Clinical Practice Guidelines Example Implementation Guide - Chronic Kidney Disease
1.0.0 - ci-build
Clinical Practice Guidelines Example Implementation Guide - Chronic Kidney Disease
1.0.0 - ci-build
Clinical Practice Guidelines Example Implementation Guide - Chronic Kidney Disease, published by HL7 International - Clinical Decision Support WG. This guide is not an authorized publication; it is the continuous build for version 1.0.0 built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) CI Build. This version is based on the current content of https://github.com/cqframework/cpg-example-ckd/ and changes regularly. See the Directory of published versions
| Active as of 2024-08-23 |
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value="SYNOPSIS - Chronic Kidney Disease
KEY POINTS
Decline in function of the kidney characterized by at least 3 months of reduced GFR (less than 60 mL/minute/ 1.73 m&sup2;) or at least 3 months of structural or functional kidney damage
Assessment of both GFR and albuminuria is necessary to diagnose chronic kidney disease and monitor disease progression
GFR is most commonly estimated through measuring serum creatinine and the use of GFR estimating equations, either the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation or the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation
Albuminuria is measured by urine albumin/creatinine ratio; greater than 30 mg/g indicates albuminuria
Chronic kidney disease is commonly associated with hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease
First line therapy includes ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers to reduce albuminuria and hypertension
If left untreated, chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or renal transplant
Symptoms of end-stage renal disease (eg, pruritus, refractory electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, severe nausea, neurologic impairments) typically occur when GFR is 5 to 10 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;
Carefully monitor electrolyte levels, hemoglobin, parathyroid hormone levels, and sodium bicarbonate levels to detect complications of chronic kidney disease, including cardiovascular disease, anemia, bone mineral disease, and metabolic acidosis
URGENT ACTION
Hyperkalemia may require urgent treatment in patients being treated for chronic kidney disease
Urgent treatment consists of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate and regimens of sodium bicarbonate, glucose and insulin, or nebulized albuterol
PITFALLS
Early stages are often asymptomatic, causing chronic kidney disease to be untreated, leading to further progression of kidney damage and worse prognosis"/>
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value="Obtain serum creatinine for evaluation of GFR
Estimate GFR from serum creatinine using 1 of 2 equations
Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation is preferred for reporting estimated GFR; more accurately represents true GFR, especially at GFR above 60 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation underestimates true GFR in patients with GFR above 60 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;
Less accurate than the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation, though still widely used by many laboratories
A GFR calculator (using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation) is available from the&nbsp;National Kidney Foundation&nbsp;and the&nbsp;National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Gold standard is to measure clearance of continuously infused inulin over 24 hours; however, this is neither practical nor cost effective
If GFR is suspected to be inaccurate (eg, severe malnutrition, paraplegia, amputated extremity) testing involves a 24-hour urine collection
&nbsp;
GFR equations
Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation43
GFR (mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;) = 141 &times; min(Scr/&kappa;, 1)^&alpha; &times; max(Scr/&kappa;, 1)^-1.209 &times; 0.993^Age &times; 1.018 [if female] &times; 1.159 [if black]
Scr = serum creatinine
&kappa; = 61.9 for females and 79.6 for males
&alpha; = -0.329 for females and -0.411 for males
Min indicates the minimum of Scr/&kappa; or 1
Max indicates the maximum of Scr/&kappa; or 1
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation
GFR (mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;) = 175 &times; (Scr)^-1.154 &times; (age)^-0.203 &times; 0.742 [if female] &times; 1.212 [if black]
&nbsp;
Classification according to GFR category
G1: normal or high renal function
GFR: greater than 90 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;
G2: mildly decreased renal function
GFR: 60 to 89 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;
G3a: mildly to moderately decreased renal function
GFR: 45 to 59 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;
G3b: moderately to severely decreased renal function
GFR: 30 to 44 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;
G4: severely decreased renal function
GFR: 15 to 29 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;
G5: kidney failure
GFR: less than 15 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;
Combined GFR and albuminuria stage more accurately denotes the risk of progression of chronic kidney disease
&nbsp;
Verify chronicity of kidney disease
