2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids Implementation Guide
2022.1.0 - CI Build
2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids Implementation Guide
2022.1.0 - CI Build
2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids Implementation Guide, published by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This guide is not an authorized publication; it is the continuous build for version 2022.1.0 built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) CI Build. This version is based on the current content of https://github.com/cqframework/opioid-cds-r4/ and changes regularly. See the Directory of published versions
| Draft as of 2025-08-06 |
<PlanDefinition xmlns="http://hl7.org/fhir">
<id value="opioidcds-11-patient-view"/>
<meta>
<profile
value="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-recommendationdefinition"/>
<profile
value="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-publishableplandefinition"/>
</meta>
<text>
<status value="extensions"/>
<div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<table class="grid dict">
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Id: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">opioidcds-11-patient-view</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Url: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;"><a href="PlanDefinition-opioidcds-11-patient-view.html">Recommendation #11 - Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines (patient-view)</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Version: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">2022.1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Identifier: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">
<p style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<b>value: </b> <span>cdc-opioid-guidance</span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Name: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">PlanDefinition_Recommendation_11_Patient_View</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Title: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">Recommendation #11 - Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines (patient-view)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Status: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">draft</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Experimental: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">true</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Type: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">
<p style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<b>system: </b> <span><a href="http://terminology.hl7.org/6.5.0/CodeSystem-plan-definition-type.html">http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/plan-definition-type</a></span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<b>code: </b> <span>eca-rule</span>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 5px;">
<b>display: </b> <span>ECA Rule</span>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Date: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">2025-08-06</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Publisher: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Description: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">Clinicians should use particular caution when prescribing opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines concurrently and consider whether benefits outweigh risks of concurrent prescribing of opioids and other central nervous system depressants.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a name="effective-data-requirements"> </a><b>Logic Definitions: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommonConfig</td>
<td>Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">// Subroutine 2 - Past Medications
define "Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?":
true</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>Active Medication List</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Active Medication List":
[MedicationRequest: status in { 'active' }] ActiveMeds
where ActiveMeds.category in "Community"</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx":
if Config."Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?" then
(
"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"("Active Medication List")
) Rx
where date from Rx.authoredOn 2 years or less on or before Today()
and Rx.medication in "Benzodiazepine medications"
or Rx.medication in "CNS Depressant Medications"
else
List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>{}</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx":
if Config."Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?" then
(
"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"("Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests"([MedicationRequest]))
) Rx
where date from Rx.authoredOn 2 years or less on or before Today()
and Rx.medication in "Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential"
else
List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>{}</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommonConfig</td>
<td>Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria
define "Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled":
true</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSRoutines</td>
<td>Patient Age Less Than 18</td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Patient Age Less Than 18":
if (Config."Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled") then
AgeInYearsAt(Today()) < 18
else false</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommonConfig</td>
<td>Sickle Cell Check Enabled</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">// Sickle Cell
define "Sickle Cell Check Enabled":
true</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommonConfig</td>
<td>Sickle Cell Assumed Active</td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Sickle Cell Assumed Active":
true</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>US Core-Categorized Conditions</td>
<td>8</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">// 3. Medications indicating end of life
/* or exists (
"Medications Indicating End of Life"
) */
define "US Core-Categorized Conditions":
[Condition: category in "Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category"]
union [Condition: category in "Problem List Condition Category"]
union [Condition: category in "US Core Health Concern Condition Category"]</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>Positive Sickle Cell Condition</td>
<td>9</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Positive Sickle Cell Condition":
if Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled" and not Config."Sickle Cell Assumed Active"
then (
"US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
where C.code in "Sickle Cell Diseases"
and C.clinicalStatus in "Active Condition"
) else if Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled" and Config."Sickle Cell Assumed Active"
then (
"US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
where C.code in "Sickle Cell Diseases"
)
else null</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSRoutines</td>
<td>Condition Positive for Sickle Cell</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Condition Positive for Sickle Cell":
