Generated Narrative: Citation 267499 version: 13; Last updated: 2025-10-13 12:34:35+0000 Profile: JournalArticleCitation ArtifactPublicationStatus: Active url: Citation 26681725 Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study. identifier: FEvIR Object Identifier/267499, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26681725, <a href="http://terminology.hl7.org/7.0.1/NamingSystem-uri.html" title="As defined by RFC 3986 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt)(with many schemes defined in many RFCs). For OIDs and UUIDs, use the URN form (urn:oid:(note: lowercase) and urn:uuid:). See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3001.txt and http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4122.txt #xD;#xA;#xD;#xA;This oid is used as an identifier II.root to indicate the the extension is an absolute URI (technically, an IRI). Typically, this is used for OIDs and GUIDs. Note that when this OID is used with OIDs and GUIDs, the II.extension should start with urn:oid or urn:uuid: #xD;#xA;#xD;#xA;Note that this OID is created to aid with interconversion between CDA and FHIR - FHIR uses urn:ietf:rfc:3986 as equivalent to this OID. URIs as identifiers appear more commonly in FHIR.#xD;#xA;#xD;#xA;This OID may also be used in CD.codeSystem.">Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)/urn:oid:2.16.840.1.113883.4.642.40.44.15.35 version: 1.0.0-ballot3 title: 26681725 Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study. status: Active date: 2026-01-08 11:24:31+0000 author: Computable Publishing®: MEDLINE-to-FEvIR Converter: publisher: HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support contact: HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support: http://www.hl7.org/Special/committees/dss description: This Citation Resource is referenced in an example for the EBMonFHIR Implementation Guide. UseContexts - Code Value[x] * Citation Classification Type: fevir-platform-use (FEvIR Platform Use) Medline Base jurisdiction: World copyright: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ approvalDate: 2016-07-26 lastReviewDate: 2022-03-30 classification type: Citation Source classifier: MEDLINE classification type: MEDLINE Citation Owner classifier: National Library of Medicine, Index Section currentState: Medline Citation Status of Medline, PubMed PublicationStatus of ppublish statusDate activity: PubMed Pubstatus of Received period: ?? --> 2015-07-09 statusDate activity: PubMed Pubstatus of Accepted period: ?? --> 2015-10-20 statusDate activity: PubMed Pubstatus of Entrez period: ?? --> 2015-12-19 06:00:00+0000 statusDate activity: PubMed Pubstatus of Pubmed period: ?? --> 2015-12-19 06:00:00+0000 statusDate activity: PubMed Pubstatus of Medline period: ?? --> 2016-07-28 06:00:00+0000 statusDate activity: PubMed Pubstatus of PMC release period: ?? --> 2017-02-01 citedArtifact identifier: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26681725, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc//PMC4722945, https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-1498, pii/dc15-1498 Titles - Type Text * Primary title Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study. Abstracts - Type Text Copyright * Primary human use OBJECTIVE: Treatment of severe hypoglycemia with loss of consciousness or seizure outside of the hospital setting is presently limited to intramuscular glucagon requiring reconstitution immediately prior to injection, a process prone to error or omission. A needle-free intranasal glucagon preparation was compared with intramuscular glucagon for treatment of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. <AbstractText Label="RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">At eight clinical centers, a randomized crossover noninferiority trial was conducted involving 75 adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age, 33 ± 12 years; median diabetes duration, 18 years) to compare intranasal (3 mg) versus intramuscular (1 mg) glucagon for treatment of hypoglycemia induced by intravenous insulin. Success was defined as an increase in plasma glucose to ≥70 mg/dL or ≥20 mg/dL from the glucose nadir within 30 min after receiving glucagon. RESULTS: Mean plasma glucose at time of glucagon administration was 48 ± 8 and 49 ± 8 mg/dL at the intranasal and intramuscular visits, respectively. Success criteria were met at all but one intranasal visit and at all intramuscular visits (98.7% vs. 100%; difference 1.3%, upper end of 1-sided 97.5% CI 4.0%). Mean time to success was 16 min for intranasal and 13 min for intramuscular (P < 0.001). Head/facial discomfort was reported during 25% of intranasal and 9% of intramuscular dosing visits; nausea (with or without vomiting) occurred with 35% and 38% of visits, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal glucagon was highly effective in treating insulin-induced hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes. Although the trial was conducted in a controlled setting, the results are applicable to real-world management of severe hypoglycemia, which occurs owing to excessive therapeutic insulin relative to the impaired or absent endogenous glucagon response. © 2016 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes 2008;57:3169–3176 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Brodows RG, Williams C, Amatruda JM. Treatment of insulin reactions in diabetics. JAMA 1984;252:3378–3381 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Slama G, Traynard PY, Desplanque N, et al. . The search for an optimized treatment of hypoglycemia. Carbohydrates in tablets, solutin, or gel for the correction of insulin reactions. