Defines additional capabilities for controlling data entry and calculating values within the questionnaire.

A reference to a library containing cql used in this Questionnaire.

Allows variables to be calculated higher in the context of a QuestionnaireResponse for use with enableWhen-expression.

• value @ url

• value @ url

• value @ url

• value @ url

• value @ url

• value @ url

• value @ url

Defines additional capabilities for controlling data entry and calculating values within the questionnaire.

A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content. Often, this is a reference to an implementation guide that defines the special rules along with other profiles etc.

Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element. Often, when used, the URL is a reference to an implementation guide that defines these special rules as part of it's narrative along with other profiles, value sets, etc.

Information captured by the author/maintainer of the questionnaire for development purposes, not intended to be seen by users.

Allows capture of todos, rationale for design decisions, etc. It can also be used to capture comments about the completion of the form in general. Allows commentary to be captured during the process of answering a questionnaire (if not already supported by the form design) as well as after the form is completed. Comments are not part of the "data" of the form. If a form prompts for a comment, this should be captured in an answer, not in this element. Formal assessments of the QuestionnareResponse would use Observation.

Indicates the terminology server(s) that are known to be capable of returning and potentially expanding the value set(s) associated with the whole questionnaire or a particular group or question within the questionnaire (depending on where the extension appears). If a full URL is not provided AND the requested query is a terminology operation (e.g. $lookup or $expand) the client SHOULD execute the operation against the preferredTerminologyServer rather than the local repository.

This includes those referenced by answerValueSet as well as the unitValueSet extension.

Indicates the types of resources that can record answers to a Questionnaire. Open Issue: Should this extension be moved to core?

If present, indicates that this questionnaire has expectations with respect to assembly. Specifically, indicates whether this form requires assembly (i.e. it can't be used directly without invoking the $assemble operation operation on it) and/or whether it is intended for use only as a 'child' in an assembly process. The assembly processs might mean filling in item metadata based on information looked up from item.definitions and/or retrieving sub-questionnaires pointed to by sub-questionnaire extensions.

SDC-conformant Questionnaires SHALL declare this extension if they require an assembly process prior to use. If not declared, then the Questionnaire is not necessarily safe for use as a child form and does not require assembly prior to use.

Indicates how questions within the questionnaire should be presented to the end-user. Specifically, differentiates whether the questions should be displayed one-at-a-time with no ability to adjust prior entries; one-at-a-time or continuously expanding where all questions up to the current question can be looked at and edited, or random, where all questions can be seen and the questions can be filled out in any order desired.

The prior-edit functionality can be accomplished by adding questions to the screen as each subsequent question is answered (resulting in all questions being displayed in a single screen) or with a view that shows only one question at a time but allows backward navigation to view and/or edit prior answers.

The base URL for the server to which questionnaire response associated with this questionnaire should be submitted. If multiple repetitions are present, the completed form should be sent to all listed endpoints.

Indicates that the form has been designed with an expectation that it will be submitted to the specified URI. If multiple endpoints are specified, expectation is that answers are submitted to all endpoints.

If no end-point is specified, then the form is not exclusively designed to be submitted to a specific site. If and where the form needs to be submitted or how the form should be internally processed must be inferred from external context or system business rules.

Endpoints may have expectations around authorization, etc. Some of this may be learned by consulting the CapabilityStatement associated with the endpoint.

Indicates that a signature (of the specified type) is needed when completing the QuestionnaireResponse.

If this appears at the Questionnaire level, then the signature will be gathered for the entire form when it is marked complete. If it appears on a particular item, then it will be gathered on that question or group when it is filled in. (E.g. seeking the user's initials beside certain questions.)

The signature can be captured using the http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/questionnaireresponse-signature extension.

An invariant that must be satisfied before responses to the questionnaire can be considered "complete".

This maps to the ElementDefinition.constraint element.

A reference to a library containing cql used in this Questionnaire.

Resources that provide context for form processing logic (pre-population, flow-control, drop-down selection, etc.) when creating/displaying/editing a QuestionnaireResponse.

3 of these launch contexts are aligned with the existing SMART on FHIR "launch" contexts.

Variable specifying a logic to generate a variable for use in subsequent logic. The name of the variable will be added to FHIRPath's context when processing descendants of the element that contains this extension.

Ordering of variable extension declarations is significant as variables declared in one repetition of this extension might be used in subsequent extension repetitions.