if (Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled") then
exists(
Common."Positive Sickle Cell Condition"
)
else false</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommonConfig</td>
<td>Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">// Active Cancer Treatment
define "Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled":
true</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSRoutines</td>
<td>Encounter Period</td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">// End of Opioid Naive Routine
/*
** Routine #3
** Active Cancer Treatment Routine
**
** Definition | Answer to Proceed | Details | Data (Terminology) Requirement
** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
** Two office visits within the | No | Look for a minimum of two distinct | Office Visit
** past 12 months | | encounters within 12 months of the date |
** | | of the current visit for which each of the |
** | | following is true: |
** | | - the encounter diagnosis (primary or |
** | | secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis) |
** | | is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer |
** | | Conditions value set |
** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
** Office visits with an | No | The encounter is performed by an | Oncology specialty
** oncology specialist | | oncologist as defined in the oncology | designations (NUCC)
** present | | specialty designations using the |
** | | National Uniform Claim Committee |
** | | (NUCC) classifications |
** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
** Office visits including CDC | No | The encounter diagnosis (primary or | CDC malignant cancer
** malignant cancer | | secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis) | conditions
** condition | | is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer |
** | | Conditions value set |
** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**
*/
define "Encounter Period":
Interval[Today() - 12 months, Today())</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses":
[Condition: category in "Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category"] CancerDiagnoses
where CancerDiagnoses.code in "CDC malignant cancer conditions"</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSRoutines</td>
<td>Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period</td>
<td>14</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">// encounter-diagnosis, problem-list and health-concern Conditions
// define "US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses":
// Common."US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
// where C.code in Common."CDC malignant cancer conditions"
// define "Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
// [Encounter] Encounter
// with "US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnosis
// such that date from Encounter.period."start".value in day of "Encounter Period"
// and EndsWith(CancerDiagnosis.encounter.reference, Encounter.id)
define "Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
[Encounter] Encounters
where date from Encounters.period."start" in day of "Encounter Period"
and exists (
Common."USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnoses
where EndsWith(CancerDiagnoses.encounter.reference, Encounters.id)
)</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSRoutines</td>
<td>Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
Count ("Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period")</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSRoutines</td>
<td>Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period</td>
<td>16</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
"Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period" >= 2</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses":
[Condition: category in "Problem List Condition Category"] CancerDiagnoses
where CancerDiagnoses.code in "CDC malignant cancer conditions"</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSRoutines</td>
<td>Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List</td>
<td>18</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List":
exists (
Common."USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnoses
where CancerDiagnoses.category in Common."Problem List Condition Category"
and exists(
CancerDiagnoses.clinicalStatus.coding ClinicalStatus
where ClinicalStatus.code ~ 'active'
)
)</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSRoutines</td>
<td>Is Active Cancer Treatment?</td>
<td>19</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Is Active Cancer Treatment?":
if (Config."Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled")
then "Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"
or "Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List"
else false</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommonConfig</td>
<td>End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled</td>
<td>20</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria
define "End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled":
true</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSRoutines</td>
<td>Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing</td>
<td>21</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing":
if (Config."End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled") then
exists (
Common."US Core-Categorized Conditions" EOLC
where EOLC.code in Common."Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing"
// and EOLC.clinicalStatus in Common."Active Condition"
)
else false</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSRoutines</td>
<td>CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria</td>
<td>22</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria":
not "Patient Age Less Than 18"
and not "Condition Positive for Sickle Cell"
and not "Is Active Cancer Treatment?"
and not "Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing"</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSREC11PatientView</td>
<td>Inclusion Criteria</td>
<td>23</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Inclusion Criteria":
(
exists (Common."Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx")
and exists (Common."Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx")
) and Routines."CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria"</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy</td>
<td>24</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy":
(
"US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
where C.code in "Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing"
and C.clinicalStatus in "Active Condition"
)
union
(
"US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
where C.code in "Limited life expectancy conditions"
and C.clinicalStatus in "Active Condition"
)</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommonConfig</td>
<td>Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled</td>
<td>25</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">// OpioidCDSCommon
define "Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled":
false</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care</td>
<td>26</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care":
(
if (Config."Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled") then
[Observation: code in "Hospice Finding Codes"] O