If GFR less than 60 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2; (GFR categories G3a-G5) or markers of kidney damage present, review history and previous measurements to determine duration of kidney disease
If duration is greater than 3 months, chronic kidney disease is confirmed
If duration is less than 3 months or unclear, chronic kidney disease is not confirmed; patients may have chronic kidney disease or acute kidney diseases (including acute kidney injury) or both, and tests should be repeated accordingly"/>
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value="To improve long-term outcomes, lifestyle modifications to&nbsp;lower&nbsp;blood pressure to less than 140/90 mmHg should be made for those who are NOT at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
&nbsp;
The modifications include:
Weight reduction, if indicated, and maintaining a healthy weight with body mass index (BMI) of 20 to 25
Reducing salt intake to 2 g per day of sodium, unless contraindicated
Following a regular exercise program aiming for at least 30 minutes, 5 times a week, depending on cardiovascular tolerance
Alcohol intake not more than 2 standard drinks per day for men and one standard drink per day for women"/>
<citation
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value="Drug therapy
Select drug dosages based on GFR, and carefully monitor kidney function when prescribing nephrotoxic medications, as change in renal function alters drug metabolism
Consult the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Conference report for detailed dosing considerations and strategies for acute and chronic kidney disease
Considerations for drugs commonly used by patients with chronic kidney disease
ACE inhibitors
Used to reduce blood pressure in the kidneys and reduce albuminurin
Dual therapy with angiotensin receptor blockers is not recommended
Use lower dose in patients with GFR less than 45 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;; do not routinely discontinue when GFR is less than 30 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2; (remains nephroprotective)
Follow serum potassium
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Used to reduce blood pressure in the kidneys and reduce albuminuria
Dual therapy with ACE inhibitor is not recommended
Use lower dose in patients with GFR less than 45 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2;; do not routinely discontinue when GFR is less than 30 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2; (remains nephroprotective)
Follow serum potassium
Calcium channel blockers
Can be used in combination with ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker to control hypertension
3 main classes
Benzothiazepines (diltiazem)
Preferred over dihydropyridines because of an antiproteinuric effect
Phenylalkylamines (verapamil)
Preferred over dihydropyridines because it has an antiproteinuric effect (no clear indication to discriminate use of benzothiazepines versus phenylalkylamines)
Dihydropyridines (eg, nifedipine, amlodipine)
Avoid prescribing calcium channel blockers without ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker, as sole use can lead to increased hyperfiltration and increased albuminuria
Aldosterone receptor antagonists
Spironolactone (nonselective)
Carefully monitor for hyperkalemia
Eplerenone (selective)
Carefully monitor for hyperkalemia
Antidiabetic agents
Choice of therapy depends on type of diabetes, degree of glycemic control needed, and level of current kidney function
Insulin
May need dose reduction when GFR is less than 30 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2; to avoid hypoglycemia as insulin is partly renally excreted
No evidence-based guidelines or recommendations exist specifying which types of insulin to use or avoid depending on severity of chronic kidney disease
Sulfonylureas
First-generation sulfonylureas are contraindicated as they are affected by kidney function and increase risks of hypoglycemia
Glipizide
Second-generation sulfonylurea; preferred in patients with chronic kidney disease as it is metabolized primarily in the liver
Biguanides
Metformin
Relatively contraindicated when GFR is less than 30 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2; as there is a risk of lactic acidosis; consider risk-benefit if GFR is stable
Diuretics
Monitor for hyperkalemia and hypotension as diuretics can cause fluid imbalance resulting in electrolyte level disparities
Thiazide
Once daily recommended in patients with GFR of 30 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2; or higher (categories G1-G3)
Loop diuretics
Once or twice daily recommended in patients with GFR less than 30 mL/minute/1.73 m&sup2; (categories G4-G5)
Analgesics
Acetaminophen is the analgesic recommended for short-term treatment of mild to moderate pain in patients with stages 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease; considered analgesic of choice for all patients with chronic kidney disease
NSAIDs may be used for short-term therapy in patients up to stage 3 chronic kidney disease, with regular monitoring of renal function"/>
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According to the American College of Physicians,&nbsp;select either an ACE&nbsp;inhibitor (moderate-quality evidence) or an angiotensin II-receptor blocker (high-quality evidence) for patients with hypertension and stage 1 to 3 chronic kidney disease.
