncture yang meridians for problems of yin meridians. Later, this method has been developed into a principle based on interdependence between yin and yang: to add some yang-reinforcing medicines to yin-nourishing formulas to assist the generation of yin qi.
A principle to treat deficiency of zang–fu organs based on the five-element theory. For example, since (spleen) earth promotes (lung) metal, lung deficiency can be treated by reinforcing the spleen and stomach.
A principle to treat excess of zang–fu organs based on the five-element theory. For example, since (heart) fire promotes (spleen earth), hyperactivity of heart fire can be treated by reducing the spleen and stomach.
A principle to use same treatment for different diseases that share the same pathogenesis.
A principle to use different treatments for the same disease caused by different etiological factors; or a principle to treat the same disease according to differences in individuality, time, geographic features, disease severity, differentiated patterns, and ongoing struggle between anti-pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors.
A principle to treat an exterior pattern before an interior pattern. It applies to a severe exterior pattern but mild interior pattern in concurrent exterior and interior pattern. This principle aims to prevent pathogenic factors in the exterior from entering the interior.
A treatment method to remove wind and dissipate cold with pungent, warm medicines or formulas. It is indicated for wind cold exterior pattern.
A treatment method to remove wind and clear heat with pungent, cool medicines or formulas. It is indicated for wind heat exterior pattern.
A treatment method to clear heat in the exterior. It is indicated for patterns involving both the Wei- defence and qi phases.
A method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior. It is indicated for excess exterior pattern.
A treatment method to remove wind and promote skin eruption through formulas or external therapies. It is often indicated for measles or rubella.
A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior and unblock meridian qi through formulas, tuina or external therapies. It is indicated for external pathogenic factors impairing the meridian qi.
A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for wind warmth or wind cold attacking the lung.
A treatment method to coordinate between Ying nutrients and Wei-defence through removing wind and nourishing yin. It is indicated for disorders due to disharmony between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence.
A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior and resolve dampness with aroma. It is indicated for wind dampness affecting the exterior.
A treatment method to release the exterior and regulate qi. It is indicated for pathogenic factors affecting the exterior coupled with qi stagnation.
A treatment method to release the exterior and reinforce the healthy qi. It is indicated for deficiency of qi, blood, yin and yang coupled with external pathogenic factors affecting the exterior.
A treatment method to release the exterior and tonifyqi. It is indicated for exterior pattern coupled with qi deficiency.
Treatment methods to irritate the throat with medicine or tools to induce vomiting. The purpose is to expel harmful substances out of the body.
A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate phlegm. It is indicated for exuberant, turbid phlegm affecting the upper or middle jiao.
A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate wind phlegm. It is indicated for wind phlegm affecting the upper part of the body.
A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate stagnant phlegm and food. It is indicated for phlegm intertwined with undigested food.
A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate undigested food. It is indicated for food retention in the stomach.
A treatment method to induce vomiting to unblock and resuscitate. It is indicated for exuberant, turbid phlegm disturbing the heart mind.
Treatment methods to clear interior heat, retained water or stagnant blood.
清熱攻下；瀉火攻下；瀉火通腑；瀉火通便；清熱通腑；清熱通便；苦寒攻下；峻下熱結
A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire and unblock the bowel. It is indicated for heat accumulating in the large intestine.
A treatment method to combine purgative and qi-circulating medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to constipation due to heat and qi stagnation.
A treatment method to combine purgative, yang- warming and cold-dissipating medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to excessive cold retention.
潤燥通便；潤腸通便；增液通下；滋陰通下
A treatment method to combine purgative, fluid- generating and dryness-moistening medicines. It is indicated for constipation due to intestinal dryness or yin deficiency.
A treatment method to supplement qi to promote bowel movements. It is indicated for constipation due to qi deficiency.
A treatment method to combine purgative, yang- warming and cold-dissipating medicines. It is indicated for constipation due to (yang) deficiency cold.
A treatment method to combine purgative, ying- nourishing, dryness-moistening and heat-clearing medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to heat retention and intestinal dryness.
A treatment method to use medicines to soften hardness and moisten dryness. It is indicated for conditions due to dryness resulting from fluid insufficiency.
A treatment method to use purgative medicines to resolve water retention. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of water fluid.
A treatment method to conduct urgent purgation to preserve yin fluids. It is indicated for febrile disease with dry heat consuming yin fluids.
Treatment methods to remove pathogenic factors in both the exterior and interior.
解表攻裡；發表攻裡；發表攻下；解表攻下
A treatment method to combine purgative and exterior-releasing medicines. It is indicated for excess pattern involving both the exterior and interior.
A treatment method to combine exterior-releasing and interior-clearing medicines. It is indicated for exterior–interior heat pattern or exterior cold with interior heat pattern.
A treatment method to use medicines to induce sweating, release the exterior, warm the interior and dissipate cold. It is indicated for exterior- interior cold pattern or exterior heat with interior cold pattern.
Treatment methods to harmonize and release pathogenic factors affecting Shaoyang or coordinate functions of the zang–fu organs.
A treatment method to use medicines that are neutral in property to harmonize between the exterior and interior. It is indicated for mild conditions involving both the exterior and interior.
A treatment method to soothe the liver, fortify the spleen and regulate qi activity to harmonize between the liver and spleen. It is indicated or liver qi stagnation with spleen deficiency or liver hyperactivity with spleen deficiency.
A treatment method to regulate qi activity of the liver and stomach to harmonize between the liver and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation of the liver and stomach or disharmony between the liver and stomach.
A treatment method to regulate qi activity of the stomach and intestines to harmonize between the stomach and intestines. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation of the stomach and intestines.
A treatment method to regulate qi activity of the spleen and stomach to harmonize between the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between the spleen and stomach.
A treatment method to use qi-regulating and blood-circulating formulas. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between qi and blood.
A treatment method to use medicines to regulate qi and harmonize the Ying nutrients. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between qi and Ying nutrients.
A treatment method to use neutral-property medicines to clear heat and remove cold. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between (yin) cold and (yang) heat.
A treatment method to induce urination and promote bowel movements to eliminate pathogenic factors.
A treatment method to use medicines to induce vomiting, eliminate phlegm and promote bladder or bowel movements to separately eliminate pathogenic factors.
A treatment method to use medicines to release the exterior and clear interior excess to separately eliminate pathogenic factors from the exterior and interior.
A treatment method to use formulas to regulate qi and blood of the Chong and Ren. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between the Chong and Ren.
Treatment methods to clear excess or deficiency heat
A treatment method to use formulas that are cold in property and bitter in taste to clear heat and reduce fire. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberant fire-heat.
A treatment method to use formulas that are pungent cold in taste and cold in property to clear and disperse heat. It is indicated for qi phase pattern, pattern of both Wei-defence and qi phases or interior heat moving out to the exterior.
清熱解毒；泄熱解毒；泄熱敗毒；清熱敗毒；清火解毒；清瀉火毒
A treatment method to clear heat and reduce fire to remove toxins. It is indicated for toxic fire, migratory toxic fire or toxic fire entering the collaterals.
A treatment method to use formulas to clear heat and cool blood. It is indicated for blazing of both qi and blood and blood phase pattern.
A treatment method to clear heat in the Ying nutrients and cool blood. It is indicated for conditions due to heat entering the Ying nutrients and blood.
清宣鬱熱；清泄鬱熱；清泄鬱火；清宣鬱火；解鬱泄熱；清熱除煩；清心除煩
A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire and alleviate vexation. It is indicated for qi stagnation transforming into fire or heat disturbing the heart mind.
A treatment method to clear heat and nourish yin. It is indicated for internal heat due to yin deficiency.
A treatment method to clear heat of the zang–fu organs. It is indicated for excess heat in the zang– fu organs.
A treatment method to clear the heart and reduce fire. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberance of heart fire.
A treatment method to clear lung heat. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberance of lung heat.
清胃泄熱；清胃降火；清胃降熱；清胃泄火
A treatment method to clear stomach fire. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberance of stomach fire.
A treatment method to clear fire heat of the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for excess heat in the spleen and stomach.
清肝泄火；清肝瀉火；清肝瀉熱；清肝泄熱
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver meridian. It is indicated for fire hyperactivity along the liver meridian, exuberance of liver fire and upward flaming of liver fire.
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the gallbladder meridian. It is indicated for stagnant heat in the gallbladder meridian.
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver and gallbladder. It is indicated for fire hyperactivity of the liver and gallbladder.
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and spleen. It is indicated for heat accumulating in the heart and spleen.
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and liver. It is indicated for fire hyperactivity of the heart and liver.
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and lung. It is indicated for exuberant heat in the heart and lung.
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and kidney. It is indicated for fire heat in the heart and kidney.
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver and lung. It is indicated for liver fire attacking the lung or exuberant heat in the liver and lung.
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver and stomach. It is indicated for liver fire attacking the stomach or exuberant heat in the liver and stomach.
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the lung and stomach. It is indicated for exuberant heat in the lung and stomach.
A treatment method to clear heat and cool the diaphragm. It is indicated for heat disturbing the diaphragm.
A treatment method to clear intestinal fire heat. It is indicated for conditions due to excess heat in the intestines.
A treatment method to clear heat and reduce ministerial fire. It is indicated for hyperactivity and stirring of ministerial fire.
A treatment method to clear fire heat in the urinary bladder. It is indicated for heat strangury or retained heat in the urinary bladder.
A treatment method to clear fire heat to quiet the fetus. It is indicated for threatened abortion due to heat disturbing the uterus.
清熱生津；泄熱生津；泄熱存津；清熱存津；甘涼清熱
A treatment method to use heat-clearing and fluid-generating medicines. It is indicated for fire heat consuming fluids or internal heat due to yin deficiency.
A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire and eliminate bone-steaming sensation. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency fire or bone- steaming sensation.
Treatment methods to regulate qi activity
A treatment method to regulate qi and unblock stagnation. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation.
A treatment method to soothe the liver, regulate qi, unblock stagnation and resolve depression. It is indicated for conditions due to liver qi stagnation.
A treatment method to soothe liver qi and promote the flow of bile. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation of the liver and gallbladder.
A treatment method to disperse lung qi. It is indicated for conditions due to pathogenic factors affecting the dispersing of lung qi.
行氣和胃；理氣和胃；理氣健胃；行氣健胃；行氣寬中
A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation, harmonize the stomach and soothe the middle jiao. It is indicated for conditions due to stomach qi failing to descend or stomach qi stagnation.
A treatment method to regulate and supplement qi, unblock stagnation, and strengthen the spleen. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen failing to transport and transform, spleen deficiency with qi stagnation or worries damaging the spleen.
A treatment method to circulate and down- regulate qi. It is indicated for conditions due to adverse ascending of qi.
理氣消痞；行氣消痞；行氣散結；理氣散結
A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and thus resolve masses/nodules. It is indicated for conditions due to chronic qi stagnation.
Treatment methods to regulate blood and restore normal blood circulation
A treatment method to circulate blood and transform stasis. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis.
A treatment method to transform stasis and clear heat. It is indicated for blood stasis transforming into heat or heat-induced blood stagnation.
A treatment method to circulate blood, resolve stasis, regulate qi and eliminate stagnation. It is indicated for blood stasis due to qi stagnation or qi stagnation due to blood stasis.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and resolve masses. It is indicated for masses due to blood stagnation.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and regenerate new blood. It is indicated for blood stasis coupled with blood deficiency.
A treatment method to circulate and nourish blood. It is indicated for conditions due to blood deficiency coupled with stasis.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis obstructing the meridians.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, resolve water retention and drain dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis and water retention.
化瘀消腫；祛瘀消腫；散瘀消腫；破瘀消腫
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and resolve swelling. It is indicated for haematoma.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, relax tendons and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis affecting the tendons and meridians.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, eliminate wind and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis with wind dryness or blood stasis with wind bi-impediment.
A treatment method to circulate blood, unblock meridians and alleviate pain. It is indicated for pain due to blood stasis obstructing the meridians.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and stop bleeding. It is indicated for bleeding due to blood stasis.
A treatment method to unblock meridians to increase lactation. It is indicated for insufficient lactation due to meridian obstruction.
A treatment method to harmonize meridians using acupuncture, tuina, external therapies or herbal formulas. It is indicated for conditions caused by meridian obstruction.
A treatment method to unblock meridians, harmonize blood and stop itching using herbal formulas or other therapies. It is indicated for itching due to obstruction of meridian qi.
A treatment method to circulate blood, regulate qi and benefit menstruation. It is indicated for irregular menstruation due to disharmony between qi and blood.
A treatment method to circulate blood, regulate qi and quiet the fetus. It is indicated for threatened abortion due to disharmony between qi and blood.
祛瘀下胎；化瘀下胎；化瘀催產；祛瘀催產
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and induce labour. It is indicated for difficult labour due to blood stasis and qi stagnation.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and unblock brain collaterals. It is indicated for conditions due to stasis obstructing the brain collaterals.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for conditions due to stasis obstructing the lung collaterals.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, and soothe the chest and diaphragm. It is indicated for stasis obstructing the chest, diaphragm or subcostal region.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and unblock heart vessels. It is indicated for conditions due to heart blood stasis.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, harmonize the stomach, and soothe the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for stasis obstructing the stomach collaterals.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, nourish the stomach and harmonize the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to stomach deficiency with blood stasis.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, soothe the liver and harmonize collaterals. It is indicated for conditions due to liver blood stasis.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, tonify blood and nourish the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver deficiency with blood stasis.
A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, strengthen the spleen and harmonize the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis affecting the spleen meridian.
Methods to disperse and transform dampness with aromatic medicines
辟穢化濁；芳香化濁；辟穢泄濁；芳香泄濁
A treatment method to transform turbidity and repel filth with aromatic medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to filth, turbidity and dampness.
A treatment method to induce urination to transform turbid dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness.
A treatment method to disperse turbid dampness with aromatic, pungent medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness binding the exterior.
A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and transform dampness with aromatic medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness obstructing the flow of qi.
A treatment method to transform dampness with aromatic medicines and harmonize between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness affecting the surface of the body.
化濕和中；化濕醒脾；化濕健脾；化濕運脾
A treatment method to transform turbid dampness to strengthen the spleen and harmonize the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness affecting the spleen and stomach or spleen deficiency coupled with dampness.
健脾化濕；扶脾化濕；扶脾祛濕；健脾祛濕
A treatment method to tonify spleen qi to transform turbid phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen deficiency coupled with dampness.
A treatment method to resolve dampness by inducing urination with medicines that are bland in taste. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of water dampness.
A treatment method to transform turbid dampness to strengthen the spleen and harmonize the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen deficiency coupled with dampness.
A treatment method to induce urination and clear heart fire. It is indicated for exuberance of heart fire coupled with water dampness.
A treatment method to clear gallbladder heat and transform dampness. It is indicated for damp heat in the gallbladder.
A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and dry dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation coupled with dampness retention.
A treatment method to dry dampness with pungent, dry medicines and harmonize the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness obstructing the spleen and stomach.
祛風燥濕；疏風燥濕；疏風化濕；祛風化濕
A treatment method to remove wind and dry dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to wind dampness affecting the body.
A treatment method to remove cold and eliminate dampness with pungent, warm medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to cold dampness affecting the body.
A treatment method to clear heat and eliminate dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to damp heat accumulation.
清利三焦；清化三焦；清化三焦濕熱；清理三焦濕熱
A treatment method to combine heat-clearing and dampness-resolving medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to damp heat diffusing over the three jiao.
清熱燥濕解毒；泄熱燥濕解毒；泄熱化濕解毒；清熱化濕解毒
A treatment method to clear heat, transform dampness and remove toxins. It is indicated for conditions due to toxic damp heat accumulation.
A treatment method or formula to induce urination to resolve oedema. It is indicated for oedema.
A treatment method to transform dampness and unblock collaterals. It is indicated for dampness obstructing the collaterals.
Treatment methods to increase fluids to moisten dryness
A treatment method to disperse lung qi, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for external dryness affecting the exterior.
A treatment method to clear heat, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for conditions due to warm dryness damaging yin.
A treatment method to clear heat, disperse lung qi and moisten dryness. It is indicated for dryness affecting the lung, lung heat due to yin deficiency or lung dryness with stagnant heat.
A treatment method to nourish yin, clear heat, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for internal dryness due to yin deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify blood, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for blood dryness due to yin deficiency or blood deficiency with wind dryness.
A treatment method to nourish yin, increase fluids and alleviate thirst. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency of yin fluids.
A treatment method to nourish yin, moisten dryness and stop coughing. It is indicated for cough due to yin deficiency and lung dryness.
A treatment method to nourish yin, moisten dryness and remove toxins. It is indicated for conditions due to toxic dryness.
A treatment method to nourish fluids, moisten the intestines and promote bowel movements. It is indicated for constipation due to large intestine dryness.