where not (O.status.value in { 'unknown', 'entered-in-error', 'cancelled' })
else
{}
)
union
(
[Encounter] E
where date from E.period.start 1 year or less on or before Today()
and (
if E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition.coding is null
or not exists (E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition.coding)
then false
else E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition in "Hospice Disposition"
)
and E.status.value in { 'planned', 'arrived', 'in-progress', 'finished', 'onleave' }
)</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>End of Life Assessment</td>
<td>27</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "End of Life Assessment":
// 1. Conditions indicating end of life or with limited life expectancy
exists (
"Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy"
)
// 2. Admitted/referred/discharged to hospice care
or exists (
"Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care"
)</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSREC11PatientView</td>
<td>Exclusion Criteria</td>
<td>28</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Exclusion Criteria":
Common."End of Life Assessment"</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSREC11PatientView</td>
<td>Is Recommendation Applicable?</td>
<td>29</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define "Is Recommendation Applicable?":
"Inclusion Criteria"
and not "Exclusion Criteria"</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code</td>
<td>30</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define function "Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"(value List<MedicationRequest>):
value Rx
let Med:
if Rx.medication is Reference then singleton from (
[Medication] M
where M.id = (Last(Split((Rx.medication as FHIR.Reference).reference, '/')))
) else null
return
MedicationRequest {
id: Rx.id,
status: Rx.status,
intent: Rx.intent,
category: Rx.category,
medication: if Rx.medication is Reference then Med.code else Rx.medication as CodeableConcept,
subject: Rx.subject,
authoredOn: Rx.authoredOn,
recorder: Rx.recorder,
dosageInstruction: Rx.dosageInstruction,
dispenseRequest: Rx.dispenseRequest
}</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>FHIRHelpers</td>
<td>ToString</td>
<td>31</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define function ToString(value string): value.value</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>FHIRHelpers</td>
<td>ToConcept</td>
<td>32</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define function ToConcept(concept FHIR.CodeableConcept):
if concept is null then
null
else
System.Concept {
codes: concept.coding C return ToCode(C),
display: concept.text.value
}</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>FHIRHelpers</td>
<td>ToCode</td>
<td>33</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define function ToCode(coding FHIR.Coding):
if coding is null then
null
else
System.Code {
code: coding.code.value,
system: coding.system.value,
version: coding.version.value,
display: coding.display.value
}</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>FHIRHelpers</td>
<td>ToDateTime</td>
<td>34</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define function ToDateTime(value dateTime): value.value</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>Library Name</b></th><th><b>Name</b></th><th><b>sequence</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>OpioidCDSCommon</td>
<td>Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests</td>
<td>35</td>
</tr>
</table>
<pre style="max-width: 990px;"><code class="language-cql">define function "Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests" (value List<MedicationRequest>) returns List<MedicationRequest>:
value Rx
where Rx.status.value = 'active'
and Rx.category in "Community"</code></pre>
<br/><br/>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Knowledge Capability: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">
shareable computable executable publishable
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Use Context: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><th><b>code</b></th><th><b>value</b></th><th><b>display</b></th></tr>
<tr>
<td>focus</td>
<td>182888003</td>
<td>Medication requested (situation)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>focus</td>
<td>82423001</td>
<td>Chronic pain (finding)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Purpose: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;"><div><p>The 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain is intended to improve communication between clinicians and patients about the benefits and risks of pain treatments, including opioid therapy; improve the effectiveness and safety of pain treatment; mitigate pain; improve function and quality of life for patients with pain; and reduce risks associated with opioid pain therapy, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death. The recommendations do not apply to pain related to sickle cell disease or cancer or to patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care.</p>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Usage: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">Clinicians should use particular caution when prescribing opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines concurrently. In addition, clinicians should consider whether benefits outweigh risks for concurrent use of opioids with other central nervous system depressants.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Copyright: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;"><div><p>© CDC 2016+.</p>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Related Artifacts: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">
<p><b>Documentation</b></p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm"> 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain</a>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Libraries: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr><td><a href="Library-OpioidCDSREC11PatientView.html">Library - Recommendation #11 Patient View - Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><b>Actions: </b></th>
<td style="padding-left: 4px;">
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr>
<td>
<b> Use Particular Caution When Prescribing Opioid Pain Medication and Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants Concurrently:</b> Consider whether the benefits outweigh the risks of concurrently prescribing opioids and benzodiazepines, or other central nervous system depressant medications.
When co-prescribing risks outweigh benefits, consult [Recommendation 11 of the 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=evidence%20type%3A%203).-,Implementation%20Considerations,-Although%20in%20some) for further guidance.
[For patients being treated for opioid use disorder who are also taking benzodiazepines or other medications that depress the central nervous system, the CDC recommends not withholding buprenorphine or methadone](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=gabapentin%20and%20pregabalin).-,Buprenorphine%20or%20methadone%20for%20opioid%20use%20disorder%20should%20not%20be%20withheld%20from%20patients%20taking%20benzodiazepines%20or%20other%20medications%20that%20depress%20the%20central%20nervous%20system.,-Clinicians%20should%20check).
