Evidence Based Medicine on FHIR Implementation Guide
1.0.0-ballot3 - STU 1 ballot
Evidence Based Medicine on FHIR Implementation Guide
1.0.0-ballot3 - STU 1 ballot
Evidence Based Medicine on FHIR Implementation Guide, published by HL7 International / Clinical Decision Support. This guide is not an authorized publication; it is the continuous build for version 1.0.0-ballot3 built by the FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) CI Build. This version is based on the current content of https://github.com/HL7/ebm/ and changes regularly. See the Directory of published versions
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@prefix fhir: <http://hl7.org/fhir/> . @prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> . @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> . # - resource ------------------------------------------------------------------- a fhir:Citation ; fhir:nodeRole fhir:treeRoot ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "105"] ; # fhir:meta [ fhir:versionId [ fhir:v "22" ] ; fhir:lastUpdated [ fhir:v "2025-10-13T12:34:35.118Z"^^xsd:dateTime ] ; ( fhir:profile [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/ebm/StructureDefinition/journal-article-citation"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/ebm/StructureDefinition/journal-article-citation> ] ) ] ; # fhir:language [ fhir:v "en"] ; # fhir:text [ fhir:status [ fhir:v "extensions" ] ; fhir:div [ fhir:v "<div xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\"><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Citation 105</b></p><a name=\"105\"> </a><a name=\"hc105\"> </a><div style=\"display: inline-block; background-color: #d9e0e7; padding: 6px; margin: 4px; border: 1px solid #8da1b4; border-radius: 5px; line-height: 60%\"><p style=\"margin-bottom: 0px\">version: 22; Last updated: 2025-10-13 12:34:35+0000</p><p style=\"margin-bottom: 0px\">Profile: <a href=\"StructureDefinition-journal-article-citation.html\">JournalArticleCitation</a></p></div><p><b>ArtifactPublicationStatus</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-status-type active}\">Active</span></p><p><b>url</b>: <a href=\"https://fevir.net/resources/Citation/105\">https://fevir.net/resources/Citation/105</a></p><p><b>identifier</b>: FEvIR Object Identifier/105, <code>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</code>/33008778</p><p><b>title</b>: 33008778 Association of corticosteroids use and outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</p><p><b>status</b>: Active</p><p><b>author</b>: Computable Publishing®: MEDLINE-to-FEvIR Converter: </p><p><b>publisher</b>: Computable Publishing LLC</p><p><b>contact</b>: <a href=\"mailto:support@computablepublishing.com\">support@computablepublishing.com</a></p><p><b>description</b>: </p><div><p>This Citation Resource is referenced in an example for the EBMonFHIR Implementation Guide.</p>\n</div><h3>UseContexts</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Code</b></td><td><b>Value[x]</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><a href=\"http://terminology.hl7.org/7.1.0/CodeSystem-citation-classification-type.html#citation-classification-type-fevir-platform-use\">Citation Classification Type: fevir-platform-use</a> (FEvIR Platform Use)</td><td><span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-artifact-classifier medline-base}\">Medline Base</span></td></tr></table><p><b>copyright</b>: </p><div><p>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</p>\n</div><p><b>approvalDate</b>: 2020-11-16</p><p><b>lastReviewDate</b>: 2023-11-12</p><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-classification-type citation-source}\">Citation Source</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">MEDLINE</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-classification-type medline-owner}\">MEDLINE Citation Owner</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/licensee/elements_descriptions.html#owner_value NLM}\">National Library of Medicine, Index Section</span></p></blockquote><p><b>currentState</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type medline-medline}\">Medline Citation Status of Medline</span>, <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type pubmed-publication-status-ppublish}\">PubMed PublicationStatus of ppublish</span></p><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type pubmed-pubstatus-received}\">PubMed Pubstatus of Received</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --> 2020-08-13</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type pubmed-pubstatus-revised}\">PubMed Pubstatus of Revised</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --> 2020-09-14</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type pubmed-pubstatus-accepted}\">PubMed Pubstatus of Accepted</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --> 2020-09-16</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type pubmed-pubstatus-pubmed}\">PubMed Pubstatus of Pubmed</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --> 2020-10-04 06:00:00+0000</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type pubmed-pubstatus-medline}\">PubMed Pubstatus of Medline</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --> 2020-11-18 06:00:00+0000</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type pubmed-pubstatus-entrez}\">PubMed Pubstatus of Entrez</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --> 2020-10-03 05:25:00+0000</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>statusDate</b></p><p><b>activity</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type pubmed-pubstatus-pmc-release}\">PubMed Pubstatus of PMC release</span></p><p><b>period</b>: ?? --> 2020-09-29</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>citedArtifact</b></p><p><b>identifier</b>: <code>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</code>/33008778, <code>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/</code>/PMC7522674, <code>https://doi.org</code>/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.008, pii/S1876-0341(20)30663-8</p><h3>Titles</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Text</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/title-type primary}\">Primary title</span></td><td><div><p>Association of corticosteroids use and outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</p>\n</div></td></tr></table><h3>Abstracts</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Text</b></td><td><b>Copyright</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><div><p><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> To systematically review the literature about the association between systemic corticosteroid therapy (CST) and outcomes of COVID-19 patients.