Treatment methods to tonify yin, yang, qi, blood and bodily fluids and reinforce the functions of the zang–fu organs.
A treatment method to tonify healthy qi. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify qi and nourish the heart. It is indicated for conditions due to heart qi deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify qi and benefit the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to lung qi deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify qi, strengthen the spleen and benefit the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach.
A treatment method to tonify qi and nourish the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver qi deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify the kidney and supplement qi. It is indicated for conditions due to kidney qi deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify qi of the heart and lung. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the heart and lung.
A treatment method to tonify qi of the spleen and lung. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the spleen and lung.
A treatment method to tonify qi of the spleen and kidney. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney.
A treatment method to greatly supplement vital qi. It is indicated for conditions due to collapse of vital qi.
A treatment method to supplement blood. It is indicated for conditions due to blood deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify blood and nourish the heart. It is indicated for conditions due to heart blood deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify blood and nourish the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver blood deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify blood and prevent collapse. It is indicated for conditions due to blood loss.
A treatment method to nourish yin and supplement yin fluids with sweet, tonic food or medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to yin deficiency.
A treatment method to nourish heart yin. It is indicated for conditions due to heart yin deficiency.
A treatment method to nourish yin and tonify the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to lung yin deficiency.
滋陰益胃；養陰益胃；養陰和胃；滋陰和胃；益胃生津
A treatment method to nourish yin, generate fluids, supplement qi and benefit the stomach. It is indicated for stomach yin deficiency, qi and yin deficiency of the stomach or stomach dryness.
A treatment method to nourish yin and fortify the spleen. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen yin deficiency.
A treatment method to nourish liver yin. It is indicated for conditions due to liver yin deficiency.
A treatment method to nourish kidney yin. It is indicated for conditions due to kidney yin deficiency.
A treatment method to nourish and supplement the heart and lung. It is indicated for qi and yin deficiency of the heart and lung.
A treatment method to nourish yin and clear heat. It is indicated for conditions due to (yin) deficiency heat.
A treatment method to combine yang-warming and qi-tonifying medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to yang qi deficiency.
A treatment method to warm and tonify yang qi. It is indicated for conditions due to yang deficiency.
A treatment method to use warm-property medicines to tonify the heart and activate yang qi. It is indicated for conditions due to heart yang deficiency.
A treatment method to warm yang and tonify the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to lung yang deficiency.
A treatment method to warm yang and fortify the spleen. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen yang deficiency.
A treatment method to warm yang and strengthen the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to stomach yang deficiency.
A treatment method to warm yang and tonify the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver yang deficiency.
A treatment method to warm yang and tonify the kidney. It is indicated for conditions due to kidney yang deficiency and kidney qi deficiency.
A treatment method to warm and tonify the heart and lung. It is indicated for yang deficiency of the heart and lung.
A treatment method to warm yang, regulate qi and unblock stagnation. It is indicated for conditions due to yang deficiency and qi stagnation.
A treatment method to tonify qi and blood. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency of qi and blood.
A treatment method to nourish yin and tonify yang. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency of yin and yang.
益氣滋陰；益氣養陰；滋陰益氣；補精益髓；補腎益髓
A treatment method to supplement qi and nourish yin. It is indicated for deficiency of qi and yin.
A treatment method to supplement essence and marrow with medicines that contain animal flesh and blood. It is indicated for kidney deficiency or essential qi deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify the heart and benefit the kidney. It is indicated for yin/ yang deficiency of the heart and kidney, qi/ yin deficiency of the heart and kidney, and qi deficiency of the heart and kidney.
A treatment method to combine yin-nourishing and blood-tonifying medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to yin blood deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify yin essence to transform into yang qi. It is indicated for conditions resulting from yang qi deficiency due to yin essence deficiency.
A treatment method to prevent life-threatening qi collapse following loss of blood/fluids with qi-supplementing and astringent medicines.
Treatment methods to warm and unblock the zang–fu organs and meridians, supplement yang and dissipate cold
A treatment method to greatly tonify yang qi. It is indicated for conditions due to yang depletion.
A treatment method to warm and tonify yang qi and dissipate cold. It is indicated for cold retention due to yang deficiency.
A treatment method to warm yang, dissipate cold and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to cold retention in the meridians.
A treatment method to stop pain by dissipating cold. It is indicated for pain due to cold retention.
A treatment method to remove summer heat. It is indicated for conditions due to summer heat.
A treatment method to clear summer heat and release the exterior. It is indicated for summer heat attacking the exterior.
A treatment method to clear summer heat and transform dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to accumulation of summer heat and dampness.
祛暑利濕；清暑利濕；清暑化濕；祛暑化濕
A treatment method to clear summer heat and transform dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of summer heat and dampness.
A treatment method to clear summer heat, tonify qi and generate fluids. It is indicated for conditions due to summer heat damaging bodily fluids.
A treatment method to clear the heart and remove summer heat. It is indicated for summer heat blocking the heart mind.
A treatment method to clear summer heat and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for cough or haemoptysis due to summer heat damaging the lung collaterals.
Treatment methods to dispel external wind or calm down the internal wind
A treatment method to remove wind and release the exterior. It is indicated for conditions due to wind attacking the exterior.
A treatment method to use formulas that contain heavy medicinal minerals to submerge liver yang and stop wind. It is indicated for conditions due to liver yang transforming into wind or sudden hyperactivity of liver yang.
A treatment method to use heavy medicinal minerals to soothe the liver and subdue yang. It is indicated for conditions due to hyperactivity of liver yang.
A treatment method to stop wind and relieve convulsions. It is indicated for convulsions due to internal stirring of liver wind.
Treatment methods to resolve phlegm fluids or nodules in the zang–fu organs, meridians, cutaneous membrane and limbs/joints
A treatment method to combine medicines to disperse lung qi and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to turbid phlegm obstructing the lung.
燥濕化痰；祛濕化痰；化痰除濕；豁痰燥濕
A treatment method to dry dampness and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm dampness.
A treatment method to combine medicines that clear heat and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to heat phlegm.
A treatment method to generate fluids, moisten dryness and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to dry phlegm.
A treatment method to warm yang, remove cold and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to cold phlegm.
A treatment method to combine medicines to remove wind and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to wind phlegm.
理氣化痰；行氣化痰；行氣祛痰；理氣祛痰
A treatment method to combine medicines to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation with phlegm retention or phlegm qi stagnation.
A treatment method to dissipate cold and transform water retention using pungent warm medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of cold fluid.
A treatment method to combine medicines to transform fluid retention and drain the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to fluid retention affecting the lung.
A treatment method to warm yang, transform phlegm and eliminate fluid retention using pungent warm medicines. It is indicated for conditions resulting from fluid retention due to yang deficiency.
A treatment method to combine medicines to transform phlegm and promote digestion. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm-food stagnation.
A treatment method to combine medicines to eliminate phlegm and transform stasis. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm combined with stasis.
化痰散結；化痰破結；滌痰破結；滌痰散結；祛痰軟堅；豁痰軟堅
A treatment method to combine medicines to transform phlegm, eliminate masses and soften hardness. It is indicated for phlegm nodules.
A treatment method to transform phlegm, resolve goitre and disperse nodules. It is indicated for goitre due to phlegm nodules.
A treatment method to unblock bi-impediment by eliminating turbid phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to turbid phlegm retention.
A treatment method to clear heat, eliminate phlegm and transform stasis. It is indicated for phlegm heat intertwined with stasis or phlegm stasis transforming into heat.
A treatment method to combine medicines to eliminate phlegm and kill parasites. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm mixed with parasites.
A treatment method to eliminate stasis, regulate qi and remove toxins. It is indicated for toxic phlegm retention.
Treatment methods to open the orifice and refresh the mind
A treatment method to open the orifices, refresh the mind and unblock impediments. It is indicated for conditions due to pathogenic factors misting the heart mind.
A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire, open the orifices and refresh the mind. It is indicated for conditions due to heat blocking the heart mind.
A treatment method to nourish the heart and settle the mind. It is indicated for cardiac shock, shock from heavy blood loss or unconsciousness due to fear/fright damaging the heart mind.
芳香開竅；芳香通竅；辟穢開竅；辟穢通竅
A treatment method to unblock impediment and open the orifices with aromatic medicines. It is indicated for unconsciousness due to turbidity blocking the pericardium.
散寒開竅；散寒通竅；散寒通閉；散寒開閉；辛溫開竅；辛溫通竅
A treatment method to warm yang, dissipate cold and open the orifices with pungent, warm medicines. It is indicated for cold-induced shock or unconsciousness due to cold retention and qi stagnation.
利濕開竅；利濕通竅；化濕開竅；化濕通竅
A treatment method to transform dampness and open the orifices. It is indicated for turbid phlegm misting the heart mind.
化痰開竅；祛痰開竅；滌痰開竅；豁痰開竅
A treatment method to transform turbid phlegm and open the orifices. It is indicated for phlegm- induced shock or phlegm misting the heart mind.
A treatment method to eliminate phlegm, transform dampness and open the orifices. It is indicated for phlegm dampness disturbing the heart mind.
A treatment method to remove wind, eliminate phlegm and open the orifices. It is indicated for wind phlegm disturbing the heart mind.
A treatment method to clear summer heat, circulate qi and open the orifices. It is indicated for summer heat blocking the flow of qi.
A treatment method to resolve stones and circulate qi. It is indicated for stones blocking the flow of qi.
A treatment method to use medicines or formulas that remove toxins. It is indicated for epidemic toxins blocking the heart mind.
A treatment method to remove toxins and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for toxic heat blocking the lung or measles virus blocking the lung.
Treatment methods to kill or repel intestinal parasites
A treatment method to repel and kill roundworms. It is indicated for conditions due to intestinal worms.
A treatment method to combine medicines to reinforce the spleen and repel parasitic worms. It is indicated for spleen deficiency coupled with retention of parasitic worms.
A treatment method to kill parasitic worms and improve malnutrition. It is indicated for malnutrition due to retention of parasitic worms.
A treatment method to remove wind and kill parasitic worms. It is indicated for conditions due to toxic worms or wind affecting the skin.
A treatment method to kill worms, calm the mind, alleviate pain and stop seizures. It is indicated for pork tapeworm affecting the brain.
Treatment methods to calm/settle the mind and alleviate palpitations
A treatment method to use heavy medicinal minerals to submerge yang and settle the mind. It is indicated for insomnia due to yang hyperactivity.
安神定志；安神定悸；寧心定志；寧心定悸
A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors and nourish the heart. It is indicated for severe palpitations, insomnia, poor memory and panic.
A treatment method to reinforce the heart and nourish blood. It is indicated for palpitations, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, poor memory and panic due to heart deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify blood and nourish the heart. It is indicated for palpitations, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, poor memory and panic due to heart blood deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify kidney essence. It is indicated for palpitations or insomnia due to fear disturbing the mind qi or disharmony between the heart and kidney.
A treatment method to tonify qi, nourish the heart and calm the mind. It is indicated for restlessness due to heart qi deficiency.
A treatment method to nourish heart yin and calm the mind. It is indicated for restlessness due to heart yin deficiency.
A treatment method to promote digestion, harmonize the stomach and calm the mind. It is indicated for insomnia due to stomach discomfort.
A treatment method to remove toxins, transform turbidity and calm the mind. It is indicated for toxic turbidity disturbing the mind.
A treatment method to relieve stagnation, regulate qi and calm the mind. It is indicated for grief affecting the mind due to depression.
A treatment method to nourish blood and calm the mind. It is indicated for itching or restlessness due to yin blood failing to nourish the skin.
A treatment method to calm the mind with heavy medicinal minerals. It is indicated for fear/fright disturbing the mind.
Treatment methods to promote digestion to eliminate stagnation, disperse masses and soften hardness
A treatment method to promote digestion and resolve stagnation. It is indicated for food retention in the stomach and intestines.
A treatment method to combine medicines to promote digestion, resolve stagnation and clear heat. It is indicated for stomach heat due to food retention or food retention in the stomach and intestines.
A treatment method to promote digestion and transform stagnation. It is indicated for masses or distension due to food retention and qi stagnation.
軟堅散結；軟堅消結；軟堅消癭；軟堅消癥；軟堅消腫
A treatment method to circulate qi, move blood, soften hardness and dissipate masses. It is indicated for goitre or masses due to qi stagnation and blood stasis.
A treatment method to resolve stones, circulate qi and promote bowel movements. It is indicated for stones obstructing the flow of qi.
Treatment methods to secure qi, blood, fluids and essence from consumption
A treatment method to secure the exterior to stop sweating. It is indicated for spontaneous sweating due to insecure Wei-defensive qi.
A treatment method to tonify and astringe lung qi to stop coughing. It is indicated for cough due to lung qi deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify and astringe lung qi to alleviate panting. It is indicated for fast breathing due to lung qi deficiency.
A treatment method to astringe the intestine to stop diarrhoea. It is indicated for chronic diarrhoea.
A treatment method to astringe and secure the kidney essence to stop seminal emissions. It is indicated for nocturnal emissions or spermatorrhoea.
A treatment method to astringe menses to stop bleeding. It is indicated for heavy menstruation.
A treatment method to astringe and secure blood to stop bleeding. It is indicated for bleeding due to qi failing to keep blood within the vessels.
A treatment method to tonify the kidney and secure Chong and Ren meridians to stop vaginal discharges. It is indicated for vaginal discharges due to kidney deficiency and insecurity of the Chong and Ren meridians.
A treatment method to tonify kidney qi to secure the fetus. It is indicated for threatened abortion due to kidney deficiency.
A treatment method to stop bleeding and secure the fetus.
固澀斂乳；固澀攝乳；補氣斂乳；固澀攝乳；補氣攝乳
A treatment method to tonify qi and astringe breast milk. It is indicated for spontaneous flow of breast milk due to qi deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify qi and stop lacrimation. It is indicated for spontaneous flow of tears due to qi deficiency.
固脬止遺；固脬止尿；固脬止淋；補氣固脬
A treatment method to tonify kidney qi to secure the urinary bladder. It is indicated for enuresis or urinary incontinence due to kidney qi insecurity.
A treatment method to tonify qi to facilitate its securing function. It is indicated for conditions due to qi failing to secure blood, fluids or essence, etc.
A treatment method to astringe and nourish yin fluids. It is indicated for exhaustion of yin fluids.
A treatment method to warm yang, tonify qi and prevent collapse. It is indicated for yang qi failure.
A treatment method to combine medicines to supplement, lift and astringe qi. It is indicated for qi failing to secure blood, fluid or essence, etc.
A treatment method to tonify kidney qi and facilitate its securing function. It is indicated for kidney qi insecurity.
Treatment methods to resolve superficial or suppurative skin conditions
A treatment method to remove toxins and resolve sores or ulcers.
解毒消腫；化毒消腫；化毒散結；解毒散結
A treatment method to remove toxins, resolve sores/ulcers and eliminate swelling.
A treatment method to clear heat, remove toxins and drain the pus of sores or ulcers.
A treatment method to eliminate dead tissues, regenerate flesh and speed up wound healing.
A treatment method to resolve swelling, remove toxins and eliminate boils.
A treatment method to dry dampness, regenerate flesh and speed up ulcerative wound healing.
A treatment method to clear heat and remove hidden toxins.
A treatment method to alleviate pain and speed up ulcerative wound healing.
A treatment method to remove toxins with poisonous medicines.
A treatment method to drain pus through therapies or formulas to draw out pus and toxin.
A treatment method to drain pus and eliminate dead tissues through therapies or formulas to draw pus and remove putridity.
Treatment methods for problems of the eyes, noses lips, tongue and ears
A treatment method to remove wind, clear heat, cool blood, transform stasis, nourish blood, supplement qi, nourish yin, strengthen the spleen and tonify the liver and kidney to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the eyes. It is indicated for blurred vision.
A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the ears.
A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the nose.
A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the throat.
A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and restore the voice. It is indicated for hoarseness.
A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi, secure the teeth and moisten the gums.
A treatment method to nourish yin fluids to contain hyperactivity of yang qi. It is indicated for hyperactivity of yang due to yin deficiency.
A treatment method to warm and reinforce yang qi to dissipate yin cold. It is indicated for yin cold due to yang deficiency.
A treatment method to reinforce kidney yang and combine medicines that enter meridians to astringe floating yang qi, i.e. to guide kidney yang into kidney yin. It is indicated for decline of vital fire or floating of deficiency yang.
A treatment method to harmonize between the Ying nutrients and blood, circulate blood, regenerate new blood and flesh, and speed up wound healing. It is indicated for delayed wound healing due to blood stagnation.
A treatment method to regulate qi, eliminate pathogenic factors and unblock the three jiao. It is indicated for pathogenic factors impairing the qi flow of the three jiao.
A treatment method to nourish kidney yin, astringe kidney yang, reduce heart fire and calm the heart mind to submerge yang and coordinate between the heart and kidney. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between the heart fire and kidney water.