If the decision is made to taper benzodiazepine medications, [the CDC recommends tapering benzodiazepines gradually prior to discontinuation](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=Clinicians%20should%20taper%20benzodiazepines%20gradually%20before%20discontinuation%20because%20abrupt%20withdrawal%20can%20be%20associated%20with%20rebound%20anxiety%2C%20hallucinations%2C%20seizures%2C%20delirium%20tremens%2C%20and%2C%20rarely%2C%20death.%20The%20rate%20of%20tapering%20should%20be%20individualized).<br/>
<b>When:</b> <i>Named Event:</i> patient-view<br/>
<b>If:</b> <i>Applicability:</i> Check whether the patient is using opioids concurrently with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system depressants and if the 2022 CDC guideline general inclusion criteria is met. <i>(Is Recommendation Applicable?)</i><br/>
<b>Then:</b>
<table class="grid-dict">
<tr>
<td>
<b> :</b> Document - Will modify prescription<br/>
<b>Then:</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<b> :</b> Snooze* - Benefits outweigh risks, snooze 3 months<br/>
<b>Then:</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<b> :</b> Snooze* - N/A see comments, snooze 3 months<br/>
<b>Then:</b>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</text>
<contained>
<Library>
<id value="effective-data-requirements"/>
<name value="EffectiveDataRequirements"/>
<status value="active"/>
<type>
<coding>
<system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/library-type"/>
<code value="module-definition"/>
</coding>
</type>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Library Common"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/OpioidCDSCommon|2022.1.0"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Library Config"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/OpioidCDSCommonConfig|2022.1.0"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Library FHIRHelpers"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/FHIRHelpers|4.0.1"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Library Routines"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/OpioidCDSRoutines|2022.1.0"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set Community"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/medicationrequest-category-community"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set Benzodiazepine medications"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/benzodiazepine-medications"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set CNS Depressant Medications"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/cns-depressant-medications"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display
value="Value set Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/opioid-analgesics-with-ambulatory-misuse-potential"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-encounter-diagnosis-category"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set Problem List Condition Category"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-problem-list-category"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set US Core Health Concern Condition Category"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-us-core-health-concern-category"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set Sickle Cell Diseases"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/sickle-cell-diseases"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set Active Condition"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-clinical-status-active"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set CDC malignant cancer conditions"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/cdc-malignant-cancer-conditions"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display
value="Value set Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/conditions-likely-terminal-for-opioid-prescribing"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set Limited life expectancy conditions"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/limited-life-expectancy-conditions"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set Hospice Finding Codes"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/hospice-finding"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="depends-on"/>
<display value="Value set Hospice Disposition"/>
<resource
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/hospice-disposition"/>
</relatedArtifact>
<parameter>
<name value="Is Recommendation Applicable?"/>
<use value="out"/>
<min value="0"/>
<max value="1"/>
<type value="boolean"/>
</parameter>
<dataRequirement>
<type value="Medication"/>
<profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Medication"/>
<mustSupport value="id"/>
<mustSupport value="code"/>
</dataRequirement>
<dataRequirement>
<type value="MedicationRequest"/>
<profile
value="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/MedicationRequest"/>
<mustSupport value="status"/>
<mustSupport value="category"/>
<mustSupport value="medication"/>
<mustSupport value="medication.reference"/>
<mustSupport value="id"/>
<mustSupport value="intent"/>
<mustSupport value="subject"/>
<mustSupport value="authoredOn"/>
<mustSupport value="recorder"/>
<mustSupport value="dosageInstruction"/>
<mustSupport value="dispenseRequest"/>
<mustSupport value="status.value"/>
<codeFilter>
<path value="status"/>
<code>
<code value="active"/>
</code>
</codeFilter>
</dataRequirement>
<dataRequirement>
<type value="MedicationRequest"/>
<profile
value="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/MedicationRequest"/>
<mustSupport value="status"/>
<mustSupport value="category"/>
<mustSupport value="authoredOn"/>
<mustSupport value="medication"/>
<mustSupport value="medication.reference"/>
<mustSupport value="id"/>
<mustSupport value="intent"/>
<mustSupport value="subject"/>
<mustSupport value="recorder"/>
<mustSupport value="dosageInstruction"/>
<mustSupport value="dispenseRequest"/>
<mustSupport value="status.value"/>
<codeFilter>
<path value="status"/>
<code>
<code value="active"/>
</code>
</codeFilter>
</dataRequirement>
<dataRequirement>
<type value="MedicationRequest"/>
<profile
value="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/MedicationRequest"/>
<mustSupport value="authoredOn"/>
<mustSupport value="medication"/>
<mustSupport value="medication.reference"/>
<mustSupport value="id"/>
<mustSupport value="status"/>
<mustSupport value="intent"/>
<mustSupport value="category"/>
<mustSupport value="subject"/>
<mustSupport value="recorder"/>
<mustSupport value="dosageInstruction"/>
<mustSupport value="dispenseRequest"/>
<mustSupport value="status.value"/>
</dataRequirement>
<dataRequirement>
<type value="Patient"/>
<profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Patient"/>