Allows variables to be calculated higher in the context of a QuestionnaireResponse for use with enableWhen-expression.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

An absolute URI that is used to identify this questionnaire when it is referenced in a specification, model, design or an instance; also called its canonical identifier. This SHOULD be globally unique and SHOULD be a literal address at which at which an authoritative instance of this questionnaire is (or will be) published. This URL can be the target of a canonical reference. It SHALL remain the same when the questionnaire is stored on different servers.

The name of the referenced questionnaire can be conveyed using the http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/display extension.

… This is the id that will be used to link a QuestionnaireResponse to the Questionnaire the response is for.

The identifier that is used to identify this version of the questionnaire when it is referenced in a specification, model, design or instance. This is an arbitrary value managed by the questionnaire author and is not expected to be globally unique. For example, it might be a timestamp (e.g. yyyymmdd) if a managed version is not available. There is also no expectation that versions can be placed in a lexicographical sequence.

There may be different questionnaire instances that have the same identifier but different versions. The version can be appended to the url in a reference to allow a reference to a particular business version of the questionnaire with the format [url]|[version].

A short, descriptive, user-friendly title for the questionnaire.

This name does not need to be machine-processing friendly and may contain punctuation, white-space, etc.

The status of this questionnaire. Enables tracking the life-cycle of the content.

Allows filtering of questionnaires that are appropriate for use versus not.

The lifecycle status of an artifact.

The types of subjects that can be the subject of responses created for the questionnaire.

If none are specified, then the subject is unlimited.

One of the resource types defined as part of this version of FHIR.

A Questionnaire SHOULD specify the subject. However, it is optional to support legacy questionnaires.

A particular question, question grouping or display text that is part of the questionnaire.

The content of the questionnaire is constructed from an ordered, hierarchical collection of items.

Information captured by the author/maintainer of the questionnaire for development purposes, not intended to be seen by users.

Allows capture of todos, rationale for design decisions, etc. It can also be used to capture comments about specific groups or questions within it. Allows commentary to be captured during the process of answering a questionnaire (if not already supported by the form design) as well as after the form is completed. Comments are not part of the "data" of the form. If a form prompts for a comment, this should be captured in an answer, not in this element. Formal assessments of the QuestionnareResponse would use Observation.

Indicates the terminology server(s) that are known to be capable of returning and potentially expanding the value set(s) associated with the whole questionnaire or a particular group or question within the questionnaire (depending on where the extension appears). If a full URL is not provided AND the requested query is a terminology operation (e.g. $lookup or $expand) the client SHOULD execute the operation against the preferredTerminologyServer rather than the local repository.

This includes those referenced by answerValueSet as well as the unitValueSet extension.

An expression (FHIRPath, CQL or FHIR Query) that resolves to a list of permitted answers for the question item or that establishes context for a group item. The user may select from among the list to choose answers for the question.

This is only permitted when the containing item does NOT have any answerOption or answerValueSet elements. The results of the expression must correspond to the item type of the question the element appears on or must correspond to a resource, backbone element or complex data type for a group item. Resources are considered a match for the Reference item type. Quantity can be a match for decimal and integer items so long as a questionnaire-unit extension is present.

Identifies that the specified element should only appear in certain "modes" of operation.

Indicates that a signature (of the specified type) is needed when completing the QuestionnaireResponse.

If this appears at the Questionnaire level, then the signature will be gathered for the entire form when it is marked complete. If it appears on a particular item, then it will be gathered on that question or group when it is filled in. (E.g. seeking the user's initials beside certain questions.)

The signature can be captured using the http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/questionnaireresponse-signature extension.

The minimum number of times the group must appear, or the minimum number of answers for a question - when greater than 1.

Default assumption for "required" elements is minOccurs=1.

An Extension

• value @ url

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

An Extension

• value @ url

The name of an expression in a referenced library that determines a calculated value.

An expression that, when evaluated, provides the value for the element on which it appears.

The maximum number of times the group must appear, or the maximum number of answers for a question - when greater than 1 and not unlimited.

Only relevant if the element has repeats=true and there's a need to constrain the number of allowed repetitions.

An Extension

• value @ url

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

An Extension

• value @ url

The name of an expression in a referenced library that determines a calculated value.

An expression that, when evaluated, provides the value for the element on which it appears.

The minimum number of characters that must be present in the simple data type to be considered a "valid" instance.

For base64binary, reflects the number of characters representing the encoded data, not the number of bytes of the binary data.

A regular expression that defines the syntax for the data element to be considered valid.

The inclusive lower bound on the range of allowed values for the data element.

Data type specified must be the same as the data type for the data element.

An Extension

• value @ url

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

The name of an expression in a referenced library that determines a calculated value.