A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire, submerge yang and clear the head and eyes. It is indicated for headache, eye pain and dizziness due to upward flaming of fire heat or hyperactivity of yang qi.
A treatment method to lubricate and unblock orifices. It is indicated for dry orifices due to insufficiency of yin fluids.
A treatment method to eliminate pathogenic factors, regulate qi, lift yang, and down-regulate turbidity to soothe the chest and diaphragm. It is indicated for chest stuffiness, distension, fullness and tightness.
A treatment method to use tuina or other therapies to repair the broken sinews or bones. It is indicated for sinew or bone injuries.
A treatment method to strengthen the sinews or bones through exercise or taking medicine. It is indicated for weak sinews/bones due to heredity, trauma or chronic diseases.
A treatment method to eliminate phlegm, regulate qi, break stasis and unblock collaterals to soften hardness, disperses nodules and resolve masses. It is indicated for masses, lumps or swelling.
A treatment method to disperse the lung (metal) and inhibit the liver (wood). It is indicated for migratory pain in the subcostal region, cough or panting due to hyperactivity of liver yang and failure of lung qi to disperse and descend.
A treatment method to warm and reinforce the vital fire to supplement the transportation and transformation of the spleen (earth). It is indicated for early morning diarrhoea due to decline of the vital fire and spleen yang deficiency.
A treatment method to tonify the kidney and nourish the lung for lung deficiency and kidney deficiency, since the lung (metal) and kidney (water) mutually support physiologically and mutually affect pathologically.
A treatment method to tonify the spleen (earth) to restrain overflow of water dampness. It is indicated for oedema or diarrhoea due to spleen deficiency.
A treatment method to reduce heart fire and reinforce kidney water. The south here refers to heart fire, whereas the north refers to kidney water.
Knowledge about the concept of Chinese medicines, the basic theories as well as the origin, production, processing, property, actions and indications of medicines
Medicines to prevent, treat and diagnose diseases under the guidance of Chinese medical theories.
The study of basic theories, origin, production, processing, property, actions, indications and application of Chinese medicines.
An ancient term for Chinese medicine, mainly referring to medicinal plants.
Regional herbal medicines that may not be recorded in major books on materia medica; however, they are an integral part of Chinese medicine.
Raw materials include medicinal plants, animals and minerals that can be prepared into pieces, extracts or Chinese patent medicine.
High-quality Chinese medicines produced in specific geographical areas.
Prepared herbal pieces that can be used directly in clinical use or preparation production.
A new dosage form with standardized specification, dosage and quality manufactured through extracting, separating, condensing, drying, granulating or packaging.
A sequence of medicinal processing techniques to make materia medica into prepared pieces or different dosage forms. These techniques are adopted according to theories of Chinese medicine and medicinal properties.
The preliminary processing method of Chinese medicines, including purification, crushing and cutting.
A method to remove dust, impurities and clean medicines by picking, selecting, sieving, scraping and brushing.
A method to grind medicines by pounding, grinding, filing and crushing.
A method to cut medicines into pieces, blocks, threads or segments for preparation, drying, storage and weighing.
A processing method to use water or other liquid auxiliary materials, including washing, bleaching, soaking, refining with water, etc.
A method to moisten and soften medicines with water or other liquids before cutting, including water spraying, washing, soaking, infiltrating, drying, etc.
A method to obtain extremely fine medicinal powder in water.
A method to soak medicines in static or running water for a period of time and exchange water regularly to remove the fishy smell, salt or toxic ingredients.
A processing method to use heat or fire, including frying, roasting, calcining, etc.
A method to stir fry medicines in a pot to a certain temperature degree, including plain frying or frying with adjuvants.
A method to fry without adjuvants. According to the temperature, plain stir-frying is divided into fried yellow, scorch fry and charcoaled fry.
These include liquid materials such as alcohol, vinegar or honey and non-liquid materials such as starch, sugar or salt. The stir-fry method involves medicines and solid materials. These include stir- frying with bran, rice, soil, sand, talcum powder or clamshell powder.
A method to use liquid adjuvants to stir-fry medicines to change the medicinal property, reinforce the efficacy and reduce side-effects. The excipients include wine, vinegar, salt, ginger, honey or oil.
A method to calcine medicines directly or indirectly with a strong fire to fully extract the active ingredients and achieve maximal efficacy.
A method to wrap medicines with water-mixed flour or wet paper, placed in the heat of the ash, or heated with oil-absorbent paper separated from the drug barrier so that the medicine is turned from raw to cooked.
A processing method to wrap medicines with wet tissue and place into fire or isolate with oil- absorbing sheets.
A method to heat medicines with water or liquid excipients.
A method to blanch in boiling water and take out immediately for drying process.
A method to calcine medicines and place into cold water or liquid excipient quickly for easy crushing and absorption.
Physical or chemical changes in Chinese medicines due to inappropriate care in transportation or storage. These changes include mildew, worm-eaten, discolouration, flavour reversion, oiliness or air-slake and can directly affect the medicinal quality, efficacy and safety.
These include side-effects or toxic reactions. Following the standard dosage, side-effects of Chinese medicines are often mild and can resolve spontaneously without treatment. Toxic reactions are often caused by overdose or prolonged use of poisonous materia medica, and can do substantial damage to the organs and functions.
Peculiar features and actions of medicines.
The core part of essential theories on Chinese medicines. These include four properties, five flavours, ascending/floating, descending/sinking, meridian tropism and toxicity.
Physical or chemical characteristics of Chinese medicines, including their shape, colour, odour, taste and properties.
The basic properties and flavours of Chinese medicines.
The four basic properties of medicines—cold, hot, warmth, and coolness.
Medicines to remove or alleviate cold-induced disorders.
Medicines to remove or alleviate heat-induced disorders.
Medicines with no obvious property of cold or heat.
Medicines with a pungent flavour act to disperse/ circulate qi and move blood. They are indicated for exterior pattern, qi stagnation and blood stasis.
Medicines with a bitter flavour act to unblock, purge the intestine, dry dampness, clear fire and benefit yin. They are indicated for fire heat, dampness, adverse flow of qi and fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency.
Medicines with a sweet flavour act to tonify, harmonize the middle jiao and relieve spasm. They are indicated for deficiency pattern, disharmony between the spleen and stomach, spasm, pain, etc.
Medicines with a sour flavour act to astringe and secure. They are indicated for sweating (due to deficiency), diarrhoea, frequent urination, enuresis, bleeding, etc. Some sour-flavoured medicines can generate fluids, calm worms and stop pain.
Medicines with an astringent flavour act to astringe and secure. They are indicated for sweating (due to deficiency), diarrhoea, frequent urination, enuresis, bleeding, etc.
Medicines with a salty flavour act to purge the intestine, promote bowel movements and soften masses. They are indicated for constipation, goitre, scrofula, phlegm nodules and masses.
Medicines with a bland flavour act to drain dampness and promote urination. They are indicated for oedema, dysuria and leg swelling.
The combination of a pungent and sweet flavour engenders a dispersing, outward and yang- assisting function. This includes a single medicine with both flavours or combined pungent and sweet medicines.
The combination of a sour and sweet flavour engenders a fluid-generating, inward and astringing function. This includes a single medicinal with both flavours or combined sour and sweet medicines.
The combination of a pungent and bitter flavour allows for dispersal of obstruction and the descent of qi. This includes a single medicine with both flavours or combined pungent and bitter medicines.
The four cardinal directionalities of medicines: ascending, descending, sinking and floating. These four directions are associated with the weight, property, preparation and combination of medicines.
Medicines to lift yang, release the exterior, induce vomiting, open the orifices, etc. They tend to go upward and outward.
Medicines to purge the intestine, resolve water retention, submerge yang and astringe. They tend to go inward and downward.
The ability of medicines to access a channel/ meridian. Meridian affinity is based on the theories on zang–fu organs and meridians.
A property that medicines have special role for certain zang–fu organs or meridians and can guide other medicines to reach the affected meridians and body parts.
Medicines with the ability to guide other ingredients of a formula to access a particular channel/meridian.
The combination, according to Chinese medicine theory, of two or more medicines to achieve a pre- determined clinical outcome.
Compatibility methods of Chinese medicines, including the using of a single medicine, mutual reinforcement, mutual assistance, mutual restraint, mutual suppression, mutual inhibition and mutual opposition.
Use a single medicine alone to treat a disorder.
Use two medicines sharing similar properties in combination to reinforce each other’s action.
Use two or more medicines sharing common efficacies in combination, one being the principal medicine while the others play a subsidiary role to reinforce the action of the principal one.
When two medicines are used in combination, the toxic or side-effects of one medicine can be reduced or eliminated by the other.
When two medicines are used in combination, one medicine can reduce or eliminate the toxic or side- effects of the other.
When two medicines are used in combination, the positive effects of one medicine can be reduced or eliminated by the other.
When two medicines are used in combination, their toxic or side-effects can be produced or enhanced.
Combination of some medicines can reduce the curative effect, produce or enhance toxic or side- effects and/or affect the safety of medicines. These combinations should be avoided. Specifically, there are eighteen antagonisms and nineteen incompatibilities.
One of the contraindicated combinations of Chinese medicines. These include: Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) is antagonistic to Da Ji (Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis), Yuan Hua (Flos Genkwa), Gan Sui (Radix Euphorbiae Kansui) and Hai Zao (Sargassum); Wu Tou (Radix Aconiti) is antagonistic to Bei Mu (Bulbus Fritillariae), Gua Lou (Fructus Trichosanthis), Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae), Bai Lian (Radix Ampelopsis) and Bai Ji (Rhizoma Bletillae); and Li Lu (Radix Veratri Nigri) is antagonistic to Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng), Sha Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae), Dan Shen (Radix Adenophorae), Ku Shen (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), Xuan Shen (Radix Scrophulariae), Xi Xin (Herba Asari) and Shao Yao (Radix Paeoniae).
One of the contraindicated combinations of Chinese medicines. These include: Liu Huang (sulfur) is incompatible with Pu Xiao (crude sodium sulfate), Shui Yin (mercury) with Pi Shuang (arsenic trioxide),Lang Du (Radix Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae) Mi Tuo Seng (litharge), Ba Dou (Semen Crotonis) with Qian Niu (Semen Pharbitidis), Ding Xiang (Flos Caryophylli) with Yu Jin (Radix Curcumae), Ya Xiao (crystalline sodium sulfate) with San Leng (Rhizoma Sparganii), Chuan Wu (Radix Aconiti) and Cao Wu (Radix Aconiti Kuznezoffi) with Xi Jiao (Cornu Rhinoceri), Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng) with Wu Ling Zhi (with Faeces Trogopterorum), and Guan Gui (Cortex Cinnamomi) with Shi Zhi (Halloysitum Rubrum).
Medicines that may aggravate medical conditions should be avoided.
Medicines that are absolutely contraindicated to use or used with caution during pregnancy. Absolutely contraindicated medicines are toxic, harsh or abortive. Medicines to circulate blood, move qi, and drain downward, and warm, pungent medicines to warm the interior should be used with caution.
Food that should be avoided while taking medication.
A liquid made by decocting prepared pieces of Chinese medicines in water.
The decoction of Chinese medicine involves the pot, water, heat control, and decocting method.
This includes the heat intensity and decocting duration. It includes quick (strong) fire and slow (mild) fire. Generally, a quick fire is used to boil and then reduced to mild fire (a simmering heat) to maintain the temperature.
A mild and slow fire to maintain the temperature in decocting Chinese medicine after boiling.
A strong and quick fire in decocting Chinese medicine.
A method for insoluble minerals, rocks or shells that require a long time to decoct. These ingredients need to be ground and decocted 30–60 minutes first before placing into the rest of the decoction. Toxic medicines need to decoct first for 60–120 minutes before placing into the rest of the decoction to reduce their toxicity.
A method to decoct some medicines separately (2–3 hours), usually precious medicines, to ensure that the ingredients remain active.
A method to pour the medicine directly into water or other boiling liquid. Valuable medicines need to be ground into fine powder first.
A method to soak medicines in hot water or decoctions for half an hour and then take the medication after removing the dregs.
A method to decoct some ingredients separately and then use the decoction instead of water to decoct the rest of the ingredients. This method has two purposes: 1) to prevent the separately decocted ingredients causing the decoction to appear cloudy or muddy; 2) applies to ingredients that are light in weight, big in dosage and volume, and strong in water absorption.
Medicines to release the exterior. They are indicated for exterior pattern. Based on the property and actions, these medicines are further categorized into two types: medicines to remove wind and dissipate cold and medicines to remove wind and clear heat.
Medicines that are pungent in flavour and warm in property. They mainly act to remove wind and dissipate cold and are indicated for wind cold exterior pattern. Some medicines can also remove wind, alleviate itching, relieve pain, stop coughing, promote urination to resolve oedema, and heal sores/ulcers. These medicines can be used for wind cold-induced itchy rashes, cough, oedema, sores/ulcers, and bi-impediment due to wind and dampness.
Medicines that are pungent in flavour and cool in property. They mainly act to remove wind and clear heat and are indicated for wind heat exterior pattern. Some medicines can also clear the head/ eyes, benefit the throat, promote skin eruption and stop coughing. These medicines can be used for wind heat-induced red, swollen and painful eyes, red, swollen throat, inhibited skin eruption, and cough due to wind heat.
Medicines to clear interior heat. They are indicated for interior heat pattern. Based on the property and actions, these medicines are further categorized into five types: medicines to clear heat/fire, medicines to clear heat and dry dampness, medicines to clear heat and cool blood, and medicines to clear deficiency heat.
Medicines that are bitter or sweet in flavour and cold in nature. They are mainly indicated for excess heat in the qi phase and fire heat in the zang–fu organs, including lung heat, stomach fire, heart fire or liver fire.
Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. They mainly act to clear heat and dry dampness and are indicated for damp heat pattern.
Medicines that are sweet, bitter or salty in flavour and cold in property. They are mainly indicated for excess heat in the Ying nutrients and blood phases. Some medicines can also nourish yin and engender fluids. These medicines can be used for yin deficiency causing damage to fluids.
Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. They mainly act to clear heat and remove toxins and are therefore indicated for conditions due to toxic heat. Some medicines can also be used for snake bite or cancer.
Medicine that are cold/cool in property. They mainly act to clear deficiency heat and alleviate bone-steaming sensation. They are indicated for internal heat due to yin deficiency.
Medicines to produce bowel movements. They are indicated for constipation or difficulty passing of stools. Based on the property and actions, these medicines are further categorized into three types: draining purgative medicines, moistening purgative medicines and drastic purgative medicines.
Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. They have strong effect in promoting bowel movements and clearing fire/heat. These medicines are indicated for constipation due to excess heat and retention of dry faeces.
Medicines that are sweet in flavour and oily in quality. They mainly act to moisten the intestine, soften faeces and promote bowel movements. They are indicated for constipation due to exhaustion of fluids, yin deficiency or blood deficiency resulting from ageing, a weak constitution, chronic disease and childbirth.
Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. These medicines often have a drastic effect and can cause severe diarrhoea and relieve retained water. They are indicated for oedema, pleural effusion, ascites, or panting due to phlegm- fluid retention.
Medicines to eliminate wind, resolve dampness and alleviate pain. They are indicated for bi-impediment patterns. Based on the bi-impediment category and medicinal property, these medicines are further categorized into three types: medicines to remove wind and resolve dampness; medicines to remove wind, clear heat and resolve dampness; and medicines to remove wind, resolve dampness and strengthen tendons and bones.
Medicines that are aromatic in smell and dry in property. They mainly act to transform dampness and benefit the spleen. These medicines are indicated for dampness affecting the spleen and stomach.
Medicines to unblock the water passage and drain water dampness. They are indicated for internal retention of water dampness.
Medicines to warm the interior and dissipate cold. They are indicated for interior cold pattern.
Medicines to regulate qi activity. They are indicated for qi stagnation and adverse flow of qi.
Medicines to promote digestion and transform food stagnation. They are indicated for disorders due to food stagnation.
Medicines to expel or kill parasites. They are indicated for intestinal parasites.
Medicines to stop bleeding. They are indicated for internal or external bleeding. Based on the property and functions, these medicines are further categorized into four types: medicines to cool blood and stop bleeding, medicines to transform stasis and stop bleeding, medicines to astringe and stop bleeding and medicines to warm meridians and stop bleeding.
Medicines that are sweet and bitter in flavour and cold and cool in property. They mainly act to clear pathogenic heat in the blood phase. These medicines are indicated for bleeding due to heat- induced reckless blood flow.
Medicines to stop bleeding and circulate blood to transform stasis. They act to stop bleeding but do not cause stasis; and circulate blood but do not cause bleeding. These medicines are indicated for haemorrhagic conditions due to stagnant blood or blood failing to circulate within the vessels.