</dataRequirement>
<dataRequirement>
<type value="Condition"/>
<profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Condition"/>
<mustSupport value="category"/>
<mustSupport value="code"/>
<mustSupport value="clinicalStatus"/>
<codeFilter>
<path value="category"/>
<valueSet
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-us-core-health-concern-category"/>
</codeFilter>
</dataRequirement>
<dataRequirement>
<type value="Condition"/>
<profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Condition"/>
<mustSupport value="category"/>
<mustSupport value="code"/>
<mustSupport value="clinicalStatus"/>
<mustSupport value="encounter"/>
<mustSupport value="encounter.reference"/>
<codeFilter>
<path value="category"/>
<valueSet
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-encounter-diagnosis-category"/>
</codeFilter>
</dataRequirement>
<dataRequirement>
<type value="Condition"/>
<profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Condition"/>
<mustSupport value="category"/>
<mustSupport value="code"/>
<mustSupport value="clinicalStatus"/>
<mustSupport value="clinicalStatus.coding"/>
<codeFilter>
<path value="category"/>
<valueSet
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/condition-problem-list-category"/>
</codeFilter>
</dataRequirement>
<dataRequirement>
<type value="Encounter"/>
<profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Encounter"/>
<mustSupport value="period"/>
<mustSupport value="period.start"/>
<mustSupport value="id"/>
<mustSupport value="hospitalization"/>
<mustSupport value="hospitalization.dischargeDisposition"/>
<mustSupport value="hospitalization.dischargeDisposition.coding"/>
<mustSupport value="status"/>
<mustSupport value="status.value"/>
</dataRequirement>
<dataRequirement>
<type value="Observation"/>
<profile value="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation"/>
<mustSupport value="code"/>
<mustSupport value="status"/>
<mustSupport value="status.value"/>
<codeFilter>
<path value="code"/>
<valueSet
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/ValueSet/hospice-finding"/>
</codeFilter>
</dataRequirement>
</Library>
</contained>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-knowledgeCapability">
<valueCode value="shareable"/>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-knowledgeCapability">
<valueCode value="computable"/>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-knowledgeCapability">
<valueCode value="executable"/>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/StructureDefinition/cpg-knowledgeCapability">
<valueCode value="publishable"/>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommonConfig"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString
value="Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="// Subroutine 2 - Past Medications
define "Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?":
true"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="0"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Active Medication List"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Active Medication List":
[MedicationRequest: status in { 'active' }] ActiveMeds
where ActiveMeds.category in "Community""/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="1"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString
value="Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx":
if Config."Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?" then
(
"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"("Active Medication List")
) Rx
where date from Rx.authoredOn 2 years or less on or before Today()
and Rx.medication in "Benzodiazepine medications"
or Rx.medication in "CNS Depressant Medications"
else
List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>{}"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="2"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx":
if Config."Can the implementing EHR support queries for past medications by date range?" then
(
"Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"("Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests"([MedicationRequest]))
) Rx
where date from Rx.authoredOn 2 years or less on or before Today()
and Rx.medication in "Opioid analgesics with ambulatory misuse potential"
else
List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>{}"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="3"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommonConfig"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria
define "Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled":
true"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="4"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSRoutines"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Patient Age Less Than 18"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Patient Age Less Than 18":
if (Config."Age Less than 18 Years Is Enabled") then
AgeInYearsAt(Today()) < 18
else false"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="5"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommonConfig"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Sickle Cell Check Enabled"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="// Sickle Cell
define "Sickle Cell Check Enabled":
true"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="6"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommonConfig"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Sickle Cell Assumed Active"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Sickle Cell Assumed Active":
true"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="7"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="US Core-Categorized Conditions"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="// 3. Medications indicating end of life
/* or exists (
"Medications Indicating End of Life"
) */
define "US Core-Categorized Conditions":
[Condition: category in "Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category"]
union [Condition: category in "Problem List Condition Category"]
union [Condition: category in "US Core Health Concern Condition Category"]"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="8"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Positive Sickle Cell Condition"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Positive Sickle Cell Condition":
if Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled" and not Config."Sickle Cell Assumed Active"
then (
"US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
where C.code in "Sickle Cell Diseases"
and C.clinicalStatus in "Active Condition"
) else if Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled" and Config."Sickle Cell Assumed Active"
then (
"US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