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:589–593 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Gold AE, MacLeod KM, Deary IJ, Frier BM. Hypoglycemia-induced cognitive dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: effect of hypoglycemia unawareness. Physiol Behav 1995;58:501–511 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Whitmer RA, Karter AJ, Yaffe K, Quesenberry CP Jr, Selby JV. Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2009;301:1565–1572 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: McCoy RG, Van Houten HK, Ziegenfuss JY, Shah ND, Wermers RA, Smith SA. Increased mortality of patients with diabetes reporting severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1897–1901 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Weinstock RS, Xing D, Maahs DM, et al. .; T1D Exchange Clinic Network . Severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 1 diabetes: results from the T1D Exchange clinic registry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:3411–3419 relatesTo type: Cites citation: Cariou B, Lièvre M, Huet D, Charbonnel B, Sert C, Gouet D. Hypoglycemia among 3048 insulin-treated patients in real life: frequency and predictive factors: results from the prospective DIALOG study. Presented at European Association for the Study of Diabetes (Abstract). Barcelona, Spain, EASD, 2013. Available from http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/hypoglycaemia-among-3048-insulin-treated-patients-in-real-life-frequency-and-predictive-factors-results-from-the-prospective-dialog-study--2. Accessed 3 December 2015 relatesTo type: Cites citation: Khunti K, Alsifri S, Aronson R, et al. . Self-reported hypoglycemia: A global study of 24 countries with 27,585 insulin-treated patients with diabetes: the HAT study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014;106:S105–S106 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Gerich JE, Langlois M, Noacco C, Karam JH, Forsham PH. Lack of glucagon response to hypoglycemia in diabetes: evidence for an intrinsic pancreatic alpha cell defect. Science 1973;182:171–173 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Holstein A, Hammer C, Plaschke A, et al. . Hormonal counterregulation during severe hypoglycaemia under everyday conditions in patients with type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004;112:429–434 relatesTo type: Cites citation: Harrism G, Diment A, Sulway M, Wilkinson M. Glucagon administration - underevaluated and undertaught. Pract Diabetes Int 2001;18:22–25 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Pontiroli AE, Alberetto M, Pozza G. Metabolic effects of intranasally administered glucagon: comparison with intramuscular and intravenous injection. Acta Diabetol Lat 1985;22:103–110 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Freychet L, Rizkalla SW, Desplanque N, et al. . Effect of intranasal glucagon on blood glucose levels in healthy subjects and hypoglycaemic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1988;1:1364–1366 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Pontiroli AE, Calderara A, Pajetta E, Alberetto M, Pozza G. Intranasal glucagon as remedy for hypoglycemia. Studies in healthy subjects and type I diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1989;12:604–608 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Slama G, Alamowitch C, Desplanque N, Letanoux M, Zirinis P. A new non-invasive method for treating insulin-reaction: intranasal lyophylized glucagon. Diabetologia 1990;33:671–674 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Rosenfalck AM, Bendtson I, Jørgensen S, Binder C. Nasal glucagon in the treatment of hypoglycaemia in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992;17:43–50 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Bergenstal RM, Miller KM, DuBose SN, Hall CA; T1D Exchange Clinic Network . The T1D Exchange clinic registry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:4383–4389 relatesTo type: Cites citation: Novo Nordisk. GlucaGen prescribing information [Internet]. Available from http://www.novonordiskmedicalinformation.com//file_upload/GlucaGen%20HypoKit%20Prescribing%20Information,April%202014%20.