Medicines that are astringent and neutral in property. They mainly act to astringe and stop bleeding. These medicines are widely used for all kinds of bleeding.
Medicines that are warm/heat in property. They mainly act to warm the interior, dissipate cold, warm meridians and stop bleeding. These medicines are indicated for bleeding due to deficiency cold.
Medicines to circulate blood and resolve stasis. They are indicated for blood stasis. Based on the functions and clinical application, these medicines are further categorized into four types: medicines to circulate blood and stop pain; medicines to circulate blood and resolve stasis; medicines to circulate blood and heal the wound; and medicines to break blood and resolve masses.
Medicines to transform or eliminate phlegm. Based on the property and functions, they are further categorized into two types: medicines to warm and transform cold phlegm; and medicines to clear heat and transform heat phlegm.
Medicines that are pungent and bitter in flavour and warm and dry in property. They mainly act to warm the lung, eliminate cold, dry dampness and transform phlegm. These medicines are indicated for disorders due to cold phlegm or damp phlegm.
Medicines that are cold or cool in property. They mainly act to clear heat and transform phlegm. These medicines are indicated for disorders due to heat phlegm or dry phlegm.
Medicines to stop coughing and alleviate panting. These medicines enter the lung meridian and are indicated for coughing and panting.
Medicines to calm the mind. Based on the property and efficacy, these medicines are further categorized into two types: heavyweight medicines to tranquilize the mind; and medicines to nourish the heart mind.
Medicines (mostly minerals, fossil bones or shells) heavy in weight and downbearing in property. These medicines are indicated for excess mental uneasiness including palpitations, insomnia, convulsions, epilepsy or mania.
Medicines that are sweet in flavour, moist in quality and tonic or neutral in property. They mainly act to nourish the heart and tranquilize the mind. These medicines are indicated for mild or severe palpitations due to malnourishment of heart mind, and insomnia, poor memory and dream-disturbed sleep due to heart yin or heart blood deficiency.
Medicines to soothe the liver and remove wind. They are indicated for hyperactivity of liver yang and internal stirring of liver wind. Based on their functions and indications, these medicines can be further categorized into two subtypes: medicines to soothe liver yang; and medicines to stop liver wind.
Medicines that are heavy in weight and cold in property. They mainly act to suppress or submerge yang. They are indicated for dizziness, headache or tinnitus due to hyperactivity of liver yang, and a red face and eyes, restlessness, and bitter mouth due to ascending of liver fire.
Medicines that are cold, cool or neutral in property. They mainly act to soothe the liver, stop wind and resolve spasm/convulsions. They are indicated for dizziness, blurred vision, neck rigidity, tremor of limbs, spasms, epilepsy, convulsions, tetanus or opisthotonus due to internal stirring of liver wind.
Medicines that are aromatic and pungent to open the orifices and refresh the mind. They are indicated for mental unconsciousness in block pattern.
Medicines to reinforce the body and prevent against diseases. They are indicated for deficiency pattern. Based on the property, functions and indications, these medicines are categorized into medicines to tonify qi, medicines to tonify yang, medicines to tonify blood and medicines to nourish yin.
Medicines that are sweet in flavour and warm or neutral in property. They mainly act to tonify qi and are indicated for qi deficiency.
Medicines that are sweet in flavour and warm in property. They mainly act to tonify blood and are indicated for blood deficiency.
Medicines that are sweet and pungent in flavour and warm in property. They mainly act to tonify yang qi and are indicated for yang deficiency.
Medicines that are sweet in flavour and cold in property. They mainly act to nourish yin fluids and are indicated for yin deficiency (insufficiency of fluids).
Medicines to astringe and secure qi, blood, essence and body fluids. They are indicated for spontaneous sweating, night sweats, nocturnal emissions, enuresis, persistent leucorrhoea, uterine bleeding, chronic diarrhoea and chronic dysentery. Based on the property, efficacy and indications, astringent medicines are further divided into medicines to secure the exterior and stop sweating, medicines to astringe the lung and intestine and medicines to secure semen, astringe the urine and stop leucorrhoea.
Medicines that are sweet in flavour and neutral in property. They mainly act to secure the exterior and stop sweating and are indicated for spontaneous sweating or night sweats.
Medicines that are sour and puckering in flavour and have astringent properties. They mainly act to astringe the lung and intestine, alleviate coughing/panting, and stop diarrhoea. These medicines are indicated for chronic coughing/ panting and persistent diarrhoea/dysentery.
Medicines that are sour and puckering in flavour and astringent in property. They mainly act to secure semen, astringe urination and stop vaginal discharge. These medicines are mainly indicated for nocturnal emissions/spermatorrhoea, enuresis/profuse urine, or persistent vaginal discharge.
Medicines to produce nausea and vomiting. They are indicated for food poisoning, indigestion and phlegm stagnation in the stomach or above the chest.
Medicines used for topical areas to remove toxins, resolve swelling, drain pus, regenerate tissue, heal wounds, kill insects and stop itching. They are indicated for sores, ulcers, carbuncles, scabies, traumatic injuries, snake bites or problems of the five sense organs. The method includes topical plaster, embrocating, fumigation, blow throat, nose and eye drops.
Formulas by physicians after Zhang Zhongjing in the Han Dynasty (220 to 202 BC).
Formulas recorded in medical books before the Han dynasty, represented by Zhang Zhongjing.
Effective formulas that have been demonstrated or confirmed by long clinical practice.
The formulas before the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911).
Oral herbal formulas to be decocted with water. Wang Ang, a Qing dynasty physician compiled a book named Tang Tou Ge Jue (Decoction in Rhymes) to make it easier for learners to memorize.
Seven formula types include major formulas, minor formulas, slow-acting formulas, fast-acting formulas, odd-numbered formulas, even- numbered formulas and compound formulas.
Formulas used for combined patterns upon contraction of excessive pathogenic factors. These include the following five aspects: ① drastic potency; ② many ingredients; ③ large doses; ④ take the large amount in one single dose; ⑤ indicated for major, severe disorders of the lower jiao.
Formulas used for one pattern alone upon contraction of mild pathogenic factors. These include the following three aspects: ① mild medical conditions; ② indicated for disorders of the upper jiao and take in small amount in frequent intervals; ③ fewer ingredients
Formulas indicated for chronic conditions with a weak constitution. These include the following six aspects: ① many mutually-counterbalanced ingredients; ② use non-toxic ingredients to alleviate symptoms but do not cause damage to the anti-pathogenic qi; ③ use slow-acting ingredients; ⑤ use pills to remove pathogenic factors gradually; ⑥ use demulcent medicines to boost the immune system to help recovery.
Formulas indicated for emergency or critical conditions. These include the following four aspects: ① critical conditions that require immediate care; ② fast purging efficacy; ③ drastic potency; ④ directed at symptoms in acute conditions, such as Kai Guan San (Lockjaw- Relieving Powder) or Si Ni Tang (Frigid Extremities Decoction).
Formulas with one single ingredient or odd- numbered ingredients.
Formulas with two or even-numbered ingredients.
Formulas consisting of two or more set formulas. They are often used for complex conditions.
The study of the origin and evolution of formulas, treatment methods, composition principles, compatibility and clinical applications of Chinese herbal formulas.
The eight methods are categorized according to functions of the formulas. They are sweating , vomiting, draining downward , harmonizing , warming , clearing, reducing and tonifying.
A method to induce perspiration, facilitate interaction between the Ying nutrients and Wei- defence, and disperse lung qi. It helps to expel six exogenous pathogenic factors through sweating and thus releases the exterior.
A method to induce vomiting to fast remove phlegm, indigested food and poisons from the throat, thoracic diaphragm or stomach.
A method to induce bowel movements to cleanse or eliminate indigested food, dry faeces, cold accumulation, stagnant blood, phlegm, and water retention. It allows for the removal of pathogenic factors out of the body.
A method to moderate different parts of the body to expel pathogenic factors and regulate functions of the zang–fu organs. It helps to achieve yin- yang or interior–exterior balance by releasing the Shaoyang pattern when the pathogen lies in between the interior and exterior of the body and by harmonizing zang–fu organs.
A method to warm the interior to eliminate pathogenic cold.
A method to promote digestion, circulate qi, move blood, transform phlegm, drain water retention and kill parasites.
A method to clear heat, reduce fire, remove toxins and cool blood to eliminate pathogenic heat in the interior.
A method to reinforce qi, blood, yin and yang of the body. Indicated for deficiency of zang–fu organs, qi, blood, yin and yang.
A categorization method according to functions of the formula. The 10 types are dispersing formula, unblocking/unclogging formula, tonifying formula, purgative formula, formula consisting of light-weighted medicines, formula consisting of heavy-weighted medicines, lubricative formula, astringent formula, dry formula and moistening formula.
Formulas that disperse congestion and relieve stagnation.
Formulas that move qi and circulate blood.
Formulas that nourish and tonify qi, blood, yin and yang of the five zang organs.
Formulas that promote bowel movements and unclog the fu organs.
Formulas that remove pathogenic factors out of the exterior.
Formulas that tranquilize and calm the mind.
Formulas that prevent qi, blood, essence and body fluids from exhaustion and collapse.
Formulas that moisten or nourish the body.
Ingredient(s) that provide a dominant curative action on the main pattern/disorder or primary symptoms.
① Ingredient(s) to help strengthen the action of the monarch medicines on main pattern or primary symptoms; ②ingredient(s) in a formula that provide a principal curative action for associated conditions or patterns.
Ingredient(s) to help the monarch and minister medicines treat principal or associated patterns; to counterbalance the toxicity or drastic actions of the monarch or minister medicines; or has/ have the opposite flavour and property with the monarch medicines. They are further categorized into facilitating assistant medicines, counterbalancing assistant medicines and counteracting assistant medicines.
Ingredient(s) to help facilitate the action of the monarch and minister medicines on main or associated patterns.
Ingredient(s) to eliminate or moderate the toxicity and drastic actions of the monarch and minister medicines.
Ingredient(s) with a property opposite to and a therapeutic effect complementary to the monarch medicine(s).
Ingredient(s) to coordinate the rest of the ingredients or direct action to the affected meridians or sites. They are further categorized into coordinating medicines and meridian- directing medicines.
The guide ingredient(s) to coordinate the rest of the ingredients in a formula.
The form of a prepared medicine designed for medical treatment or prevention.
A liquid preparation form by boiling or soaking the ingredients in water, and taken after the sediment is removed.
A solid globular mass made of finely powdered medicines with a suitable excipient or binder. It can be further categorized into honeyed pills, water pills, water-honeyed pills, paste pills, concentration pills, wax-wrapped pills, and mini pills.
Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses honey as the excipient.
Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses water (alternatively, alcohol, vinegar, honeyed water or medicinal juice) as excipient.
Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses rice paste, flour paste or medicated leaven paste as the excipient.
Pills made from concentrated paste of medicinal decoction coupled with other medicinal powder through drying, grinding and mixing with water, honey or medicinal juice.
Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses beeswax as the excipient.
Pills with a diameter of less than 2.5 mm.
A powder-like preparation made from a mixture of one or more herbs.
A medicated paste is made from decocted medicines with water or vegetable oil. It can be further categorized into fluid extract, extractum, ointment and plaster.
A semi-liquid form made from condensed medicinal decoction and processed honey/sugar.
A semi-liquid medicated preparation containing the active constituents with appropriate solvents.
A concentrated medicated preparation obtained by extracting the active constituents with appropriate solvents.
A viscous, semi-solid preparation for external application. It is made from fine medicinal powder and ointment bases.
A solid medicated dressing for external application. Often consists of medicines, edible vegetable oil and red lead.
Granulated preparations made by herbal extracts and an excipient or fine medicinal powder.
A liquid form of herbal extracts prepared with distilled liquour.
Preparations made from the infusion or decoction of herbs or herbal extracts.
A solid form (shaped like a spindle, cylinder or bar) of fine medicinal powder or coupled with adhesive agents.
An external dosage form of fine medicinal powder mixed with mulberry paper.
A dried external dosage form of soaked and decocted silk or cotton thread.
External dosage form of moxa wool or moxa sticks to apply to certain body parts or acupuncture points.
A solid dosage form made from fine medicinal powder and bases. It is inserted into the rectum/ vagina, where it dissolves or melts and exerts local or systemic effects.
To take the medicine in the morning on an empty stomach.
A method to take the decoction when it is hot.
A method to take the decoction when it is neither cold nor hot.
A method to take the decoction when it becomes cold.
A method to melt the medicine in the mouth.
A method to take the decoction all in one single dose.
A method to take the medicine in divided times.
A method to take the decoction in small portions at frequent intervals.
Formulas to induce sweating, relieve muscle soreness, and/or promote the eruption of measles. They are indicated for exterior pattern. These formulas are categorized into three types— formulas to release the exterior with pungent, warm medicines, formulas to release the exterior with pungent, cool medicines and formulas to reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior.
Formulas mainly consisting of pungent, warm and dispersing medicines. They are indicated for wind cold exterior pattern.
These formulas are often used for common cold, headache, and perspiration. A representative formula is Jiu Wei Qiang Huo Tang (Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction).
Formulas mainly consisting of pungent, cool and dispersing medicines. They are indicated for exterior wind heat pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior and reinforce the body. They are indicated for exterior pattern in individuals with a weak constitution.
Formulas to promote bowel movements, remove food stagnation in the stomach and intestines, or resolve water retention. They are indicated for excessive interior pattern. These formulas are categorized into four types: formulas to drain downward with cold-property medicines; formulas to drain downward with warm-property medicines; formulas to drain downward with moistening medicines; and formulas to drain downward with water-expelling medicines.
Formulas mainly consisting of cold-property ingredients. They are indicated for interior excessive heat accumulation pattern.
Take away firewood from under the cauldron” s a metaphorical expression for the method of ischarging heat with purgation. These formulas ct to purge excess heat. A representative formula s Da Cheng Qi Tang (Major Purgative Decoction).
Formulas mainly consisting of warm, pungent medicines to warm yang and dissipate cold, coupled with bitter, cold medicines to purge pathogenic factors. They are indicated for excessive interior cold pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to nourish yin and purge the intestine. They are indicated for constipation due to intestinal dryness.
Formulas mainly consisting of purgative medicines to resolve water retention. They are indicated for interior water retention.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to purge the intestine and tonify the body. They are indicated for interior excess and deficiency of healthy qi.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to nourish yin and generate fluids. They are indicated for constipation due to heat in Yangming organ. A representative formula is Zeng Ye Tang (Fluid- Increasing Decoction).
Formulas to harmonize and release Shaoyang, coordinate the liver and spleen, and regulate the stomach and intestines. They are used to treat pathogenic factor affecting the Shaoyang, disharmony between the liver and spleen and lack of coordination between the stomach and intestines. These formulas are categorized into three types: formulas to harmonize Shaoyang; formulas to harmonize the liver and spleen; and formulas to harmonize the stomach and intestines.
Formulas that are indicated for cold damage affecting the Shaoyang (combined exterior and interior pattern).
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to soothe and soften the liver, regulate qi, nourish blood and strengthen the spleen. They are indicated for disharmony between the liver and spleen.
Formulas mainly consisting of pungent warm and bitter, cold medicines to disperse and down- regulate qi. They are indicated for disharmony between the stomach and intestines.
Formulas mainly consisting of heat-clearing medicines. They act to clear fire/heat, cool blood and remove toxins. These formulas are categorized into six types: formulas to clear heat in the qi phase; formulas that clear heat in the Ying nutrients phase and cool blood; formulas to clear heat in both qi and blood; formulas to clear heat and remove toxins; formulas to clear heat in Zang– fu organs; and formulas to clear deficiency heat.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat. They are indicated for heat in the qi phase.
Formulas that are indicated for exuberant heat damaging bodily fluids. They mainly consist of sweet and cold medicines: the sweet ones to nourish yin and regenerate fluids, and the cold/ cool ones to clear heat. A representative formula is Wu Zhi Yin (Five-Juice Beverage).
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and cool blood. They are indicated for heat entering the Ying nutrients and blood phases.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and remove toxins, coupled with medicines to clear heat in the qi phase. They are indicated for the early stage of heat entering the Ying nutrients phase in febrile diseases. A representative formula is Qing Ying Tang (Ying Phase Clearing Decoction).
Formulas to expel stagnant heat/fire through dispersing, ascending and unblocking using light medicines. Representative formulas are Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin (Universal Relief Toxin-Removing Beverage) and Qing Wei San (Stomach-Clearing Powder).
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and purge the intestine. They are indicated for interior heat. A representative formula is Liang Ge San (Diaphragm-Cooling Powder).
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and remove toxins. They are indicated for pestilence, pathogenic warmth and toxic heat pattern.
Formulas that are indicated for exuberant interior heat. These formulas mainly consist of bitter, cold medicines: the bitter ones to clear fire and the cold ones to clear heat. A representative formula is Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction).