After starting an ACE&nbsp;inhibitor, measure the short-term follow-up creatinine level&nbsp;and use the results to prompt further attention if it shows a rise of greater than 30%.
Consider alternative causes of acute kidney injury as well as renal artery stenosis.
Consider stopping the ACE inhibitor or&nbsp;angiotensin II receptor blocker&nbsp;medication."/>
<citation
value="Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012;2 (Suppl), 337-414. Source
Qaseem A, Hopkins, RH Jr, et al. Screening, monitoring, and treatment of stage 1 to 3 chronic kidney disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2013;Source
James P, Oparil S, Carter B, et al. 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Report From the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5), 507-520. Source"/>
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When&nbsp;GFR falls below 30-50&nbsp;mL/minute/1.73 m2, thiazides as less effective.
Give loop diuretics once or twice daily to&nbsp;patients with GFR&nbsp;less than 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2 (chronic kidney disease stages 4-5).
Instruct patients to follow a low-sodium diet in addition to using diuretics to optimize&nbsp;volume status.
Limit the use of potassium-sparing diuretics, such as triamterene and amiloride, in patients with chronic kidney disease because of the risk of hyperkalemia."/>
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value="Electrolyte analysis
Abnormalities of electrolytes and other solutes suggest disorders of renal tubular reabsorption and secretion
Persistent abnormalities (lasting more than 3 months) in serum phosphate, potassium, parathyroid hormone, or calcium levels indicate decreased renal function associated with chronic kidney disease
Potassium: greater than 5.5 mEq/L indicative of hyperkalemia or less than 4.0 mEq/L indicating hypokalemia
Parathyroid hormone: results greater than 65 pg/mL are above the reference range
Calcium: less than 8.4 mg/dL is below the reference range
Phosphorus: less than 4.6 mg/dL is below the reference range
&nbsp;
Provide management of electrolyte disturbances
Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia
High (greater than 5.5 mEq/L)&nbsp;or&nbsp;low (less than 4 mEq/L)&nbsp;potassium levels are associated with increased mortality for patients with chronic kidney disease
Patients with chronic kidney disease have a high risk of developing hyperkalemia, which can cause cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death
8% to 73% of patients with chronic kidney disease develop hyperkalemia compared to 2.6% to 3.2% in the general population
Patients with hypokalemia have an 82% increased risk of reaching end-stage renal disease
Hyperphosphatemia
Target serum phosphorus is 2.7 to 4.6 mg/dL for categories G3 and G4, and 3.5 to 5.5 mg/dL for category G5
Reduce phosphorus intake and consult nephrologist for treatment with phosphate binders
&nbsp;
Guideline recommends&nbsp;monitoring serum levels of calcium, phosphate, PTH, and alkaline phosphatase activity beginning in CKD G3a (Level of recommendation: 1C). In children, we suggest such monitoring beginning in CKD G2 (Level of recommendation: 2D).
In patients with CKD G3a&ndash;G5D, it is reasonable to base the frequency of monitoring serum calcium, phosphate, and PTH on the presence and magnitude of abnormalities, and the rate of progression of CKD(Level of recommendation: Not Graded).
Reasonable monitoring intervals would be:
&nbsp;In CKD G3a&ndash;G3b: for serum calcium and phosphate, every 6&ndash;12 months; and for PTH, based on baseline level and CKD progression.
&nbsp;In CKD G4: for serum calcium and phosphate, every 3&ndash;6 months; and for PTH, every 6&ndash;12 months.
&nbsp;In CKD G5, including G5D: for serum calcium and phosphate, every 1&ndash;3 months; and for PTH, every 3&ndash;6 months.
&nbsp;In CKD G4&ndash;G5D: for alkaline phosphatase activity, every 12 months, or more frequently in the presence of elevated PTH.