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2015 relatesTo type: Cites citation: Locemia Solutions ULC. Safety and efficacy of a novel glucagon formulation in type 1 diabetic patients following insulin-induced hypoglycemia (AMG102) [Internet]. Available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01556594?term=amg+medical&rank=1. Accessed 23 June 2015 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Hepburn DA, Deary IJ, Frier BM, Patrick AW, Quinn JD, Fisher BM. Symptoms of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans with and without IDDM. Factor-analysis approach. Diabetes Care 1991;14:949–957 relatesTo type: Cites citation: Yale JF, Piche C, Lafontaine M, et al. Needlefree nasal delivery of glucagon is superior to injectable delivery in simulated hypoglycaemia rescue. Poster presented at European Association for the Study of Diabetes (Abstract). Stockholm, Sweden, September 2015. Available from http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/needle-free-nasal-delivery-of-glucagon-is-superior-to-injectable-delivery-in-simulated-hypoglycaemia-rescue--3. Accessed 3 December 2015 relatesTo type: Cites classifier: Journal Article citation: Pacchioni M, Orena C, Panizza P, Cucchi E, Del Maschio A, Pontiroli AE. The hypotonic effect of intranasal and intravenous glucagon in gastrointestinal radiology. Abdom Imaging 1995;20:44–46 relatesTo type: Has Comment In classifier: Comment citation: Diabetes Care. 2016 Oct;39(10):e192. doi: 10.2337/dc16-0955. relatesTo type: Has Comment In classifier: Comment citation: Diabetes Care. 2016 Oct;39(10):e193-4. doi: 10.2337/dci16-0025. publicationForm publishedIn type: Periodical identifier: Electronic ISSN Type/1935-5548, ISOAbbreviation/Diabetes Care, ISSN Linking/0149-5992, Medline Title Abbreviation/Diabetes Care, NLM Unique ID/7805975 title: Diabetes care publisherLocation: United States citedMedium: Internet volume: 39 issue: 2 articleDate: 2016-02 pageString: 264-70 publicationForm citedMedium: Internet without issue articleDate: 2015-12-17 webLocation classifier: Abstract url: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26681725/ webLocation classifier: DOI Based url: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-1498 classification type: Publishing Model classifier: Print Electronic classification type: Chemical classifier: Blood Glucose, Hormones, Insulin, Glucagon classification type: MeSH heading artifactAssessment: ArtifactAssessment: artifact[x] = this resource classification type: Publication type classifier: Journal Article, Multicenter Study, Randomized Controlled Trial, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't classification type: Knowledge Artifact Type classifier: Journal Article artifactAssessment: Classifier added by Computable Publishing LLC classification type: Citation subset classifier: IM contributorship complete: true entry contributor: Rickels MR forenameInitials: MR affiliation: University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA. entry contributor: Ruedy KJ forenameInitials: KJ affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL. entry contributor: Foster NC forenameInitials: NC affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL t1dstats@jaeb.org. entry contributor: Piché CA forenameInitials: CA affiliation: Locemia Solutions ULC, Montreal, QC, Canada. entry contributor: Dulude H forenameInitials: H affiliation: Locemia Solutions ULC, Montreal, QC, Canada. entry contributor: Sherr JL forenameInitials: JL affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. entry contributor: Tamborlane WV forenameInitials: WV affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. entry contributor: Bethin KE forenameInitials: KE affiliation: Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY. entry contributor: DiMeglio LA forenameInitials: LA affiliation: Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN. entry contributor: Wadwa RP forenameInitials: RP affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Aurora, CO. entry contributor: Ahmann AJ forenameInitials: AJ affiliation: Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR. entry contributor: Haller MJ forenameInitials: MJ affiliation: University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. entry contributor: Nathan BM forenameInitials: BM affiliation: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. entry contributor: Marcovina SM forenameInitials: SM affiliation: Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA. entry contributor: Rampakakis E forenameInitials: E affiliation: JSS Medical Research, St. Laurent, QC, Canada. entry contributor: Meng L forenameInitials: L affiliation: JSS Medical Research, St. Laurent, QC, Canada. entry contributor: Beck RW forenameInitials: RW affiliation: Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL. entry contributor: T1D Exchange Intranasal Glucagon Investigators Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor0 name: Michael