where C.code in "Sickle Cell Diseases"
)
else null"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="9"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSRoutines"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Condition Positive for Sickle Cell"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Condition Positive for Sickle Cell":
if (Config."Sickle Cell Check Enabled") then
exists(
Common."Positive Sickle Cell Condition"
)
else false"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="10"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommonConfig"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString
value="Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="// Active Cancer Treatment
define "Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled":
true"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="11"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSRoutines"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Encounter Period"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="// End of Opioid Naive Routine
/*
** Routine #3
** Active Cancer Treatment Routine
**
** Definition | Answer to Proceed | Details | Data (Terminology) Requirement
** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
** Two office visits within the | No | Look for a minimum of two distinct | Office Visit
** past 12 months | | encounters within 12 months of the date |
** | | of the current visit for which each of the |
** | | following is true: |
** | | - the encounter diagnosis (primary or |
** | | secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis) |
** | | is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer |
** | | Conditions value set |
** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
** Office visits with an | No | The encounter is performed by an | Oncology specialty
** oncology specialist | | oncologist as defined in the oncology | designations (NUCC)
** present | | specialty designations using the |
** | | National Uniform Claim Committee |
** | | (NUCC) classifications |
** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
** Office visits including CDC | No | The encounter diagnosis (primary or | CDC malignant cancer
** malignant cancer | | secondary or co-morbidity diagnosis) | conditions
** condition | | is listed in the CDC Malignant Cancer |
** | | Conditions value set |
** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**
*/
define "Encounter Period":
Interval[Today() - 12 months, Today())"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="12"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses":
[Condition: category in "Encounter Diagnosis Condition Category"] CancerDiagnoses
where CancerDiagnoses.code in "CDC malignant cancer conditions""/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="13"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSRoutines"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString
value="Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="// encounter-diagnosis, problem-list and health-concern Conditions
// define "US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses":
// Common."US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
// where C.code in Common."CDC malignant cancer conditions"
// define "Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
// [Encounter] Encounter
// with "US Core-Categorized Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnosis
// such that date from Encounter.period."start".value in day of "Encounter Period"
// and EndsWith(CancerDiagnosis.encounter.reference, Encounter.id)
define "Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
[Encounter] Encounters
where date from Encounters.period."start" in day of "Encounter Period"
and exists (
Common."USCore Encounter Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnoses
where EndsWith(CancerDiagnoses.encounter.reference, Encounters.id)
)"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="14"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSRoutines"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString
value="Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
Count ("Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period")"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="15"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSRoutines"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString
value="Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period":
"Number of Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period" >= 2"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="16"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses":
[Condition: category in "Problem List Condition Category"] CancerDiagnoses
where CancerDiagnoses.code in "CDC malignant cancer conditions""/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="17"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSRoutines"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List":
exists (
Common."USCore Problem List Cancer Diagnoses" CancerDiagnoses
where CancerDiagnoses.category in Common."Problem List Condition Category"
and exists(
CancerDiagnoses.clinicalStatus.coding ClinicalStatus
where ClinicalStatus.code ~ 'active'
)
)"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="18"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSRoutines"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Is Active Cancer Treatment?"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Is Active Cancer Treatment?":
if (Config."Active Cancer Treatment Encounters Condition Is Enabled")
then "Has Two or More Encounters with Cancer Diagnosis During Encounter Period"
or "Has Active Cancer Diagnosis on Problem List"
else false"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="19"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommonConfig"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="// CDC 2022 General Inclusion Criteria
define "End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled":
true"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="20"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSRoutines"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing":
if (Config."End-Stage Disease Criteria Enabled") then
exists (
Common."US Core-Categorized Conditions" EOLC
where EOLC.code in Common."Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing"
// and EOLC.clinicalStatus in Common."Active Condition"
)
else false"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="21"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSRoutines"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria":
not "Patient Age Less Than 18"
and not "Condition Positive for Sickle Cell"
and not "Is Active Cancer Treatment?"