The inclusive upper bound on the range of allowed values for the data element.

Data type specified must be the same as the data type for the data element.

An Extension

• value @ url

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

The name of an expression in a referenced library that determines a calculated value.

The inclusive lower bound on the range of allowed values for a 'quantity' type question. Open Issue: Revisit whether this should be folded into the regular minValue extension once there are better capabilities around defining conformance expectations regarding extensions.

This must only be used if the set of permitted units is constrained to UCUM codes and the minimum checks will be performed by converting the answer.valueQuantity to the same units as the minQuantity unit prior to comparison.

An Extension

• value @ url

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

The name of an expression in a referenced library that determines a calculated value.

How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater or less than the stated value due to measurement issues; e.g. if the comparator is "<" , then the real value is < stated value.

How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

The inclusive upper bound on the range of allowed values for a 'quantity' type question. Open Issue: Revisit whether this should be folded into the regular maxValue extension once there are better capabilities around defining conformance expectations regarding extensions.

This must only be used if the set of permitted units is constrained to UCUM codes and the maximum checks will be performed by converting the answer.valueQuantity to the same units as the maxQuantity unit prior to comparison.

An Extension

• value @ url

Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

The name of an expression in a referenced library that determines a calculated value.

How the value should be understood and represented - whether the actual value is greater or less than the stated value due to measurement issues; e.g. if the comparator is "<" , then the real value is < stated value.

How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

Identifies the maximum number of decimal places that may be specified for the data element.

Identifies the kind(s) of attachment allowed to be sent for an element.

This extension only has meaning if the element has a type of Attachment.

For attachment answers, indicates the maximum size an attachment can be.

This extension only has meaning if the element has a type of Attachment.

A complex expression that provides a list of the allowed options that should be enabled or disabled based on the evaluation of a provided expression. It allows toggling of allowed answers based on context, including the answers provided to other expressions.

For example, this allows a list of conditions to be modified based on the gender of the patient

A unit that the user may choose when providing a quantity value.

Provide either unit-option(s) or unit-valueSet. In the absence of either, any unit is valid.

A set of units that the user may choose when providing a quantity value.

Provide either unit-option(s) or unit-valueSet. In the absence of either, any unit is valid.

Indicates whether the list of supported units (conveyed in other extensions) are the exhaustive list from which the user must choose or whether they're able to select alternate codes or specify a string.

If the questionnaire-unit-open extension indicates that additional units other than the set of options provided for the question are allowed, this indicates the code system those units are expected to be drawn from. This extension SHOULD be present on any question where questionare-unit-open allows additional coded values.

Where the type for a question is "Reference", indicates a type of resource that is permitted.

This extension only has meaning if the question.type = Reference. If no allowedResource extensions are present, the presumption is that any type of resource is permitted. If multiple are present, then any of the specified types are permitted.

Where the type for a question is "Reference", indicates a profile that the resource instances pointed to in answers to this question must be valid against.

If multiple profiles are present, then the resource must be valid against at least one of them.

A FHIRPath or CQL expression, or FHIR Query that resolves to a list of candidate answers for the question item or that establishes context for a group item. The user may select from among the candidates to choose answers for the question.

The results of the expression must correspond to the item type of the question the element appears on or must correspond to a resource, backbone element or complex data type for a group item. Resources are considered a match for the Reference item type. Quantity can be a match for decimal and integer items so long as a questionnaire-unit extension is present.

For items of type reference, the reference can be populated either by picking an existing entity or by creating a new one. In the latter case, this Questionnaire allows specifying the Questionnaire to use in creating the target instance. Typically this will result in a QuestionnaireResponse that can be extracted to produce the desired resource. However, if the target resource for the reference is a QuestionnaireResponse, then the QuestionnaireResponse resulting from the Questionnaire can be referenced directly.

An invariant that must be satisfied before responses to the questionnaire can be considered "complete".

This maps to the ElementDefinition.constraint element.

Initial value for a question answer as determined by an evaluated expression.

Initial value is only calculated at the time the QuestionnaireResponse is first generated.

Calculated value for a question answer as determined by an evaluated expression.

Calculated value is updated as other answers in the QuestionnaireResponse are filled in.

An expression that returns a boolean value for whether to enable the item.

This is only permitted when the containing item does NOT have any enableWhen elements.

If the expression involves comparisons between elements that have different precisions but are otherwise equal, FHIRPath will resolve the expression to an empty set, which will in turn evaluate to false (meaning the item won't be enabled). If this is not the desired behavior, the author should add a .allTrue() to the end of the expression, which will result in an indeterminate outcome because of precision differences being handled as 'true' and the item being enabled. Questionnaires SHOULD be designed to take into account challenges around varying precision to minimize non-deterministic situations by setting constraints around expected precision, etc.