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat, cool blood and remove toxins. They are indicated for pestilence heat in both qi and blood.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear internal heat. They are indicated for interior heat pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear deficiency heat. They are indicated for deficiency heat.
Formulas that are used for later stage of febrile diseases with retention of pathogenic factors in the Yin phase. A representative formula is Qing Hao Bei Jie Tang (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction). Bie Jia (Carapax Trionycis) guides Qing Hao (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) to the interior and Qing Hao guides Bie Jia out to the exterior. The combination of the two ingredients nourishes yin and clears internal heat.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat. They are indicated for summer heat- related problems. These formulas are categorized into four types: formulas to clear summer heat; formulas to clear summer heat and release the exterior; formulas to clear summer heat and resolve dampness; and formulas to clear summer heat and benefit qi.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat. They are indicated for summer heat pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat, transform dampness or release the exterior. They are indicated for exposure to wind heat and summer heat damaging the spleen and stomach.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat and resolve dampness. They are indicated for summer heat and dampness or downward flow of summer heat and dampness.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat, supplement qi, and nourish yin. They are indicated for summer heat damaging qi and bodily fluids.
Formulas to warm the interior, supplement yang, dispel cold, and unblock blood vessels. They are indicated for interior cold pattern. These formulas are categorized into three types: formulas to warm the middle jiao and remove cold; formulas to resuscitate yang to prevent collapse; and formulas to warm meridians and dispel cold.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm the interior and remove cold. They are indicated for deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm yang and prevent fainting. They are indicated for approaching collapse of yang qi.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm and unblock meridians and remove cold. They are indicated for joint pain due to cold retaining in meridians.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior, warm the interior, and reinforce the body. They are indicated for pattern involving both the exterior and interior. These formulas are further categorized into three subtypes: exterior-releasing and interior-clearing formulas; exterior-releasing and interior-warming formulas; and exterior-releasing and interior- attacking formulas.
Formulas mainly consisting of exterior-releasing medicines and purgative medicines. They are indicated for retention of exogenous pathogens coupled with interior excess pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior and clear heat. They are indicated for retention of exogenous pathogens coupled with interior heat.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior and warm the interior. They are indicated for retention of exogenous pathogens coupled with interior cold.
Formulas mainly consisting of tonic medicines. They are indicated for deficiency of qi, blood and yin and yang. These formulas are further categorized into six types: formulas to tonify qi; formulas to tonify blood; formulas to tonify qi and blood; formulas to nourish yin; formulas to tonify yang; and formulas to tonify yin and yang.
Formulas mainly consisting of qi-tonifying medicines. They are indicated for qi deficiency pattern.
Formulas consisting of sweet, warm medicines. They are indicated for fever due to qi deficiency or yang deficiency. Representative formulas are Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (Minor Middle Jiao-Fortifying Decoction) and Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Middle Jiao- Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction).
Formulas mainly consisting of blood-tonifying medicines. They are indicated for blood deficiency pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to tonify qi and blood. They are indicated for deficiency of both qi and blood.
Formulas mainly consisting of yin-nourishing medicines. They are indicated for yin deficiency pattern.
A method to combine a small amount of yang- tonifying medicines for kidney yin deficiency. This method enhances the effect of nourishing yin. The representative formula is Zuo Gui Wan (Left- Restoring Pill).
Formulas mainly consisting of yang-tonifying medicines. They are indicated for yang deficiency pattern.
Formulas to combine a small amount of yin- nourishing medicines for kidney yang deficiency. This method enhances the effect of warming yang. The representative formula is You Gui Wan (Right- Restoring Pill).
Formulas consisting of yin-nourishing and yang- tonifying medicines. They are indicated for deficiency of yin and yang.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to calm the mind. Indicated for mental restlessness. These formulas are categorized into two types: formulas to calm the mind with heavy medicines; and formulas to tranquilize the mind by nourishing yin and blood.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines (heavy in weight) to calm the mind. They are indicated for hyperactivity of heart yang and heat disturbing the heart mind.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to nourish and calm the mind. They are indicated for yin blood failing to nourish the heart mind.
Formulas containing aromatic medicines. They are indicated for loss of consciousness and blockage of orifices. These formulas are categorized into two types: formulas to clear heat; and formulas to warm the interior and open the orifices.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and open the orifices. They are indicated for heat blockage pattern due to toxic heat entering the pericardium in febrile disease.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to dispel cold and open the orifices. They are indicated for cold blockage pattern: cold, dampness and turbid phlegm blocking the mind or filthy turbidity obstructing the flow of qi.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe or secure qi, blood, essence and body fluids. They are indicated for loss of or abnormal leakage/discharge of qi, blood, essence and body fluids. These formulas are categorized into five types: formulas to secure the exterior and stop sweating; formulas to astringe the lung and stop coughing; formulas to astringe the large intestine and stop diarrhoea; secure the essence gate and stop nocturnal emissions/urinary emissions; and secure Chong and Ren meridians and stop uterine bleeding/leucorrhoea.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe and stop sweating. They are indicated for sweating disorders.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe the lung. They are indicated for lung deficiency pattern due to chronic coughing.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe the intestines and secure collapse. They are indicated for faecal incontinence or rectal prolapse.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to secure the semen and astringe urination. They are indicated for nocturnal emissions or enuresis.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to stop bleeding and vaginal discharge. They are indicated for metrorrhagia, metrostaxis or profuse vaginal discharge.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to move or down-regulate qi. They are indicated for qi stagnation or adverse ascending of qi. These formulas are categorized into two types: formulas to circulate qi; and formulas to down-regulate qi.
Formulas that act to unblock qi activities and are often indicated for liver or spleen/stomach qi stagnation.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to make the qi descend. These formulas are indicated for adverse ascending of qi.
Formulas mainly consisting of blood-regulating medicines. They are indicated for blood stasis or haemorrhage. These formulas are subdivided into two types: formulas to circulate blood and resolve stasis; and formulas to stop bleeding.
Formulas mainly consisting of blood-circulating medicines. They are indicated for blood stasis pattern.
Formulas that combined dry, pungent and aromatic medicines with soft, sweet and moistening medicines. A representative formula is Huang Tu Tang (Yellow Earth Decoction).
Formulas mainly consisting of haemostatic drugs. They are indicated for bleeding pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of wind-removing or wind-extinguishing medicines. They are indicated for external or internal wind.
Formulas mainly consisting of pungent medicines to remove external wind. They are indicated for external wind pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to soothe the liver and extinguish wind. They are indicated for internal stirring of liver wind.
Formulas that act to dispel external dryness with pungent, light-weight ingredients or eliminate internal dryness with sweet, cold and yin-nourishing ingredients. These formulas are subdivided into two types: formulas to dispel external dryness; and formulas to nourish yin and moisten internal dryness.
Formulas mainly consisting of pungent medicines light in weight and dispersing in function. They are indicated for external dryness pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines (sweet in flavour and cool in property) to moisten dryness. They are indicated for internal dryness pattern.
Formulas that act to resolve water retention and relieve stranguria are indicated for water dampness pattern. These formulas are categorized into five types: formulas to dry dampness and harmonize the stomach; formulas to clear heat and eliminate dampness; formulas to promote urination and drain dampness; formulas to warm and transform cold dampness; and formulas to remove wind and transform dampness.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to dry dampness and harmonize the stomach. They are indicated for dampness affecting the spleen and stomach or disharmony of stomach qi.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and resolve dampness. They are indicated for damp heat pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines (sweet or bland in flavour) to drain dampness through urination. They are indicated for water dampness pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm yang and transform water and dampness. They are indicated for cold dampness pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to remove wind and transform dampness. They are mainly indicated for wind dampness pattern.
Formulas that are indicated for phlegm from all causes. These formulas are subdivided into five types: formulas to dry dampness and transform phlegm; formulas to clear heat and transform phlegm; formulas to moisten dryness and transform phlegm; formulas to warm and transform phlegm; and formulas to stop wind and transform phlegm.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to dry dampness and transform phlegm. They are indicated for damp phlegm pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and transform phlegm. They are indicated for heat phlegm pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to moisten the lung and transform phlegm. They are indicated for dry phlegm pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm and transform cold phlegm. They are indicated for cold phlegm pattern.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to remove/extinguish wind and transform phlegm. They are indicated for wind phlegm pattern.
Formulas to promote digestion. They are indicated for food stagnation from different causes. These formulas are subdivided into two types: formulas to promote digestion to resolve stagnation; and formulas to strengthen the spleen to promote digestion.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to promote digestion. They are indicated for poor digestion due to food stagnation.
Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to circulate qi, transform stasis, soften hardness and eliminate masses. They are indicated for stuffiness, fullness, stagnation or paediatric malnutrition due to food stagnation damaging the spleen and stomach.
Formulas to kill intestinal parasites/worms. They are indicated for intestinal parasites.
Formulas to induce vomiting, expectorate phlegm, undigested food and poison in the stomach. They are indicated for phlegm syncope, food stagnation and food poisoning.
Formulas to remove toxins, resolve swelling, expel toxins, regenerate tissues, and heal the wound.
Safe, effective and reliable Chinese medical preparations that have been tested by clinical use and manufactured according to standard technical procedures.
Meridians and collaterals are pathways for qi and blood to flow throughout the body. They form a comprehensive network linking the tissues and internal organs into an organic whole.
The twelve meridians (i.e. the twelve regular meridians) are: the lung meridian; the large intestine meridian; the stomach meridian; the spleen meridian; the heart meridian; the small intestine meridian; the bladder meridian; the kidney meridian; the pericardium meridian; the Sanjiao meridian; the gallbladder meridian; and the liver meridian.
The lung meridian pertains to the lung and connects with the large intestine. It mainly travels along the anterior border of the medial aspect of the arm.
The large intestine meridian pertains to the large intestine and connects with the lung. It mainly travels along the anterior border of the radial aspect of the arm, passes through the cheeks, enters the lower teeth, and then over the upper lip and terminates beside the opposite nostril.
The stomach meridian pertains to the stomach and connects with the spleen. It starts directly below the pupil between the eyeball and the infraorbital ridge. Running downward along the lateral side of the nose, to the lateral corner of the mouth. Curving posterior to the anterior angle of the mandible. Then it travels to the posterior aspect of the mandible ascending in front of the ear and following the anterior hairline, it reaches the forehead. It then runs along the throat and enters the supraclavicular fossa. The straight line of the meridian separates the supraclavicular fossa and runs downward along the middle mammillary line. It travels to the side of the umbilicus and descends to the inguinal groove. Running downward it travels along the anterior aspect of the thigh and reaches the knee. From there is continues further down along the anterior border of the lateral aspect of the tibia to the dorsum of the foot and reaches the lateral side of the tip of the second toe.
The spleen meridian pertains to the spleen and connects with the stomach. It mainly travels along the anterior border of the medial aspect of the leg and passes through the chest and abdomen.
The heart meridian pertains to the heart and connects with the small intestine. It mainly travels along the posterior border of the ulnar palmar aspect of the arm.
The small intestine meridian pertains to the small intestine and connects with the heart. It mainly travels along the posterior border of the dorsal ulnar aspect of the arm, passes through the shoulder and reaches the face.
The bladder meridian pertains to the urinary bladder and connects with the kidney. It is mainly distributed over the head, back and along the back of the leg.
The kidney meridian pertains to the kidney and connects with the urinary bladder. It mainly travels along the posterior border of the medial aspect of the leg and passes through the chest and abdomen, finally terminating at the root of the tongue.
The pericardium meridian pertains to the pericardium and connects with the Sanjiao. It mainly travels along the palmar aspect of the upper arm and moves towards the forearm running between the tendons of the m. palmaris longus and m. flexor carpi radialis.
The Sanjiao meridian pertains to Sanjiao and connects with the pericardium. It is mainly distributed along the dorsal aspect of the forearm between the radius and ulna and reaches the ears and face.
The gallbladder meridian pertains to the gallbladder and connects with the liver. It is mainly distributed over the head, sides of the head, chest, and abdomen and descends down to the lateral aspect of the leg.
The liver meridian pertains to the liver and connects with the gallbladder. It mainly travels along the medial aspect of the leg, passes over the chest and abdomen, and its divergent meridian reaches the vertex.
The three hand-yin meridians are lung meridian, heart meridian and pericardium meridian.
The three hand-yang meridians are large intestine meridian, small intestine meridian and Sanjiao meridian.
The three foot-yin meridians are spleen meridian, kidney meridian and liver meridian.
The three foot-yang meridians are stomach meridian, bladder meridian and gallbladder meridian.
The eight extraordinary meridians are different from the twelve regular meridians with special distributions and functions. They are Du meridian, Ren meridian, Chong meridian, Dai meridian, Yinwei meridian, Yangwei meridian, Yinqiao meridian and Yangqiao meridian.
The Du meridian is mainly distributed over the head, face and along the midline of the back.
The Ren meridian is mainly distributed over the neck, face and along the midline of the chest and abdomen.
The Chong meridian is mainly distributed over the chest and face, inside the spine and along the first lateral line of the abdomen.
The Dai meridian is mainly distributed over the waist, subcostal area and abdomen. It encircles the waist like a girdle.
The Yinqiao meridian is mainly distributed over the heel, the medial aspect of the leg, perineum, abdomen, chest, head, and eyes.
The Yangqiao meridian is mainly distributed over the heel, lateral aspect of the leg, thigh, subcostal area, shoulder, head and eyes.
The Yinwei meridian is mainly distributed over the medial aspect of the leg and thigh and ascends along the third lateral line of the abdomen. It reaches the throat and meets with the Ren meridian at Tiantu (Ren 22) and Lianquan (Ren 23).
The Yangwei meridian is mainly distributed below the external malleolus, the lateral aspect of the leg, and over the subcostal area, shoulder and sides of the head. It meets with the Du meridian at Fengfu (Du 16) and Yamen (Du 15).
Collaterals are branches of meridians, including minute collaterals, blood collaterals and superficial collaterals.
The fifteen collaterals include the collaterals of the twelve meridians, the collaterals of the Du and Ren meridian as well as the major collateral of the spleen.
The sixteen collaterals include the above- mentioned fifteen collaterals plus the major collateral of the stomach.
The major collateral of the spleen begins from Dabao (SP 21), emerges at 3 cun below Yuanye (GB 22) and spreads over the chest and subcostal area.
The major collateral of the stomach begins from Xuli (the pulsation at the apex of the heart), passes through the diaphragm, connects with the lung and emerges from the left breast.
Superficial vessels visible to the naked eye.
The twelve divergent meridians branch out from the twelve regular meridians and are deeper in the body. They function to strengthen the connection between internally-externally coupled meridians.
The twelve muscle regions are corresponding sites where the qi and blood of the twelve meridians to nourish the muscles and tendons. Their distributions are almost the same as that of the twelve meridians.
The twelve cutaneous regions are corresponding sites where the qi and blood of the twelve meridians to nourish the skin. They are generally known as the outward manifestations of the twelve meridians and collaterals.
The word“Gen”literally means root. It shares the similar meaning with“Ben”.The word“Jie” literally means knot. It shares the similar meaning with“Biao”(see Biao and Ben).
The word“biao”literally means the tip of tree branches. Here it refers to the head, face and body trunk where meridian qi diffuses. The word“ben” literally means the trunk of a tree. Here it refers to the four limbs where meridian qi gathers.
Qi streets are the pathways for meridian qi to flow over the head and body trunk. There is a total of four qi streets, respectively on the head, chest, abdomen and lower leg.
The four seas include the sea of marrow, sea of qi, sea of water and food, and sea of blood (sea of the twelve meridians).
The brain is known as“the sea of marrow”.
The stomach is known as“the sea of water and food”.
The Chong meridian is known as“the sea of blood (sea of the twelve meridians)”.
The Du meridian governs meridian qi of all yang meridians and is therefore known as“the sea of yang meridians”.
The Ren meridian governs meridian qi of all yin meridians and is therefore known as“the sea of yin meridians”.
The Du, Ren and Chong meridians all arise from a common origin:“baozhong”(the lower abdomen where primordial kidney qi gathers), emerge out of the perineum, and then travels along their own pathways.
Sensations radiating along the pathways of meridians.
Specific disturbance of sensation, transmission of sensation and visible changes in skin colour and quality along the pathways of meridians.
The trachea and throat. The word“xi”means connecting tissues or structures.
The posterior intraocular structures connecting with the brain.
The structures connecting with the heart, such as blood vessels.
The boundary between the palmar aspect and dorsal aspect of the hands and feet. The skin on the palm aspect appears white, whereas the skin on the dorsal aspect appears red or brown. It is often used as an anatomical landmark to locate certain points.
Three objects of a door are used figuratively to express the functions of the three yang and three yin meridians. Of the three yang meridians, Taiyang is compared to the bolt, Yangming to the plank and Shaoyang to the hinge. Of the three yin meridians, Taiyin is compared to the bolt, Jueyin to the plank and Shaoyin to the hinge.