and not "Conditions Likely Terminal for Opioid Prescribing""/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="22"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSREC11PatientView"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Inclusion Criteria"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Inclusion Criteria":
(
exists (Common."Active Ambulatory Benzodiazepine or CNS Depressant Rx")
and exists (Common."Active Ambulatory Opioid Rx")
) and Routines."CDC 2022 Guideline General Inclusion Criteria""/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="23"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString
value="Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy":
(
"US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
where C.code in "Conditions likely terminal for opioid prescribing"
and C.clinicalStatus in "Active Condition"
)
union
(
"US Core-Categorized Conditions" C
where C.code in "Limited life expectancy conditions"
and C.clinicalStatus in "Active Condition"
)"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="24"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommonConfig"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="// OpioidCDSCommon
define "Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled":
false"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="25"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care":
(
if (Config."Hospice Findings Exclusion Enabled") then
[Observation: code in "Hospice Finding Codes"] O
where not (O.status.value in { 'unknown', 'entered-in-error', 'cancelled' })
else
{}
)
union
(
[Encounter] E
where date from E.period.start 1 year or less on or before Today()
and (
if E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition.coding is null
or not exists (E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition.coding)
then false
else E.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition in "Hospice Disposition"
)
and E.status.value in { 'planned', 'arrived', 'in-progress', 'finished', 'onleave' }
)"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="26"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="End of Life Assessment"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "End of Life Assessment":
// 1. Conditions indicating end of life or with limited life expectancy
exists (
"Conditions Indicating End of Life or With Limited Life Expectancy"
)
// 2. Admitted/referred/discharged to hospice care
or exists (
"Admitted/Referred/Discharged to Hospice Care"
)"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="27"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSREC11PatientView"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Exclusion Criteria"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Exclusion Criteria":
Common."End of Life Assessment""/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="28"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSREC11PatientView"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Is Recommendation Applicable?"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define "Is Recommendation Applicable?":
"Inclusion Criteria"
and not "Exclusion Criteria""/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="29"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define function "Get MedicationRequest Medication as Code"(value List<MedicationRequest>):
value Rx
let Med:
if Rx.medication is Reference then singleton from (
[Medication] M
where M.id = (Last(Split((Rx.medication as FHIR.Reference).reference, '/')))
) else null
return
MedicationRequest {
id: Rx.id,
status: Rx.status,
intent: Rx.intent,
category: Rx.category,
medication: if Rx.medication is Reference then Med.code else Rx.medication as CodeableConcept,
subject: Rx.subject,
authoredOn: Rx.authoredOn,
recorder: Rx.recorder,
dosageInstruction: Rx.dosageInstruction,
dispenseRequest: Rx.dispenseRequest
}"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="30"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="FHIRHelpers"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="ToString"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define function ToString(value string): value.value"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="31"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="FHIRHelpers"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="ToConcept"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define function ToConcept(concept FHIR.CodeableConcept):
if concept is null then
null
else
System.Concept {
codes: concept.coding C return ToCode(C),
display: concept.text.value
}"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="32"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="FHIRHelpers"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="ToCode"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define function ToCode(coding FHIR.Coding):
if coding is null then
null
else
System.Code {
code: coding.code.value,
system: coding.system.value,
version: coding.version.value,
display: coding.display.value
}"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="33"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="FHIRHelpers"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="ToDateTime"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define function ToDateTime(value dateTime): value.value"/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="34"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-logicDefinition">
<extension url="libraryName">
<valueString value="OpioidCDSCommon"/>
</extension>
<extension url="name">
<valueString value="Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests"/>
</extension>
<extension url="statement">
<valueString
value="define function "Get Active Ambulatory Medication Requests" (value List<MedicationRequest>) returns List<MedicationRequest>:
value Rx
where Rx.status.value = 'active'
and Rx.category in "Community""/>
</extension>
<extension url="displaySequence">
<valueInteger value="35"/>
</extension>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/crmi/StructureDefinition/crmi-effectiveDataRequirements" id="effective-data-requirements">
<valueCanonical value="#effective-data-requirements"/>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/crmi/StructureDefinition/crmi-softwaresystem">
<valueReference>🔗
<reference value="Device/cqf-tooling"/>
</valueReference>
</extension>
<url
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/PlanDefinition/opioidcds-11-patient-view"/>