If the expression evaluates to something other than a boolean true or false, the Form Filler SHOULD still display the form, and if it does so, SHOULD treat the element as 'enabled' and display a warning to the user that the questionnaire logic was faulty and it's possible that the item shouldn't be enabled.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

An identifier that is unique within the Questionnaire allowing linkage to the equivalent item in a QuestionnaireResponse resource.

This ''can'' be a meaningful identifier (e.g. a LOINC code) but is not intended to have any meaning. GUIDs or sequential numbers are appropriate here.

QuestionnaireResponse does not require omitted items to be included and may have some items that repeat, so linkage based on position alone is not sufficient.

A short label for a particular group, question or set of display text within the questionnaire used for reference by the individual completing the questionnaire.

These are generally unique within a questionnaire, though this is not guaranteed. Some questionnaires may have multiple questions with the same label with logic to control which gets exposed. Typically, these won't be used for "display" items, though such use is not prohibited. Systems SHOULD NOT generate their own prefixes if prefixes are defined for any items within a Questionnaire.

Separating the label from the question text allows improved rendering. Also, instructions will often refer to specific prefixes, so there's a need for the questionnaire design to have control over what labels are used.

The name of a section, the text of a question or text content for a display item.

When using this element to represent the name of a section, use group type item and also make sure to limit the text element to a short string suitable for display as a section heading. Group item instructions should be included as a display type item within the group.

The type of questionnaire item this is - whether text for display, a grouping of other items or a particular type of data to be captured (string, integer, coded choice, etc.).

Time is handled using "string". File is handled using Attachment. (Content can be sent as a contained binary).

Distinguishes groups from questions and display text and indicates data type for questions.

Defines the format in which the user is to be prompted for the answer.

A constraint indicating that this item should only be enabled (displayed/allow answers to be captured) when the specified condition is true.

If multiple repetitions of this extension are present, the item should be enabled when the condition for any of the repetitions is true. I.e. treat "enableWhen"s as being joined by an "or" clause. This element is a modifier because if enableWhen is present for an item, "required" is ignored unless one of the enableWhen conditions is met. When an item is disabled, all of its descendants are disabled, regardless of what their own enableWhen logic might evaluate to.

Allows questionnaires to adapt based on answers to other questions. E.g. If physical gender is specified as a male, no need to capture pregnancy history. Also allows conditional display of instructions or groups of questions.

May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

The linkId for the question whose answer (or lack of answer) governs whether this item is enabled.

If multiple question occurrences are present for the same question (same linkId), then this refers to the nearest question occurrence reachable by tracing first the "ancestor" axis and then the "preceding" axis and then the "following" axis.

Specifies the criteria by which the question is enabled.

The criteria by which a question is enabled.

A value that the referenced question is tested using the specified operator in order for the item to be enabled.

Allowed values to answer questions.

Controls how multiple enableWhen values are interpreted - whether all or any must be true.

This element must be specified if more than one enableWhen value is provided.

Controls how multiple enableWhen values are interpreted - whether all or any must be true.

An indication, if true, that the item must be present in a "completed" QuestionnaireResponse. If false, the item may be skipped when answering the questionnaire.

Questionnaire.item.required only has meaning for elements that are conditionally enabled with enableWhen if the condition evaluates to true. If an item that contains other items is marked as required, that does not automatically make the contained elements required (though required groups must contain at least one child element). The value may come from the ElementDefinition referred to by .definition.

The actual value

An Extension

• value @ url

An expression that, when evaluated, provides the value for the element on which it appears.

An indication, if true, that a QuestionnaireResponse for this item may include multiple answers associated with a single instance of this item (for question-type items) or multiple repetitions of the item (for group-type items)

If a question is marked as repeats=true, then multiple answers can be provided for the question in the corresponding QuestionnaireResponse. When rendering the questionnaire, it is up to the rendering software whether to render the question text for each answer repetition (i.e. "repeat the question") or to simply allow entry/selection of multiple answers for the question (repeat the answers). Which is most appropriate visually may depend on the type of answer as well as whether there are nested items.

The resulting QuestionnaireResponse will be populated the same way regardless of rendering - one 'question' item with multiple answer values.

The value may come from the ElementDefinition referred to by .definition.

Items may be used to create set of (related) questions that can be repeated to give multiple answers to such a set.

The actual value

An Extension