The specific sites where the qi and blood of the zang–fu organs and meridians are transported to the surface of the body. They are pathological reaction points and, at the same time, acupuncture stimulation points.
Acupuncture points of the fourteen meridians (i.e. twelve regular meridians + Du meridian + Ren meridian).
The points that are not contained in the above- mentioned fourteen meridians; however, these points have specific names and locations.
The points of sensitivity or tenderness. They are neither meridians points nor extra points, and they do not have specific names or locations.
The meridians points that have special names and functions.
A collective term of the Jing-well, Ying-spring, Shu-stream, Jing-river and He-sea points. They are all located distal to, or at the elbow and knee joints.
The point at which the qi rises is known as the Jing-well. Most Jing-well points are located on the fingers or toes.
The point at which the qi glides is known as the Ying-spring. The Ying-spring points are generally located distal to the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints.
The point at which the qi pours through is known as the Shu-stream. The Shu-stream points are generally located proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints or metatarsophalangeal joints.
The point at which the qi flows is known as the Jing-river. The Jing-river points are located around the joints of the wrists or ankles.
The point at which the qi enters inwards is known as the He-sea. The He-sea points are located around the joints of the elbows or knees.
The points where the Yuan-primordial qi pools.
The points where a meridian exits off from the main flow and connects with the Yin/Yang paired meridian.
The points where meridian qi is deeply converged.
The points on the back where qi of the respective zang–fu organs is infused.
The points on the chest and abdomen where qi of the respective zang–fu organs is infused.
The points that have particular effects in the treatment of disorders relating to the zang, fu, qi, blood, tendon, vessels, bones and marrow.
The points where qi of the twelve regular meridians meets the eight extraordinary meridians.
The points where qi of the six fu organs is infused into the three foot-yang meridians.
The points intersected by two or more meridians.
The selection of different points in acupuncture treatment.
A method to choose points at or close to the affected body area.
A method to choose points away from the affected body area.
A method to choose points according to differentiated pattern.
A method to combine points along the affected meridian.
A method to combine points from the internally- externally connected meridians.
A method to combine points from one hand meridian and one foot meridian that share the same name.
A method to combine points on the upper and lower body.
A method to combine points on the back and front of the body.
A method to combine points on the left and right side of the body.
A method to combine the Yuan-source and Luo- connecting points.
A point combination method to use the Yuan- primary point of the affected meridian coupled with the Luo-connecting point of its interiorly- exteriorly connected meridian. This method is often employed to treat problems of the zang–fu organs and meridians.
A method to combine the back-Shu and front-Mu points.
The acupuncture points can be located according to the anatomical landmarks, proportional bone measurement, and finger measurement, etc.
A method to use landmarks on the body surface, primarily joints, to measure the length and width of various parts of the body. Then the width or length is divided respectively into definite numbers of equal units as the standards for the proportional measurement.
A method to locate acupuncture points based on the finger sizes of the patient.
A method to take the width of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb as 1 cun.
A method to take the distance between the ends of the two radial creases of the interphalangeal joints of the middle finger as 1 cun when the middle finger is flexed.
A method to take the width of the patients’ four fingers (index, middle, ring and little) close together at the level of the dorsal skin crease of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger as three cun. It is also known as“Yi Fu Fa”in Chinese.
The part of the needle held by an acupuncturist.
The part between the tip and the handle.
The demarcation line between the handle and the body.
Acupuncture needles made of stainless steel. It is now commonly used in clinical practice.
Acupuncture needles made of silver. They are often used in warming needle because of their good thermal and electrical conduction.
Basic techniques in using filiform needles.
The hand that presses the puncturing area with one or more fingers, to facilitate needle insertion.
A method to insert a needle into a point by using both the puncturing hand and pressing hand.
A method to press the skin of puncturing area with the nail of thumb or index finger of the pressing hand and insert the needle against the fingernail with the needling hand.
A method to hold the lower part of the needle body with a piece of sterile cotton or gauze between the thumb and index finger of the pressing hand while inserting a needle. (Press the skin adjacent to the the needling site with the nail of thumb or index finger of the pressing hand, while inserting a needle against the fingernail with the needling hand).
A method to stretch the skin around the puncturing area with the thumb and index finger (or the index and middle fingers) of the pressing hand while inserting a needle.
A method to pinch and lift the skin of the puncturing area with the thumb and index finger of the pressing hand while inserting a needle.
A method to insert a needle into a point by using the puncturing hand alone.
A method to insert a needle using a fine tube as a guide.
A needling technique to prick a point and its surrounding area.
A needling technique to gently prick using a three- edged needle and let out a small amount of blood or tissue fluid.
A needling technique to prick superficially and then remove immediately. It is often used for Jing- well points or blood-letting.
A needling technique to prick superficial collaterals using a three-edged or a (single- use, disposable) seven-star needle to let out appropriate amount of blood.
The angle formed between the needle body and the skin while the needle is being inserted.
The needle insertion at a 90° angle to the skin.
The needle insertion at a 45° angle to the skin.
Needle insertion at a 15° angle to the skin.
A method to insert a needle from one point towards another point (or more points).
Manipulating the needle after insertion to produce the desired effect.
A needling manipulation to lift and thrust a needle.
A needling manipulation to twirl (turn) or rotate a needle.
A method to gently tap or massage the skin along the pathways of meridians to promote the flow of qi.
A needling manipulation to flick the handle of the needle to promote the flow of qi.
A needling manipulation to scrape the handle of the needle with fingernails to promote the flow of qi.
A needling manipulation to shake the needle handle to promote the flow of qi.
A needling manipulation to twist the needle handle with the thumb and index finger for a couple of times and release the fingers. The repeated twisting and releasing resembles a bird spreading its wings.
A needling manipulation to hold the handle of the needle and make a small-amplitude and rapid lifting and thrusting to cause the needle to vibrate up and down to promote the flow of qi.
The arrival of qi is signalled by particular sensations felt by the patient and the practitioner. For the patient, it typically refers to soreness, numbness, distension and heaviness felt around the needle (but may move up or down along the meridian). For the practitioner, it refers to a gripping sensation or a feeling of pressure underneath the needle.
Typical sensations of soreness, numbness, distension and heaviness felt around the needle by the patient.
A method to leave the needle in place for a while after insertion, without any manipulation.
A method to manipulate the needle to stimulate the flow of qi.
The effect of needling sensation reaching an affected area.
Needling manipulations to reinforce healthy qi for deficiency pattern and to remove pathogenic factors for excess pattern.
Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce according to the twirling/rotating direction, angle, frequency and duration.
Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce according to the forcefulness, speed, amplitude and duration of the lifting and thrusting.
Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce according to the slow or rapid needle insertion and withdrawal.
Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce by going against or following the pathways of meridians.
Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce by inserting or withdrawing the needle when the patient breathes in or out.
Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce by opening or closing the needle holes.
Needling manipulations to lift, thrust, or twirl evenly.
A complex reinforcing manipulation to induce local or general warming sensation. The point to be needled is divided into three levels: shallow (heaven), intermediate (man) and deep (earth). Insert the needle into the shallow level first and then down to the intermediate and deep levels, coupled with rapid thrusting and slow lifting for a total of nine times in each level. Repeat the procedure three times and leave the needle in the deep level.
A complex reducing manipulation to induce local or general cool sensation. The point to be needled is divided into three levels: shallow (heaven), intermediate (man) and deep (earth). Insert the needle to the deep level first and then lift to the intermediate and shallow levels, coupled with rapid lifting and slow thrusting for a total of six times in each level. Repeat the procedure three times and leave the needle in the shallow level.
One of the reinforcing or reducing manipulations. Manipulations of reinforcing the mother or reducing the son are selected according to deficiency or excess of the zang–fu organs or meridian problems.
cial theory for point selection. The midnight- (Zi Wu) represents the time. The ebb-flow Zhu) refers to the circulation of qi and blood. theory believes the meridian qi and blood from Zi time (11:00 pm–1:00 am) to Wu time 0 am–1:00 pm) and then from the Wu time to i time. The yin qi becomes most abundant e Zi time and then begins to decline, and ang qi starts to increase and becomes most ant at the Wu time. Based on this theory, ive-Shu points located below the knee and joints should be selected according to the nated hours.
To retain a needle in place after the presence of needling sensation (arrival of qi).
To remove a needle when the treatment is done.
Acupuncture-related adverse events include fainting, stuck needle, bent needle and broken needle. These accidents are often caused by a weak constitution, nervousness, hunger, inappropriate body position or medical negligence.
An adverse event during an acupuncture session: Patients may present with a pale complexion or experience dizziness, nausea and chest tightness. In severe cases, cold limbs, cold sweats, drop in blood pressure, syncope or shock may be present.
Difficulty or impossible to rotate, lift or thrust a needle.
The needle body becomes bent upon insertion or retention.
The needle body is broken and the broken part is on or below the skin surface.
Localized swelling, distension and pain from bleeding in the tissue after needle withdrawal.
Pneumothorax induced by inappropriate acupuncture needling that punctures the lung.
A collective term for acupuncture in a specific local area, such as ear, scalp, or face, etc.
A therapeutic method to stimulate specific lines on the scalp with an acupuncture needle.
A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the ear with an acupuncture needle.
Specific stimulation areas distributed on the auricles.
A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the face with an acupuncture needle.
A therapeutic method to stimulate points around the eye socket with an acupuncture needle.
A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the nose with an acupuncture needle.
A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the tongue with an acupuncture needle.
A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the back with an acupuncture needle.
A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the hand with an acupuncture needle.
A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the foot with an acupuncture needle.
A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the wrist and ankle subcutaneously with an acupuncture needle.
A therapeutic method to stimulate specific abdominal points with an acupuncture needle.
A method to stimulate the area lateral to the second metacarpal bone with an acupuncture needle. This method is based on micro-system theory that regards the second metacarpal bone as the whole body.
A thick needle with a round handle, a triangular body and a sharp tip similar to a lancet needle. It derives from the Sharp-edged Needle (one of the nine ancient needles).
Needling instrument composed of several short needles used for tapping the points, such as the plum-blossom needle or seven-star needle. These needles cannot be reused without sterilization.
A dermal needle that has a bundle of five short, embedded needles resembling a plum blossom. This needle cannot be reused without sterilization.
A dermal needle that has seven short needles attached to the end of a handle in a cluster. This needle cannot be reused without sterilization.
A small needling instrument for embedding at a certain point for an extended period.
An intradermal needle that is shaped like a thumbtack used for extended auricular therapy, approximately 0.2 mm–1.5 mm in length.
A therapy to insert an intradermal needle into the skin of the body surface (an acupuncture point) and fix with tape to retain for a period of time.
A therapeutic method to connect pulses of electrical current to inserted acupuncture needles.
A therapeutic method to inject fluid, sometimes medicated, into acupuncture points.
A therapeutic method to insert a hot needle to the affected area and remove immediately afterwards.
A therapeutic method to puncture one point towards another one subcutaneously using a long, thready needle like wheat awn. It derives from the Long Needle (one of the nine ancient needles).
A therapeutic method to use a low-energy laser beam to stimulate acupuncture points.
A therapy to use the sting from a live bee (mechanical stimulation) and venom (pharmacological action) in the treatment of health conditions.
A research control method that simulates acupuncture needle insertion without actual insertion, preferably without any penetration that carries physiological response. The tip of a sham needle is blunt to prevent the actual penetration into the body, which effectively trick the patient into thinking they are receiving real acupuncture, such as the“Streitberger”needle.
A therapeutic method to incise the skin to squeeze out a small amount of fat.
A therapeutic method to implant catgut or surgical suture at a selected point.
Pointed or wedge-shaped stones historically used to stimulate the surface of the body, drain pus or let blood out.
A collective term for the nine types of needles described in the Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’ s Internal Classic), namely, shear needle, rounded needle, spoon-like needle, sharp-edged needle, round-sharp needle, sword-like needle, long needle, large needle and filiform needle.
One of the nine ancient needles. It has an arrow- shaped head and often used for superficial insertion in the treatment of heat pattern or skin conditions.
One of the nine ancient needles. It has a cylindrical needle body and oval tip. It is often used for point massage in the treatment of muscle problems.
One of the nine ancient needles. It has a big, thick needle body and a slightly sharp round tip. It is often used for blood problems and heat pattern.
One of the nine ancient needles. It is also known as the three-edged needle. It is often used to prick subcutaneous veins or small vessels in the treatment of abscess, heat pattern, acute gastroenteritis, etc.
One of the nine ancient needles. It has a round and sharp needle tip and is often used for abscess, bi-impediment and acute conditions.
One of the nine ancient needles. It has a (double- edged) sword-like needle tip and is often used to cut open the abscesses to drain pus and blood.
One of the nine ancient needles. It has a longer needle body (approximately 20–30 cm or longer) and is often used for deep insertion in the treatment of chronic rheumatism or sciatica.
One of the nine ancient needles. It has a thick needle body and a slightly round needle tip. It is often used to treat general oedema or abdominal masses.
One of the nine ancient needles. It is now the most common needle in acupuncture treatment.
A collective term for five ancient needling techniques, namely, half needling, leopard-spot needling, joint needling, Hegu needling, and Shu needling.
A technique characterized by a shallow insertion and swift withdrawal. It is often used for lung- related problems.
A technique characterized by pricking with a three-edged needle around the point, causing leopard spot-like haemorrhagic spots. It is often used for heart-related problems.
A technique characterized by puncturing the tendon close to the joint without causing bleeding. It is often used for liver-related problems.
A technique characterized by puncturing the muscles of the affected region with the needle going obliquely right and left, resembling the claws of a chicken. It is often used for spleen- related problems.
A technique characterized by deep puncture directly to the bone. It is often used for kidney- related problems.
A collective term for nine ancient needling techniques, namely, Shu needling, distant needling, meridian needling, collateral needling, intramuscular needling, great drainage needling, skin needling, cauterized needling and contralateral needling.
A technique to puncture the Ying-spring point and Shu-stream point of the meridian involved and the back-Shu points of five zang organs.
A technique to puncture points on the lower body (i.e. the lower He-sea points of the six fu organs) to treat problems of the upper body.
A technique to acupuncture stasis/tenderness points along the pathways of meridians.
A technique to prick small vessels with a three- edged needle for bloodletting.
A technique to puncture directly into the muscle.
A technique to incise with a sword-shaped needle to drain pus or eliminate stagnant blood, also known as lancing.
A technique to puncture shallowly into the skin.
A technique to puncture points on the left side if the right side is affected, or vice versa.
A technique to conduct blood-letting on the left side if the right side is affected, or vice versa.
A technique to prick swiftly with a cauterized needle. Indicated for cold bi-impediment pattern.
A collective term for twelve ancient needling techniques, namely: coupled needling; successive trigger needling; relaxing needling; triple needling; quintuple needling; straight needling; Shu needling; short needling; superficial needling; yin needling; accompanied needling; and repeated shallow needling.
A technique to puncture the tenderness spots felt on the front (corresponding to the front-Mu point) and back (corresponding to the back-Shu point).
A technique to puncture migratory Ashi points: while needling directly at the tender point, searching for other tender points over the surrounding area and needling in succession.
A technique to insert the needle from the side of the tendon and then puncture the contracted muscle in different directions to induce relaxation.
A technique to insert one needle perpendicularly, coupled with two more needles by its sides. Used to remove cold in a small, deeper area.
A technique to insert one needle perpendicularly in the centre, coupled with four more needles anterior, posterior, right, and left to the perpendicular needle. Used to remove cold in a large, shallow area.
A technique to pinch the skin and insert the needle subcutaneously (The word“straight”here means towards the affected shallow area). Used to remove cold in the superficial area.
A technique to insert a needle perpendicularly to the deep area to wait for needling sensation and then slowly withdraw the needle when the needling sensation is present. Used to clear pathogenic heat.
A technique to insert the needle slowly while gently shaking the needle, followed by mild rotation when the needle is close to the bone. Used to treat bone pain or tenderness.
A technique to puncture the superficial area obliquely. Used indicated for muscle pain with a cold sensation.
A technique to puncture bilateral Taixi (KI 3) (the Yuan-primordial point of the kidney meridian) simultaneously. Used to treat cold limbs.
A technique to insert one needle perpendicularly, coupled with another one lateral to its side. Indicated for tenderness or pain with a fixed location.
A technique to repeatedly puncture the shallow areas to cause bloodletting. Often used for carbuncles or abscesses.
A therapeutic method to apply burning mugwort (moxa) or other substances near or to particular points or areas of the body to relax, warm and tonify.
Processed moxa leaves that concentrates the white hairs on the underside of the leaf.
A dosage unit to count the number of moxa cones.
A cigar-shaped roll of mugwort wrapped in cotton paper.
Moxa sticks containing medicinal powder.
A method to place a moxa cone directly or indirectly to the selected area and then ignite.