<identifier>
<use value="official"/>
<value value="cdc-opioid-guidance"/>
</identifier>
<version value="2022.1.0"/>
<name value="PlanDefinition_Recommendation_11_Patient_View"/>
<title
value="Recommendation #11 - Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines (patient-view)"/>
<type>
<coding>
<system
value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/plan-definition-type"/>
<code value="eca-rule"/>
<display value="ECA Rule"/>
</coding>
</type>
<status value="draft"/>
<experimental value="true"/>
<date value="2025-08-06"/>
<publisher value="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)"/>
<contact>
<telecom>
<system value="url"/>
<value value="https://www.cdc.gov"/>
</telecom>
</contact>
<description
value="Clinicians should use particular caution when prescribing opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines concurrently and consider whether benefits outweigh risks of concurrent prescribing of opioids and other central nervous system depressants."/>
<useContext>
<code>
<system
value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/usage-context-type"/>
<code value="focus"/>
<display value="Clinical Focus"/>
</code>
<valueCodeableConcept>
<coding>
<system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
<code value="182888003"/>
<display value="Medication requested (situation)"/>
</coding>
</valueCodeableConcept>
</useContext>
<useContext>
<code>
<system
value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/usage-context-type"/>
<code value="focus"/>
<display value="Clinical Focus"/>
</code>
<valueCodeableConcept>
<coding>
<system value="http://snomed.info/sct"/>
<code value="82423001"/>
<display value="Chronic pain (finding)"/>
</coding>
</valueCodeableConcept>
</useContext>
<purpose
value="The 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain is intended to improve communication between clinicians and patients about the benefits and risks of pain treatments, including opioid therapy; improve the effectiveness and safety of pain treatment; mitigate pain; improve function and quality of life for patients with pain; and reduce risks associated with opioid pain therapy, including opioid use disorder, overdose, and death. The recommendations do not apply to pain related to sickle cell disease or cancer or to patients receiving palliative or end-of-life care."/>
<usage
value="Clinicians should use particular caution when prescribing opioid pain medication and benzodiazepines concurrently. In addition, clinicians should consider whether benefits outweigh risks for concurrent use of opioids with other central nervous system depressants."/>
<copyright value="© CDC 2016+."/>
<topic>
<text value="Opioid Prescribing"/>
</topic>
<author>
<name value="Kensaku Kawamoto, MD, PhD, MHS"/>
</author>
<author>
<name value="Bryn Rhodes"/>
</author>
<author>
<name value="Floyd Eisenberg, MD, MPH"/>
</author>
<author>
<name value="Robert McClure, MD, MPH"/>
</author>
<relatedArtifact>
<type value="documentation"/>
<display
value="2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain"/>
<url value="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm"/>
<document>
<url value="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm"/>
</document>
</relatedArtifact>
<library
value="http://fhir.org/guides/cdc/opioid-cds/Library/OpioidCDSREC11PatientView"/>
<action>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-strengthOfRecommendation">
<valueCodeableConcept>
<coding>
<system
value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/recommendation-strength"/>
<code value="weak"/>
<display value="Weak"/>
</coding>
</valueCodeableConcept>
</extension>
<extension
url="http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/cqf-qualityOfEvidence">
<valueCodeableConcept>
<coding>
<system
value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/evidence-quality"/>
<code value="low"/>
<display value="Low quality"/>
</coding>
</valueCodeableConcept>
</extension>
<title
value="Use Particular Caution When Prescribing Opioid Pain Medication and Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants Concurrently"/>
<description
value="Consider whether the benefits outweigh the risks of concurrently prescribing opioids and benzodiazepines, or other central nervous system depressant medications.
When co-prescribing risks outweigh benefits, consult [Recommendation 11 of the 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=evidence%20type%3A%203).-,Implementation%20Considerations,-Although%20in%20some) for further guidance.
[For patients being treated for opioid use disorder who are also taking benzodiazepines or other medications that depress the central nervous system, the CDC recommends not withholding buprenorphine or methadone](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=gabapentin%20and%20pregabalin).-,Buprenorphine%20or%20methadone%20for%20opioid%20use%20disorder%20should%20not%20be%20withheld%20from%20patients%20taking%20benzodiazepines%20or%20other%20medications%20that%20depress%20the%20central%20nervous%20system.,-Clinicians%20should%20check).
If the decision is made to taper benzodiazepine medications, [the CDC recommends tapering benzodiazepines gradually prior to discontinuation](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/rr/rr7103a1.htm#:~:text=Clinicians%20should%20taper%20benzodiazepines%20gradually%20before%20discontinuation%20because%20abrupt%20withdrawal%20can%20be%20associated%20with%20rebound%20anxiety%2C%20hallucinations%2C%20seizures%2C%20delirium%20tremens%2C%20and%2C%20rarely%2C%20death.%20The%20rate%20of%20tapering%20should%20be%20individualized)."/>
<priority value="urgent"/>
<trigger>
<type value="named-event"/>
<name value="patient-view"/>
</trigger>
<condition>
<kind value="applicability"/>
<expression>
<description
value="Check whether the patient is using opioids concurrently with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system depressants and if the 2022 CDC guideline general inclusion criteria is met."/>
<language value="text/cql.identifier"/>
<expression value="Is Recommendation Applicable?"/>
</expression>
</condition>
<groupingBehavior value="visual-group"/>
<selectionBehavior value="any"/>
<action>
<description value="Document - Will modify prescription"/>
</action>
<action>
<description
value="Snooze* - Benefits outweigh risks, snooze 3 months"/>
</action>
<action>
<description value="Snooze* - N/A see comments, snooze 3 months"/>
</action>
</action>
</PlanDefinition>