R Rickels Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor1 name: Katrina J Ruedy Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor2 name: Nicole C Foster Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor3 name: Claude A Piché Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor4 name: Hélène Dulude Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor5 name: Jennifer L Sherr Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor6 name: William V Tamborlane Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor7 name: Kathleen E Bethin Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor8 name: Linda A DiMeglio Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor9 name: R Paul Wadwa Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor10 name: Andrew J Ahmann Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor11 name: Michael J Haller Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor12 name: Brandon M Nathan Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor13 name: Santica M Marcovina Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor14 name: Emmanouil Rampakakis Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor15 name: Linyan Meng Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor16 name: Roy W Beck Generated Narrative: Organization #contributor17 name: T1D Exchange Intranasal Glucagon Investigators Generated Narrative: ArtifactAssessment #meshHeading0 artifact: Citation 26681725 Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study. content type: components (if present) include qualifier codings classifier: Administration, Intranasal freeToShare: true Components - Type Classifier * qualifier is not a major topic content type: components (if present) include qualifier codings classifier: Adult freeToShare: true Components - Type Classifier * qualifier is not a major topic content type: components (if present) include qualifier codings classifier: Blood Glucose freeToShare: true component type: qualifier classifier: is not a major topic component type: qualifier classifier: drug effects Components - Type Classifier * is Major topic No content type: components (if present) include qualifier codings classifier: Cross-Over Studies freeToShare: true Components - Type Classifier * qualifier is not a major topic content type: components (if present) include 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T1D Exchange Intranasal Glucagon Investigators
components (if present) include qualifier codings
26681725 Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study.
Computable Publishing®: MEDLINE-to-FEvIR Converter
HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support
This Citation Resource is referenced in an example for the EBMonFHIR Implementation Guide.
National Library of Medicine, Index Section
Intranasal Glucagon for Treatment of Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Noninferiority Study.
**OBJECTIVE:** Treatment of severe hypoglycemia with loss of consciousness or seizure outside of the hospital setting is presently limited to intramuscular glucagon requiring reconstitution immediately prior to injection, a process prone to error or omission. A needle-free intranasal glucagon preparation was compared with intramuscular glucagon for treatment of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. <AbstractText Label="RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">At eight clinical centers, a randomized crossover noninferiority trial was conducted involving 75 adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age, 33 ± 12 years; median diabetes duration, 18 years) to compare intranasal (3 mg) versus intramuscular (1 mg) glucagon for treatment of hypoglycemia induced by intravenous insulin. Success was defined as an increase in plasma glucose to ≥70 mg/dL or ≥20 mg/dL from the glucose nadir within 30 min after receiving glucagon. **RESULTS:** Mean plasma glucose at time of glucagon administration was 48 ± 8 and 49 ± 8 mg/dL at the intranasal and intramuscular visits, respectively. Success criteria were met at all but one intranasal visit and at all intramuscular visits (98.7% vs. 100%; difference 1.3%, upper end of 1-sided 97.5% CI 4.0%). Mean time to success was 16 min for intranasal and 13 min for intramuscular (P < 0.001). Head/facial discomfort was reported during 25% of intranasal and 9% of intramuscular dosing visits; nausea (with or without vomiting) occurred with 35% and 38% of visits, respectively. **CONCLUSIONS:** Intranasal glucagon was highly effective in treating insulin-induced hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes. Although the trial was conducted in a controlled setting, the results are applicable to real-world management of severe hypoglycemia, which occurs owing to excessive therapeutic insulin relative to the impaired or absent endogenous glucagon response.
© 2016 by the American Diabetes Association. Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.
Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes 2008;57:3169–3176
Brodows RG, Williams C, Amatruda JM. Treatment of insulin reactions in diabetics. JAMA 1984;252:3378–3381
Slama G, Traynard PY, Desplanque N, et al. . The search for an optimized treatment of hypoglycemia. Carbohydrates in tablets, solutin, or gel for the correction of insulin reactions. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:589–593
Gold AE, MacLeod KM, Deary IJ, Frier BM. Hypoglycemia-induced cognitive dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: effect of hypoglycemia unawareness. Physiol Behav 1995;58:501–511
Whitmer RA, Karter AJ, Yaffe K, Quesenberry CP Jr, Selby JV. Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2009;301:1565–1572
McCoy RG, Van Houten HK, Ziegenfuss JY, Shah ND, Wermers RA, Smith SA. Increased mortality of patients with diabetes reporting severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1897–1901
Weinstock RS, Xing D, Maahs DM, et al. .; T1D Exchange Clinic Network . Severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 1 diabetes: results from the T1D Exchange clinic registry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:3411–3419
Cariou B, Lièvre M, Huet D, Charbonnel B, Sert C, Gouet D. Hypoglycemia among 3048 insulin-treated patients in real life: frequency and predictive factors: results from the prospective DIALOG study. Presented at European Association for the Study of Diabetes (Abstract). Barcelona, Spain, EASD, 2013. Available from http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/hypoglycaemia-among-3048-insulin-treated-patients-in-real-life-frequency-and-predictive-factors-results-from-the-prospective-dialog-study--2. Accessed 3 December 2015
Khunti K, Alsifri S, Aronson R, et al. . Self-reported hypoglycemia: A global study of 24 countries with 27,585 insulin-treated patients with diabetes: the HAT study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014;106:S105–S106
Gerich JE, Langlois M, Noacco C, Karam JH, Forsham PH. Lack of glucagon response to hypoglycemia in diabetes: evidence for an intrinsic pancreatic alpha cell defect. Science 1973;182:171–173
Holstein A, Hammer C, Plaschke A, et al. . Hormonal counterregulation during severe hypoglycaemia under everyday conditions in patients with type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004;112:429–434
Harrism G, Diment A, Sulway M, Wilkinson M. Glucagon administration - underevaluated and undertaught. Pract Diabetes Int 2001;18:22–25
Pontiroli AE, Alberetto M, Pozza G. Metabolic effects of intranasally administered glucagon: comparison with intramuscular and intravenous injection. Acta Diabetol Lat 1985;22:103–110
Freychet L, Rizkalla SW, Desplanque N, et al. . Effect of intranasal glucagon on blood glucose levels in healthy subjects and hypoglycaemic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1988;1:1364–1366
Pontiroli AE, Calderara A, Pajetta E, Alberetto M, Pozza G. Intranasal glucagon as remedy for hypoglycemia. Studies in healthy subjects and type I diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1989;12:604–608
Slama G, Alamowitch C, Desplanque N, Letanoux M, Zirinis P. A new non-invasive method for treating insulin-reaction: intranasal lyophylized glucagon. Diabetologia 1990;33:671–674
Rosenfalck AM, Bendtson I, Jørgensen S, Binder C. Nasal glucagon in the treatment of hypoglycaemia in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992;17:43–50
Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Bergenstal RM, Miller KM, DuBose SN, Hall CA; T1D Exchange Clinic Network . The T1D Exchange clinic registry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:4383–4389
Novo Nordisk. GlucaGen prescribing information [Internet]. Available from http://www.novonordiskmedicalinformation.com//file_upload/GlucaGen%20HypoKit%20Prescribing%20Information,April%202014%20.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2015
Locemia Solutions ULC. Safety and efficacy of a novel glucagon formulation in type 1 diabetic patients following insulin-induced hypoglycemia (AMG102) [Internet]. Available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01556594?term=amg+medical&rank=1. Accessed 23 June 2015
Hepburn DA, Deary IJ, Frier BM, Patrick AW, Quinn JD, Fisher BM. Symptoms of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans with and without IDDM. Factor-analysis approach. Diabetes Care 1991;14:949–957
Yale JF, Piche C, Lafontaine M, et al. Needlefree nasal delivery of glucagon is superior to injectable delivery in simulated hypoglycaemia rescue. Poster presented at European Association for the Study of Diabetes (Abstract). Stockholm, Sweden, September 2015. Available from http://www.easdvirtualmeeting.org/resources/needle-free-nasal-delivery-of-glucagon-is-superior-to-injectable-delivery-in-simulated-hypoglycaemia-rescue--3. Accessed 3 December 2015
Pacchioni M, Orena C, Panizza P, Cucchi E, Del Maschio A, Pontiroli AE. The hypotonic effect of intranasal and intravenous glucagon in gastrointestinal radiology. Abdom Imaging 1995;20:44–46
Classifier added by Computable Publishing LLC
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL.
Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL t1dstats@jaeb.org.
Locemia Solutions ULC, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.
Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Aurora, CO.
Harold Schnitzer Diabetes Health Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Seattle, WA.
JSS Medical Research, St. Laurent, QC, Canada.