A method to place a moxa cone directly on the selected area and then ignite to create a superficial burn.
A method to place a small moxa cone directly on the skin, then ignite until the skin blisters and then scars after it heals.
A method to place a small moxa cone directly on the skin, then ignite and remove the burning moxa before the skin burns enough to scar.
A direct moxibustion method using a wheat grain size moxa cone.
A method to place some insulated materials between the moxa cone and the skin.
A method to place a fresh ginger slice between the moxa cone and the skin.
A method to place a fresh garlic slice or mashed garlic between the moxa cone and the skin.
A method to place some salt (usually at Shenque (Ren 8)) between the moxa cone and the skin.
A method to place a monkshood cake between the moxa cone and the skin.
A method of indirect moxibustion where an ignited moxa stick or roll passes over a selected area without directly touching the surface to warm the area.
An indirect moxibustion method to hold a moxa stick above the skin during the treatment.
An indirect moxibustion method to keep the end of an ignited moxa stick at a fixed distance (2–3 cm) from the selected area, enabling a mild warm sensation.
An indirect moxibustion method to place an ignited moxa stick near the selected area and move it up and down like a pecking bird.
An indirect moxibustion method to keep the end of an ignited moxa stick at a fixed distance from the selected area and move it back and forth circularly.
An indirect moxibustion method to place several layers of cloth or cotton paper on the selected area and then press the ignited end of a moxa stick to allow the heat to penetrate the skin.
An indirect moxibustion method to apply an ignited moxa stick to the selected area. The moxa stick is made of fine powder of Tan Xiang (Lignum Santali Albi), Shan Nai (Rhizoma Kaempferiae), Qiang Huo (Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii), Gui Zhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi), Mu Xiang (Radix Aucklandiae), Xiong Huang (Realgar), Bai Zhi (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and Xi Xin (Radix et Rhizoma Asari).
An indirect moxibustion method to apply an ignited moxa stick to the selected area. The moxa stick is made of fine powder of Chen Xiang (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum), Mu Xiang (Radix Aucklandiae), Ru Xiang (Olibanum), Yin Chen (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), Qiang Huo (Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii), Gan Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis), Chuan Shan Jia (Squama Manitis), and She Xiang(Moschus).
A method to fix a small section of moxa stick or cone onto the handle of an inserted needle prior to igniting.
A method to put moxa wool or stick into a metal box or canister, ignite and then place the box or canister over the selected area.
A method to apply a quick momentary touch to the selected area with an ignited oiled rush of Juncus.
A method to apply irritants to the selected area to produce congestion and blistering.
A method to apply warm or hot medicinal substances to acupuncture points.
A therapeutic method to create negative pressure by consuming the air inside the cup with fire or other methods and then place the cup on the skin over the selected area.
A method to create negative pressure by introducing an ignited material inside the cup to consume the air, thereby enabling the cup to suck itself onto the skin. There are three different approaches: fire twinkling; fire throwing; and cotton sticking.
A method to ignite an alcoholic cotton ball held with a forceps, place it inside the cup, quickly turn it around in one to two circles, take it out immediately, and place the cup on the selected area.
A method whereby an ignited paper is quickly flung into a cup to create a negative pressure on the selected area.
A method to stick an alcoholic cotton ball on the inner wall (the lower 1/3), ignite the cotton ball and quickly place the cup over the selected area.
A method to boil a cup in water to create negative pressure: to hold the boiled bamboo cup (the mouth facing downwards) with a forceps, cover the cup mouth with a towel to absorb the water in the cup, and then quickly place the cup over the selected area.
A method to lubricate the cup mouth and selected area first and then slide the cup up and down while retaining its suction.
A method to rapidly place and remove the cup repeatedly over the selected area until the local skin becomes red.
A method to prick the area to be treated with a three-edged needle or lancet and then suck out blood with a cup.
A method to apply cupping to the centre of the site where a needle is retained.
A boiling cup method to boil bamboo cups in medicinal liquid and then apply to the body.
A method to scrape the skin repeatedly using a soup spoon or other smooth-edged instruments (such as horned animal bones, water buffalo horn or jade). The skin is often lubricated with massage oil or water.
Guasha tools are often made from buffalo horn, Bian-stone or jade.
A Chinese medical therapy to apply manipulation to points or body areas for disease treatment and prevention as well as promoting health. Sometimes, patients are educated to exercise in addition to receiving treatment.
Specific, standardized methods and movements to treat/prevent diseases and benefit health. Tuina manipulations are supposed to be lasting, forceful, even, soft and penetrating to the deeper tissue.
A tuina manipulation to stick to the area to be treated with the fifth metacarpophalangeal joint and conduct back-and-forth rolling using the hypothenar eminence and the ulnar side of the back of the hand.
A tuina manipulation to clench a fist to allow the distal phalanx bone of the thumb to be inside the fist, stick to the area to be treated with the proximal interphalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring and little fingers and then apply back- and-forth rolling manipulation.
A tuina manipulation to exert constant force on the area to be treated with the tip or the palmar side of the thumb through active swing of the forearm.
A variation of Yi Zhi Chan pushing manipulation using the radial side of the thumb.
A fast Yi Zhi Chan pushing manipulation with a frequency of more than 220 times/min.
A variation of Yi Zhi Chan pushing manipulation with the radial or dorsal side of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb.
A tuina manipulation to knead and exert force on the area to be treated with the great thenar eminence through rhythmic swing of the forearm.
A tuina manipulation to apply perpendicular pressure to the surface of the body with the fingers, palms or elbows. The pressure is supposed to reach subcutaneous tissues. It includes kneading with the finger, kneading with the palm and kneading with the forearm.
A Tuina manipulation to rub the area to be treated circularly with the fingers or palms.
A one-way linear pushing manipulation with the fingers, palms, or elbows.
A pushing manipulation with the Hukou area (formed between the thumb and index finger).
A tuina manipulation to scrape with the radial side of the index finger, on the back of the interphalangeal joint of the index finger. Alternatively, scraping can be done with tools such as spoons or coins.
A tuina manipulation to apply linear rubbing with the hypothenar, great thenar, palms or fingers.
A tuina manipulation to apply top-down, left-right or arch-shaped wiping with the palmar side of the thumbs or the palms.
A tuina manipulation to apply perpendicular pressure to the surface of the body with the palmar side of the fingers, palms or elbows. It is also one of the common diagnostic methods in tuina practice.
A tuina manipulation to apply perpendicular pressure to the surface of the body with finger tips, interphalangeal joints or elbows.
A tuina manipulation to apply continuous, forceful pressure to the surface of the body with the palmar side of the thumbs, palms or elbows.
A tuina manipulation to apply symmetrical pressure to the area to be treated with the fingers or palms.
A tuina manipulation to apply rotating pressure to the area to be treated with the palms.
A tuina manipulation to apply pressure to the area to be treated with a fist.
A tuina manipulation to rub the palms and gently place (the warm palms) over the area to be treated.
A tuina manipulation to press the area to be treated with the palmar side of the thumbs.
A tuina manipulation to apply coordinated pressure to the area to be treated with the thumb and the other four fingers.
A tuina manipulation to place the palm over the area to be treated, grasp and lift the muscle either using the thumb and the other four fingers or exerting a symmetric force from the base of the palm and fingers, hold for a while and then shift forward to repeat the procedure.
A tuina manipulation to clamp and release the area to be treated with flexed index finger and middle finger or with the thumb and flexed index finger.
A tuina manipulation to place the index finger and middle finger together and flex into a hook, stick to the skin with the radial border of the middle phalanx of index finger and then apply continuous pushing and wiping manipulation.
A tuina manipulation to pinch and knead the area to be treated with the thumb and the other four fingers.
A tuina manipulation to grab and pinch the area to be treated with five fingertips.
A tuina manipulation to clutch and release the limb with the palm.
A tuina manipulation to hold the limb with both hands/palms and apply alternating or back-and- forth twisting.
A tuina manipulation to apply rhythmic grasping and pinching of the limb.
A tuina manipulation to hold the area to be treated with the thumb and index finger and apply back-and-forth twisting.
A tuina manipulation to press the area to be treated with fingers or elbows and then apply perpendicular plucking force to the subcutaneous tissue.
A tuina manipulation to pat the area to be treated with the palms or fingers.
A tuina manipulation to knock the surface of the body with the fist, palms, fingers or mulberry sticks.
A tuina manipulation to place the five fingers together and peck the area to be treated.
A tuina manipulation to tap the area to be treated with the ulnar side of the little finger or a hollow fist.
A tuina manipulation to chop the area between the fingers with the ulnar side of the palm.
A tuina manipulation to place one palm over the area to be treated and percuss the dorsum of the hand with a hollow fist made by the other hand.
A tuina manipulation to flip the area to be treated with fingernails or palmar sides of the fingers.
A tuina manipulation to grasp the affected limb and apply small-amplitude radial shakings.
A tuina manipulation to press acupuncture points or certain body parts with the fingers or palms and apply fast, continuous vibration.
A tuina manipulation to conduct passive rotation of the affected joint along the axis of motion.
A tuina manipulation to immobilize one end of the affected joint or limb and pull the other end along the longitudinal axis.
A tuina manipulation to clamp the affected fingers or toes with the fingers and apply rapid pulling.
A tuina manipulation to slowly and repeatedly flex and extend the joints to stretch the surrounding tissues, and increase the joint range of motion.
A tuina manipulation to apply a sudden thrust force to the affected joint to produce passive rotation, flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
A tuina manipulation to carry the patient on the back and apply traction, shaking, vibration and instant extension to the affected lumbar vertebrae.
A tuina manipulation to place the palmar sides of the fingers over the area to be treated and apply soft, one-way combing.
A tuina manipulation to brush or scrub the surface of the body with the fingers.
A tuina manipulation to place the palm or fingers over the area to be treated, gradually push from the proximal end to the distal end, and then release the force quickly.
A tuina manipulation to gently cover the area to be treated with the hand and remain still.
A tuina manipulation to make a passive rotation of the joints.
A tuina manipulation to hold or lift the affected limb with one or both hands.
A tuina manipulation to press the limbs or acupuncture points with fingers to help with diagnosis.
A tuina manipulation to lift the post-traumatic sunken bones or joints to normal position using one or both hands or with the help of a rope.
A tuina manipulation to clamp and release the skin of the area to be treated with the ulnar aspects of both palms.
A tuina manipulation to squeeze both sides of the area to be treated with one or both hands.
A tuina manipulation to pull or move the limbs of the patient.
A compound tuina manipulation composed of pressing and kneading manipulations.
A compound tuina manipulation composed of grasping and kneading manipulations.
A compound tuina manipulation composed of Yi Zhi Chan pushing using the radial side of the thumb and rubbing circularly with the other four fingers.
A compound tuina manipulation composed of pulling-stretching and shaking manipulations.
A compound tuina manipulation composed of kneading and pinching manipulations.
A compound tuina manipulation composed of tendon-flicking and muscle plucking manipulations.
A compound tuina manipulation composed of pinching and lifting manipulations.
A compound tuina manipulation composed of Yi Zhi Chan pushing and kneading manipulation.
A compound tuina manipulation composed of plucking and pulling manipulations.
A compound tuina manipulation composed of hooking and point-pressing manipulations.
A tuina manipulation to push and scrub along the Shaoyang meridian in the temporal region using the radial side of the thumb and tips of the other four fingers.
A tuina manipulation to step with the feet on certain areas of the body.
A tuina manipulation to pinch and lift the skin of the spine symmetrically with the thumb, index finger and middle finger or with the thumb and the other four fingers and release the force immediately. Move forward gradually and repeat the same procedure.
A tuina manipulation to press the bladder meridian on both sides of the spine.
A tuina manipulation to insert the fingers into the space between the scapula and thoracic wall. It is specifically used for gastroptosis.
A tuina manipulation to lift the affected area with one or both hands. It is commonly used for gastroptosis.
A tuina manipulation: Place the palms on the lower borders of the subcostal region and extend gradually to the low back, press and knead the soft tissues on both sides of the low back using the palmar sides of the fingers, lift the low back and abdomen and then swing to the left and right gently.
A tuina manipulation to place the thumbs and the middle fingers over the lumbar triangles on both sides and apply soft, gentle pressure.
A tuina manipulation to press the low back coupled with traction and stretching.
Manipulations used on the spine to correct spinal subluxation and regulate the functions of the spine.
Lotions applied to the surface of the body for lubrication or treatment.
Supplementary tools to assist in tuina treatment and health care.
An assistant tuina tool made of 12 specific mulberry branches based on certain requirements with a strong effect to unblock and circulate qi and blood. It is often used on the top of the head, chest and back, waist, hip and limbs.
An assistant tuina tool comprising an iron bar with five to six pieces of jade or sandalwood made into a chain of beads. The head and tail of the iron bar are folded. The appliance is connected to a short handle and can be held in the hand and the beads work like a rolling wheel. It is often used on the face, bone joints, etc.
A type of tuina therapy based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, using specific manipulations on the meridians and collaterals and specific points on the surface of the body. It helps to prevent against diseases and benefit health through harmonizing Zang–Fu organs, yin, yang, qi and blood, strengthen the body and promote the healthy growth and development of children.
A main training method in tuina exercise and a key part of Neigong tuina. It is originally a form of martial art to strengthen the body, but now becomes a distinctive method and school of self- exercise plus tuina treatment.
A traditional health-building exercise to stretch the body, strengthen the sinews, bones and ligaments and regulate the meridians and zang–fu organs.
A common external therapy in Chinese medicine to treat diseases through heat stimulation.
A therapeutic method to apply herbal ointment on the surface of the area to be treated, followed by tuina manipulations.
One of the pain control methods in Chinese medicine by applying Tuina to reduce or control pain according to theories of Chinese medicine.
A tuina method for healthy people or people with suboptimal health to strengthen the body and help with disease prevention and treatment.
A type of tuina method to achieve healthier skin and slow down the ageing process of the skin.
To guide qi to harmonize the body and stretch the body to make it soft. It aims to prevent and cure diseases and promote health through stretching exercise combined with breath and internal qi circulation.
An exercise method to regulate the body, breath and mind to achieve body-mind, man-society and man-nature harmonization. It cultivates the essence, qi and spirit internally and sinews, bones and body externally according to ancient Chinese philosophy.
Originated in Daoism, it refers to the second stage of internal alchemical process (i.e., to refine qi to spirit). This is performed on the basis of the small heavenly circle exercise and is believed that the large heavenly circle can connect spirit with qi, improve health and attain longevity.
he three areas in the ascending path along the u meridian when internal qi circulates along he pathways of the Du and Ren meridians uring practicing the“small heavenly circle”(or microcosmic orbit”) meditation. They are rduous for internal qi to overcome and therefore alled“passes”or“barriers”.Alternatively, hey refer to the three steps in internal alchemy Neidan): refining the essence to qi; refining the i to spirit; and refining the spirit to emptiness. ome also use three passes to represent the ears, yes and mouth.
A specific state in qigong practice that requires dropping the eyelids, listening to the silence, regulating breathing by focusing the eyes on the tip of the nose and closing the mouth. This state helps to remove distracting thoughts during qigong practice.
A state of peaceful inner joy and free from ego or desires. This principle on health cultivation was recorded in the Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’ s Internal Classic) and highly valued by generations of qigong masters.
A beneficial variation of natural breathing with the Dantian area. Unlike usual abdominal breathing, this breathing method does not need mental focus or external force.
Taiji is an ancient Chinese philosophical term which represents the state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential; the oneness before duality, from which yin and yang, the basic polarity of the universe, originate. It has later become the highest conceivable principle about the generation, development and changes of all things in the universe. Taiji is often considered as the root and symbol of traditional Chinese culture. It has far-reaching impact on the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes), traditional Chinese medicine and taijiquan.
An ancient Chinese martial art practiced for both defence training and health benefits. It is a combination of breathing, mental focus, and physical movements, whose intention is to cultivate the practitioner’ s internal qi. It is rooted in the philosophies of Confucianism, Daoism and Chinese medicine, and concepts of Taiji, yin-yang and the Five Elements.
Major influential taijiquan styles include Chen style, yang style, Wú style, Wǔ style, Sun style and Zhaobao style.
The principles of taijiquan are based on its philosophical and medical meaning as well as practice requirements. They include Taiji theories, mnemonics and classics.
The tips or smart ways in Taiji practice. These include mnemonics for taijiquan, Taiji sword, Taiji spear, Taiji knife and Taiji pushing hands. These mnemonics are often vivid and conversational.
A catalogue to record categories or systems. There are three types of Taiji manuals: 1) the names of sequenced Taiji skills and weapons routines/ forms; 2) Inheritance lineage; and 3) books on Taiji skills.
Classics/texts which are exclusively focussed on the essential principles that guide the practice of taijiquan.
Intangible frame and rhythm, including physical moves, eye movement and connections or transitions between moves.