In CKD patients receiving treatments for CKD-MBD, or in whom biochemical abnormalities are identified, it is reasonable to increase the frequency of measurements to monitor for trends and treatment efficacy and side effects (Level of recommendation: Not Graded)."/>
<citation
value="KDIGO Board. KDIGO 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2017;7(1), 1-59. Source
Chronic Kidney Disease Clinical Overview. ClinicalKey. Source"/>
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<groupingBehavior value="visual-group"/>
<action id="cc-cpg-activity-lab-metabolic">
<title value="Lab: Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, Once"/>
<description value="Laboratory"/>
<requiredBehavior value="could"/>
<precheckBehavior value="no"/>
<definitionCanonical
value="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/ckd/ActivityDefinition/cc-cpg-activity-lab-metabolic"/>
</action>
</action>
<action id="34387206">
<title value="Urine"/>
<documentation>
<type value="justification"/>
<display
value="For patients with a positive dipstick test&nbsp;(1+ or greater), perform&nbsp;confirmation of proteinuria by a quantitative measurement (protein-to-creatinine ratio or albumin-to-creatinine ratio) within 3 months.
&nbsp;
When screening adults at increased risk for chronic kidney disease, measure albumin&nbsp;in a spot urine sample using either of the following:&nbsp;
Albumin-specific dipstick
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio
When monitoring proteinuria in adults with chronic kidney disease, measure the protein-to-creatinine ratio in spot urine samples using:&nbsp;
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio
Total protein-to-creatinine, only if albumin-to-creatinine ratio is more than 500-1000 mg/g&nbsp;(57-113 mg/mmol)"/>
<citation
value="Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Inter. 2013;Suppl 3, 1-150. Source"/>
<url
value="http://himss19.ordersetsmanager.com/evidenceviewer/#/7CBBBE9B75E10232E05352E3610A5325/7CBBBE9B75C80232E05352E3610A5325"/>
<document>
<url
value="http://himss19.ordersetsmanager.com/evidenceviewer/#/7CBBBE9B75E10232E05352E3610A5325/7CBBBE9B75C80232E05352E3610A5325"/>
</document>
</documentation>
<groupingBehavior value="visual-group"/>
<action id="cc-cpg-activity-lab-creatinine">
<title value="Lab: Creatinine, Urine Random, Once"/>
<description value="Laboratory"/>
<requiredBehavior value="could"/>
<precheckBehavior value="no"/>
<definitionCanonical
value="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/ckd/ActivityDefinition/cc-cpg-activity-lab-creatinine"/>
</action>
</action>
</action>
<action id="34387217">
<title value="Radiology"/>
<groupingBehavior value="visual-group"/>
<action id="cc-cpg-activity-ultrasound-renal">
<title value="Ultrasound"/>
<groupingBehavior value="visual-group"/>
<action id="34387219">
<title
value="Ultrasound, Renal; History: [add diagnosis, symptom(s)]; Question: [add reason for exam]"/>
<description value="Imaging Studies"/>
<requiredBehavior value="could"/>
<precheckBehavior value="no"/>
<definitionCanonical
value="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/ckd/ActivityDefinition/cc-cpg-activity-ultrasound-renal"/>
</action>
</action>
</action>
<action id="cc-cpg-activity-referral-nephrology">
<title value="Referrals"/>
<groupingBehavior value="visual-group"/>
<action id="34387224">
<title
value="Referral: Nephrology; History: [add diagnosis, symptom(s)]; Question: [add reason for referral]"/>
<description value="Referrals"/>
<requiredBehavior value="could"/>
<precheckBehavior value="no"/>
<definitionCanonical
value="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/ckd/ActivityDefinition/cc-cpg-activity-referral-nephrology"/>
</action>
<action id="cc-cpg-activity-referral-dietition">
<title
value="Referral: Dietitian; History: chronic kidney disease; Question: [add reason for referral]"/>
<description value="Referrals"/>
<requiredBehavior value="could"/>
<precheckBehavior value="no"/>
<definitionCanonical
value="http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cpg/ckd/ActivityDefinition/cc-cpg-activity-referral-dietition"/>
</action>
</action>
</PlanDefinition>
IG © 2023+ HL7 International - Clinical Decision Support WG. Package hl7.fhir.uv.cpg.ckd#1.0.0 based on FHIR 4.0.1. Generated 2024-08-23
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