It refers to Wudang martial arts (occupied with spiritual, mental or qi-related aspects), as opposed to Shaolin (external) martial arts (focused on physical aspects). There are three internal martial arts: taijiquan, xingyiquan (form- intention fist) and baguazhang (eight trigram palm).
A series of movements in Taiji practice.
hese include four sides and four corners. If we onsider taijiquan as a 3-D ball, symmetrical elease of forces from eight directions (left, right, p, down and two diagonal angles) is essential o maintain the body equilibrium, known as the rounded force”.
Vertex, crotch, heart, eyes, ears, hands, feet and waist.
Those with no loyalty or filial piety; those with no humanistic spirit; those with evil intentions; those who are reckless and impulsive; those who are defiant and arrogant; those who are rude and disrespectful; those who are unpredictable; and those who care too much about gains and losses.
Avoid using strength to store qi; avoid expanding the chest or sinking the low back; avoid shrugging the shoulders or sinking the neck; avoid discontinuity in body moves.
Relax the shoulders and sink the elbows; lift the vertex and issue force from the thighs; tap the teeth and touch the palate with the tongue; sink the chest and loosen the waist; move naturally; internal-external unity; yin-yang coordination; and stillness in movement.
An ancient philosophical term, referring to the primordial universe prior to the Taiji (supreme ultimate). In Taiji practice, it has three extended meanings: 1) a relatively static state; 2) mental serenity before body moves in Taiji practice; 3) abdomen.
An ancient philosophical term, referring to yin and yang. In Taiji practice, the two forms have three extended meanings: 1) movement and stillness; 2) symmetrical Taiji moves; 3) the two kidneys.
An ancient philosophical term, referring to heaven, earth and man. In Taiji practice, it is used to represent head, hands and feet, further indicating the upper, middle and lower body parts.
An ancient philosophical term. It has two meanings in Taiji: 1) upper and lower limbs; 2) four directions—front, back, left and right.
These include health benefits and self-defence training. Health benefits are achieved through practicing taolu (solo hand and weapons routines/ forms). Self-defence training mainly refers to pushing hands sequences, which embody a variety of self-defence techniques.
The six closings include three internal harmonies (intent, qi and strength) and three external ones (shoulder-hip, elbow-knee and hands-feet). These harmonies allow the movements to connect seamlessly and the force to be intact.
A symbol or diagram in Chinese philosophy representing Taiji and its dualist aspects—yin and yang.
The head is held as if suspended by a thread attached to the crown, at the point Baihui (Du20). This posture aims to avoid tension in the neck. In doing so, do not tilt the head from side to side, or up and down. The whole body is light and nimble when the head is suspended at the crown.
Relax and drop down the shoulders, especially the acromion, or the point Jianjing (GB 21); at the same time, slightly flex and drop the elbow.
A technique to protect the stomach in Taiji practice. It produces a similar effect as dropping the elbow.
xtend and relax the fingers naturally, slightly eparating them to form an arc or spiral at the ack of the hand. This enables the internal i to radiate to the fingers and is known as materializing in the hands and fingers”.
During Taiji practice, the movement of one arm triggers corresponding movement in the other one, as if they are connected to each other by a cord.
Keep the wrist and fingers in a vertical position (approximately 90º). However, it is advisable not to use force to bend the wrist.
Drop and relax the wrist to allow the internal energy to reach the fingertips from the arm.
Pump the wrist to soften and relax the hands.
Intentionally relax the chest and back muscles and intercostal space. The shoulders should be naturally rounded to allow the chest to be slightly hollowed. To“raise the back”means to stretch the spine longitudinally and horizontally to allow the qi to stick to the back (so that one can use this qi to issue great power).
Expanding the back is closely associated with sinking the chest. By sinking the chest, one will be able to expand the back naturally.
To relax the waist means to lift the coccyx and sink the points Shensu (BL 23) and Mingmen (DU 4). To tuck buttocks under means to slightly tuck in the buttocks.
By sinking the waist in a relaxed sitting position, one will be able to tuck in the buttocks naturally.
During Taiji practice, the coccyx needs to be kept upright at all times.
To lift the anus, tuck in the coccyx and keep the body neutral. This helps to maintain balance and feel comfortable.
To make Baihui (DU 20) and Huiyin (REN 1) vertically connected, in order to keep the upper body aligned and upright; and to connect Jianjing (GB 21) with Yongquan (KI 1) to keep the head and feet vertically connected.
To keep the torso perpendicular to the ground and place the bodyweight over the supporting feet. This helps to keep the body stable.
To lengthen the torso through“holding the head as if suspended from above”.To extend the arms through sinking the shoulders and dropping the elbows. To lengthen the legs through relaxing the waist, opening the hips and flexing the knees.
The five bows include the torso, both hands and both feet. The body bow uses the waist as the handle and uses Yamen (DU 15) and coccyx as the tips. The hand bow uses the elbow as the handle and uses the wrist and clavicle as the tips. The foot bow uses the knee as the handle and uses the hip and heel as the tips.
To attempt to float the buttocks before issuing internal energy.
To relax and drop the buttocks when squatting down.
To slightly tuck in the buttocks to facilitate the abdomen and relax the crotch. This helps to keep the body neutral and stable.
To relax the hip joint, relax hip muscles and tuck in the femoral head. This enables the crotch to become round.
To relax and, at the same time, tuck in the hips to enable the perineum to become a semicircle.
To adduct the knees intentionally to protect the crotch. This helps to distinguish empty from solid, keep the lower body stable and increase the loading ability of the legs. This can also lengthen the legs.
A common error in Taiji practice. Slack crotch may cause energy to scatter.
A common error in Taiji practice. A sharp-angled crotch may cause an inability to support the internal energy.
A common error in Taiji practice. An open crotch (>90º) may cause an inability to obtain the internal energy.
To appropriately flex the knee to enable the body weight to be placed on the flexed leg.
Movement combination of the body, breathing and energy. The“opening”refers to eccentric movements of the arms, whereas the“closing” refers to concentric movements of the arms. Breathing in and releasing energy act to open, whereas breathing out and storing energy act to close.
To“store energy”means to relax muscles with mental focus. To“release energy”means to contract muscles and often combine with breathing.
A dynamic state in Taiji practice. Taiji movements are open, continuous and transitional like a river; however, they can also close and become static like mountains.
Taiji movements are relatively slower than other martial arts; the speed of movement varies among differing styles.
In Taiji practice, it is important to distinguish between fullness and emptiness all over the body (i.e. we must know exactly which part of our body is issuing power and which part is receiving it). As for the legs, the“empty”leg is never absolutely weightless, and the“full”leg does not have all the weight placed upon it.
The principles of Taiji exercise. The“opening” means to stretch, step forward, bend down and drop. The“closing”means to flex, step backward, raise and lift. The“empty”means absence of mental focus, supplementary force, relaxation and closing movements. The“solid”means presence of mental focus, major force point and opening movements.
The coordination or harmony between mental intent and physical movement. The“unity”here means a perfect and natural combination between hands, feet and mental intent.
Coordinated movements of the upper and lower limbs as well as the torso. Hand movements, waist movements, leg movements, and even the eye movements — all are in one unified movement (The root is in the feet, released through the legs, controlled by the waist, and materialized in the hands and fingers).
This refers to successive movement of nine major joints throughout the body: neck, back, low back, hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow and wrist.
A distinctive feature of taijiquan. Mindfulness or“intent”guides the body movement and breathing; both breathing and internal qi are controlled by the mindfulness of the will. The “gentle”means to guide movements with intent instead of force. The“flexible”means to move the arms or legs with agility.
The power is rooted in the feet, controlled by the waist, and manifested through the fingers, integrating the body as one harmonious unit.
Force and changes of taijiquan. The“hard”refers to fast, short release of force in an attack, whereas the“soft”refers to slow, gentle and spiral moves in defence.
The two technical features of Taiji. The“square” refers to the force points, whereas the“round” refers to arc-shaped Taiji movements. The two features are unity of opposites.
The“square”refers to the hard power point that manifests in four sides and four corners. The “round”refers to the soft, circulating qi. The “square”originates from the“round”,and the “round”contains the“square”.There is“square” within the“round”and vice versa.
These include eight force-releasing methods and five footwork methods. The eight force-releasing methods include four straight directions (Peng, Lǚ, Ji and An) and four diagonal directions (Cai, Lie, Zhou and Kao). The five footwork methods are called step forward, step backward, gaze (that is, focus your intention toward and move) to the left, gaze to the right, and central equilibrium.
A collective term for a variety of power or energy developed through Taiji practice.
he“Zhong”means the centre in direction. The Tu”means earth in five elements. Together hey mean the“centre”or body weight. In Taiji ractice, it is important to distinguish empty and ull in all body parts as well as the two legs.
A force of four ounces deflects a thousand ounds’(i.e. to repel force effortlessly).
The“Jin”originally means strong and powerful. In Taiji practice, it refers to the cultivated, trained and flexible force that can change in power, direction, force point and force speed, in response to an opponent’ s attack.
To sink qi to Dantian, you need to keep the coccyx upright, sink the chest, relax the shoulders and suspend the crotch, and thus to guide qi down to the abdomen with intent.
An essential principle in coordinated movements and breathing: breathe out when performing opening, solid, stretching, stepping forward, dropping, bending down, moving away, releasing, attacking or striking moves; and breathe in when performing closing, empty, sinking, flexing, stepping backward, lifting, moving back, raising, collecting, and softening moves.
An essential principle in coordinated movements and breathing: breathe in when opening up the rib cage and breathe out when closing the rib cage.
A distinctive feature of taijiquan. The“intent” means to guide the body movement and breathing with mental intent. The“qi”means both breathing and internal qi are controlled by mental intent.
A distinctive feature of taijiquan. The“Shen” includes spirit and eye direction. The“qi” means breathing and internal qi move with body movement.
The nine essentials in Taiji practice. These include: 1) keep the head upright as if suspended by a thread; 2) keep the coccyx upright as if pillared to the ground; 3) raise the upper back as if carrying a pot on the back ; 4) sink the chest like holding a tree; 5) suspend the crotch as if holding a ball; 6) relax the waist; 7) move the hands as if tearing cotton; 8) move the feet as if sailing a boat; and 9) move the legs as if pulling a string.
An important feature of Taiji practice. There is a saying that it takes at least 10 years to really understand Taiji. The key part is learning to cultivate internal energy through relaxation and stillness. It is necessary to avoid tension and mental stress before achieving relaxation in Taiji practice.
Intentionally projecting internal force through the tips of fingers and toes.
Basic skills acquired through learning standard Taiji moves and pushing hands. These require continuous practice and include both psychological and physiological abilities.
A weaponry (sword) form of Taiji practice, based on ancient fencing technique, coupled with fencing arts from other schools of martial arts.
A combination of taijiquan and skills of playing with a fan. It moves or rotates the fan with intent and acts to benefit health, uplift the mood, and entertain yourself and others.
A weaponry (spear) form of Taiji practice. The spear is long, sharp and easy to use. It is known as the“king of weapons”because of the significant military advantage it provides on battlefields.
A Taiji practice, which uses a cane or stick as a weapon. The stick is known as the“head of weapons”.There were no standard Taiji cane forms before 1949, with the exception of the White Ape form in Chen style Taiji. After 1949, martial arts masters including Cui Yishi developed Taiji cane forms.
Also known as hitting hands, kneading hands or crossing hands, pushing hands is a two-person training routine practiced in Taiji. It works to undo a person’ s natural instinct to resist force with force, teaching the body to yield to force and redirect it. There are mainly eight methods in practicing pushing hands: bing-warding off; lǚ-rolling back; ji-pressing; an-pushing; cai- plucking; lie-splitting; zhou- elbow striking; and kao-shoulder striking.
Rising or expanding internal energy. With this energy, one feels the body is full of qi in all eight directions. During pushing hands, this energy allows you to create a buffer zone that prevents the first shock of an incoming attack and at the same time, enable you to defend, absorb or redirect the opponent’ s power.
The use of force in a sideways direction, such as where we intercept and move with a forward directed attack, simultaneously diverting it slightly to one side and thus to empty space.
Internal energy that projects forward from its source to prevent your opponent from issuing strength. During pushing hands, this energy radiates along the outside of the forearms and the back of the hands.
A forward and downward movement of energy. During pushing hands, this energy enables you to prevent your opponent from raising their arms or legs, and at the same time, allows you to stick to and redirect the opponent’ s power.
Internal energy that grasps or pulls the opponent’ s wrist or elbow downwards with the fingertips or palm.
Internal energy to push or pluck forward. During pushing hands, this energy allows you to use a spiral motion to split the opponent’s body and destroy the opponent’ s balance.
Internal energy that projects through the forearm rotation and tip of the elbow. During pushing hands, you can either defend the opponent’ s attack with the tip of your elbow. Alternatively, you can use one hand to stick to the opponent’ s hand and use flexed elbow of the other arm to spirally press the opponent’ s elbow and arm.
Internal energy to squeeze forward with your shoulder, back and hip. During pushing hands, this energy allows you to push the opponent with your shoulder, back or hip.
Rigid, inflexible moves during pushing hands.
Connection and transition between empty and solid moves.
This is opposed to a stance with equal weight on both feet. Single weighted stance refers to the body weight focusing on one foot.
One of the eight methods in pushing hands: An upward circular movement, forward or backward, yielding or offsetting usually with the arms to disrupt the opponent’ s centre of gravity.
One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to apply sideways, circular yielding movement to the opponent’ s wrist with one hand and stick to the opponent’ s elbow with the other hand.
One of the eight methods in pushing hands: A pressing or squeezing offset in a direction away from the body, usually done with the back of the hand or outside edge of the forearm.
One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to grasp the opponent’ s wrist or elbow downwards with the fingertips or palm.
One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to separate, to twist or to offset with a spiral motion, often while making immobile part of the body (such as a hand or leg) to split an opponent’ s body thereby destroying posture and balance.
One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to strike or push with the elbow.
One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to strike or push with the shoulder, upper back, arm or hip.
wo basic skills in the practice of Taiji pushing ands. To“adhere”means to get your opponent o follow you under your control; whereas to follow”means to obey your opponent’ s ntention by letting him think he can apply an pplication, which leads him to use force.
A weaponry (broadsword) form of Taiji practice, which includes the philosophy, training and thirteen standard forms.
Methods to treat disordered moods and emotions using Chinese medicine theories on emotions.
A psychotherapeutic treatment protocol that combines analysis of causative factors of mental- emotional disorders with prayer. These analyses and prayer treatments are based on emotion theories and psychological principles in Chinese medicine.
A psychotherapeutic method that uses the mutual restraint cycle of five element theory in the treatment of mental-emotional disorders, during which the doctor intentionally arouses certain feelings in the patient that counteract their abnormal emotional state.
An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: sadness corresponds to metal; anger corresponds to wood; metal restrains wood; so sad feelings and language will subdue or release anger.
An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: anger corresponds to wood; thinking corresponds to earth; and wood restrains earth; so provocation to elicit an angry response will relieve anxiety and over-thinking.
An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: thinking corresponds to earth; fear corresponds to water; earth restrains water; so encouraging mental focus or meditation can help the patient ignore or forget fear.
An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: fear corresponds to water; joy corresponds to fire; water restrains fire; so eliciting a fearful response will restrain excess joy and euphoria.
An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: joy corresponds to fire; sadness corresponds to metal; fire restrains metal; and so happiness can overcome melancholy and sorrow.
Flexible psychotherapeutic methods that apply the mutual promotion or mutual restraint relationship among the five phases to different mental-emotional disorders. This idea was first mentioned in the Su Wen and later promulgated by Zhu Danxi.
A method to treat mental-emotional diseases such as anxiety, panic and post-traumatic stress disorders. Under controlled conditions, by repeated exposure to the circumstance that trigger the patient’ s anxiety or traumatic response disorder, their adverse reaction is gradually lessened and normalized.
A method to use different qualities of the five musical tones (gong, shang, jiao, zheng and yu), related to the five elements in the treatment of mental disorders.
A method to treat mental disorders by communicating with the patient’ s self-image.
Joy, anger, grief, excess thinking and fear.
Pathological conditions that result from excessive mental activity impairing the essential qi of five zang organs and/or disturbing qi movement within zang–fu organs.
Sudden shock and fright disrupt the qi activity and causes qi movements to become confused and disorderly.
Excess fear or an ongoing state of fearfulness causes qi to strongly descend.
Excess joy and/or euphoria cause qi to move too slowly and the qi movement becomes sluggish.
Rage and persistent anger cause disorderly ascending of the qi.
The study of essential knowledge and use of diet as part of therapy.
Food prepared in combination with Chinese herbs to benefit the health, where the selection of the herbs is based on the theories of Chinese medicine.
A therapeutic approach to harmonize qi and blood, balance yin and yang, prevent disease and benefit health, through the use of specifically tailored diets, where the properties of the food ingredients are guided by the theories of Chinese medicine.