\n<strong>METHODS:</strong> We searched Medline, Embase, EBM Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, and preprints up to July 20, 2020. We included observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCT) that assessed COVID-19 patients treated with CST. We pooled adjusted effect estimates of mortality and other outcomes using a random effect model, among studies at low or moderate risk for bias. We assessed the certainty of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach.\n<strong>RESULTS:</strong> Out of 1067 citations screened for eligibility, one RCT and 19 cohort studies were included (16,977 hospitalized patients). Ten studies (1 RCT and 9 cohorts) with 10,278 patients examined the effect of CST on short term mortality. The pooled adjusted RR was 0.92 (95% CI 0.69-1.22, I<sup>2</sup> = 81.94%). This effect was observed across all stages of disease severity. Four cohort studies examined the effect of CST on composite outcome of death, ICU admission and mechanical ventilation need. The pooled adjusted RR was 0.41(0.23-0.73, I<sup>2</sup> = 78.69%). Six cohort studies examined the effect of CST on delayed viral clearance. The pooled adjusted RR was 1.47(95% CI 1.11-1.93, I<sup>2</sup> = 43.38%).\n<strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> In this systematic review, as of July 2020, heterogeneous and low certainty cumulative evidence based on observational studies and one RCT suggests that CST was not associated with reduction in short-term mortality but possibly with a delay in viral clearance in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 of different severities. However, the discordant results between the single RCT and observational studies as well as the heterogeneity observed across observational studies, call for caution in using observational data and suggests the need for more RCTs to identify the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients' population that could benefit from CST.</p>\n</div></td><td><div><p>Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</p>\n</div></td></tr></table><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Chen G., Wu D., Guo W., Cao Y., Huang D., Wang H. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(5):2620–2629.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32217835/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32217835/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Zhang W., Zhao Y., Zhang F., Wang Q., Li T., Liu Z. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol. 2020;214</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32222466/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32222466/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Wiersinga W.J., Rhodes A., Cheng A.C., Peacock S.J., Prescott H.C. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;324(8):782–793.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32648899/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32648899/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Ackermann M., Verleden S.E., Kuehnel M., Haverich A., Welte T., Laenger F. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(2):120–128.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32437596/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32437596/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Varga Z., Flammer A.J., Steiger P., Haberecker M., Andermatt R., Zinkernagel A.S. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417–1418.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325026/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325026/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Lewis S.R., Pritchard M.W., Thomas C.M., Smith A.F. Pharmacological agents for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;7</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31334568/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31334568/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Stockman L.J., Bellamy R., Garner P. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006;3(9):e343.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16968120/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16968120/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Arabi Y.M., Mandourah Y., Al-Hameed F., Sindi A.A., Almekhlafi G.A., Hussein M.A. Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(6):757–767.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29161116/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29161116/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Ye Z., Wang Y., Colunga-Lozano L.E., Prasad M., Tangamornsuksan W., Rochwerg B. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in COVID-19 based on evidence for COVID-19, other coronavirus infections, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2020;192(27):E756–E767.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32409522/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32409522/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Shang L., Zhao J., Hu Y., Du R., Cao B. On the use of corticosteroids for 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):683–684.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32122468/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32122468/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Russell C.D., Millar J.E., Baillie J.K. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):473–475.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32043983/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32043983/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Wu C., Chen X., Cai Y., Xia J., Zhou X., Xu S. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32167524/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32167524/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Anglemyer A., Horvath H.T., Bero L. Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4)</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24782322/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24782322/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Shrier I., Boivin J.F., Steele R.J., Platt R.W., Furlan A., Kakuma R. Should meta-analyses of interventions include observational studies in addition to randomized controlled trials? A critical examination of underlying principles. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(10):1203–1209.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17712019/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17712019/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Liberati A., Altman D.G., Tetzlaff J., Mulrow C., Gøtzsche P.C., Ioannidis J.P. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19622552/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19622552/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Sterne J.A., Hernán M.A., Reeves B.C., Savović J., Berkman N.D., Viswanathan M. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733354/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733354/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Tleyjeh I.M., Ghomrawi H.M., Steckelberg J.M., Montori V.M., Hoskin T.L., Enders F. Conclusion about the association between valve surgery and mortality in an infective endocarditis cohort changed after adjusting for survivor bias. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(2):130–135.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20122499/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20122499/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Pazzagli L., Linder M., Zhang M., Vago E., Stang P., Myers D. Methods for time-varying exposure related problems in pharmacoepidemiology: an overview. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27(2):148–160.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29285840/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29285840/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Guyatt G., Oxman A.D., Akl E.A., Kunz R., Vist G., Brozek J. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction—GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383–394.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21195583/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21195583/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Murad M.H. Clinical practice guidelines: a primer on development and dissemination. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(3):423–433.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28259229/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28259229/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Higgins J.P., Thompson S.G., Deeks J.J., Altman D.G. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–560.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12958120/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12958120/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>DerSimonian R., Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7(3):177–188.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3802833/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3802833/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Zhang J., Yu K.F. What’s the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes. JAMA. 1998;280(19):1690–1691.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9832001/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9832001/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Kiran A., Crespillo A.P., Rahimi K. Graphics and statistics for cardiology: data visualisation for meta-analysis. Heart. 2017;103(1):19–23.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27810865/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27810865/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Peters J.L., Sutton A.J., Jones D.R., Abrams K.R., Rushton L. Contour-enhanced meta-analysis funnel plots help distinguish publication bias from other causes of asymmetry. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(10):991–996.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18538991/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18538991/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Horby P., Lim W.S., Emberson J., Mafham M., Bell J., Linsell L. Effect of dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: preliminary report. medRxiv. 2020 2020.06.22.20137273.</p>\n</div></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Cao C., Chen M., Li Y., Yu L., Huang W., Qian G. Clinical features and predictors for patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a retrospective multicenter cohort study. medRxiv. 2020 2020.06.01.20119032.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34238240/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34238240/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Chen X., Zhu B., Hong W., Zeng J., He X., Chen J. Associations of clinical characteristics and treatment regimens with viral RNA shedding duration in patients with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32619760/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32619760/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Chroboczek T., Lacoste M., Wackenheim C., Challan-Belval T., Amar B., Boisson T. Corticosteroids in patients with COVID-19: what about the control group? Clin Infect Dis. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32548616/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32548616/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Corral L., Bahamonde A., Arnaiz delas Revillas F., Gomez-Barquero J., Abadia-Otero J., Garcia-Ibarbia C. GLUCOCOVID: a controlled trial of methylprednisolone in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. medRxiv. 2020 2020.06.17.20133579.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33534047/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33534047/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Crotty M.P., Akins R.L., Nguyen A.T., Slika R., Rahmanzadeh K., Wilson M.H. Investigation of subsequent and co-infections associated with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in hospitalized patients. medRxiv. 2020 2020.05.29.20117176.</p>\n</div></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Fadel R., Morrison A.R., Vahia A., Smith Z.R., Chaudhry Z., Bhargava P. Early short course corticosteroids in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32427279/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32427279/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Fernández Cruz A., Ruiz-Antorán B., Muñoz Gómez A., Sancho López A., Mills Sánchez P., Centeno Soto G.A. Impact of glucocorticoid treatment in SARS-CoV-2 infection mortality: a retrospective controlled cohort study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32571831/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32571831/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Giacobbe D.R., Battaglini D., Ball L., Brunetti I., Bruzzone B., Codda G. Bloodstream infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32535894/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32535894/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Li X., Xu S., Yu M., Wang K., Tao Y., Zhou Y. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32294485/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32294485/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Lu X., Chen T., Wang Y., Wang J., Yan F. Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):241.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32430057/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32430057/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Majmundar M., Kansara T., Lenik J.M., Park H., Ghosh K., Doshi R. Efficacy of corticosteroids in non-intensive care unit patients with COVID-19 pneumonia from the New York Metropolitan region. medRxiv. 2020 2020.07.02.20145565.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903258/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903258/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Mengyuan Liang P.C., He Miao. 2020. Corticosteroid treatment in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study.</p>\n</div></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Narain S., Stefanov D., Chau A.S., Weber A.G., Marder G.S., Kaplan B. Comparative survival analysis of immunomodulatory therapy for COVID-19 ‘cytokine storm’: a retrospective observational cohort study. medRxiv. 2020 2020.06.16.20126714.</p>\n</div></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Petrak R., Skorodin N., Van Hise N., Fliegelman R., Pinsky J., Didwania V. Tocilizumab as a therapeutic agent for critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv. 2020 2020.06.05.20122622.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32918792/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32918792/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Qi L., Yang Y., Jiang D., Tu C., Wan L., Chen X. Factors associated with duration of viral shedding in adults with COVID-19 outside of Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32425636/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32425636/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Salton F., Confalonieri P., Santus P., Harari S., Scala R., Lanini S. Prolonged low-dose methylprednisolone in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. medRxiv. 2020 2020.06.17.20134031.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33072814/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33072814/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Shi D., Wu W., Wang Q., Xu K., Xie J., Wu J. Clinical characteristics and factors associated with long-term viral excretion in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a single center 28-day study. J Infect Dis. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614392/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614392/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Wang D., Wang J., Jiang Q., Yang J., Li J., Gao C. No clear benefit to the use of corticosteroid as treatment in adult patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study. medRxiv. 2020 2020.04.21.20066258.</p>\n</div></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Wang K., Zhang X., Sun J., Ye J., Wang F., Hua J. Differences of SARS-CoV-2 shedding duration in sputum and nasopharyngeal swab specimens among adult inpatients with COVID-19. Chest. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32569635/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32569635/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Wu J., Huang J., Zhu G., Liu Y., Xiao H., Zhou Q. Systemic corticosteroids show no benefit in severe and critical COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. medRxiv. 2020 2020.05.11.20097709.</p>\n</div></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Xu K., Chen Y., Yuan J., Yi P., Ding C., Wu W. Factors associated with prolonged viral RNA shedding in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Clin Infect Dis. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32271376/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32271376/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Li T.-Z., Cao Z.-H., Chen Y., Cai M.-T., Zhang L.-Y., Xu H., Zhang L.-Y., Ma C.-H., Li T.-Z., Gao L.-J. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding and factors associated with prolonged viral shedding in patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;(July) doi: 10.1002/jmv.26280.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644223/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644223/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Albani F., Fusina F., Granato E., Capotosto C., Ceracchi C., Gargaruti R. Effect of corticosteroid treatment on 1376 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A cohort study. medRxiv. 2020 2020.07.17.20155994.</p>\n</div></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Booth C.M., Tannock I.F. Randomised controlled trials and population-based observational research: partners in the evolution of medical evidence. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(3):551–555.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24495873/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24495873/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Ni Y.N., Chen G., Sun J., Liang B.M., Liang Z.A. The effect of corticosteroids on mortality of patients with influenza pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):99.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917856/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917856/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Siemieniuk R.A., Meade M.O., Alonso-Coello P., Briel M., Evaniew N., Prasad M. Corticosteroid therapy for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(7):519–528.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26258555/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26258555/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Lucas C., Wong P., Klein J., Castro T.B.R., Silva J., Sundaram M. Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature. 2020</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32717743/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32717743/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Carsana L., Sonzogni A., Nasr A., Rossi R.S., Pellegrinelli A., Zerbi P., Rech R., Colombo R., Antinori S., Corbellino M. Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:1135–1140.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32526193/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32526193/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Rapkiewicz A.V., Mai X., Carsons S.E., Pittaluga S., Kleiner D.E., Berger J.S. Megakaryocytes and platelet-fibrin thrombi characterize multi-organ thrombosis at autopsy in COVID-19: a case series. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;24</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32766543/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32766543/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Gattinoni L., Chiumello D., Caironi P., Busana M., Romitti F., Brazzi L. COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1099–1102.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32291463/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32291463/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Calfee C.S., Delucchi K.L., Sinha P., Matthay M.A., Hackett J., Shankar-Hari M. Acute respiratory distress syndrome subphenotypes and differential response to simvastatin: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(9):691–698.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30078618/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30078618/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Shakoory B., Carcillo J.A., Chatham W.W., Amdur R.L., Zhao H., Dinarello C.A. Interleukin-1 receptor blockade is associated with reduced mortality in sepsis patients with features of macrophage activation syndrome: reanalysis of a prior phase III trial. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(2):275–281.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26584195/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26584195/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Lansbury L.E., Rodrigo C., Leonardi-Bee J., Nguyen-Van-Tam J., Lim W.S. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza: an updated Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2019</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31939808/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31939808/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Tang B.M., Craig J.C., Eslick G.D., Seppelt I., McLean A.S. Use of corticosteroids in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(5):1594–1603.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19325471/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19325471/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>To K.K., Tsang O.T., Leung W.S., Tam A.R., Wu T.C., Lung D.C. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):565–574.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32213337/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32213337/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Lee N., Chan P.K., Hui D.S., Rainer T.H., Wong E., Choi K.W. Viral loads and duration of viral shedding in adult patients hospitalized with influenza. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(4):492–500.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19591575/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19591575/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Wolkewitz M., Schumacher M. Survival biases lead to flawed conclusions in observational treatment studies of influenza patients. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;84:121–129.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28188897/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28188897/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>relatesTo</b></p><p><b>type</b>: Cites</p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>citation</b>: </p><div><p>Fewell Z., Davey Smith G., Sterne J.A. The impact of residual and unmeasured confounding in epidemiologic studies: a simulation study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(6):646–655.</p>\n</div><p><b>target</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17615092/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17615092/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>publicationForm</b></p><blockquote><p><b>publishedIn</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/published-in-type D020492}\">Periodical</span></p><p><b>identifier</b>: Electronic ISSN Type/1876-035X, ISOAbbreviation/J Infect Public Health, ISSN Linking/1876-0341, Medline Title Abbreviation/J Infect Public Health, NLM Unique ID/101487384</p><p><b>title</b>: Journal of infection and public health</p><p><b>publisherLocation</b>: England</p></blockquote><p><b>citedMedium</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-medium internet}\">Internet</span></p><p><b>volume</b>: 13</p><p><b>issue</b>: 11</p><p><b>articleDate</b>: 2020-11</p><p><b>pageString</b>: 1652-1663</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>publicationForm</b></p><p><b>citedMedium</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-medium internet-without-issue}\">Internet without issue</span></p><p><b>articleDate</b>: 2020-09-29</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>webLocation</b></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/artifact-url-classifier abstract}\">Abstract</span></p><p><b>url</b>: <a href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33008778/\">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33008778/</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>webLocation</b></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/artifact-url-classifier doi-based}\">DOI Based</span></p><p><b>url</b>: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.008\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.008</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type publishing-model}\">Publishing Model</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-artifact-classifier Print-Electronic}\">Print Electronic</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type keyword}\">Keyword</span></p><p><b>artifactAssessment</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/keywords0\">Keywords provided by NOTNLM</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type chemical}\">Chemical</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D000305}\">Adrenal Cortex Hormones</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">MeSH heading</span></p><p><b>artifactAssessment</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/meshHeading0\">ArtifactAssessment: artifact[x] = this resource</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type publication-type}\">Publication type</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D016428}\">Journal Article</span>, <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D017418}\">Meta-Analysis</span>, <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D000078182}\">Systematic Review</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type knowledge-artifact-type}\">Knowledge Artifact Type</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-artifact-classifier D016428}\">Journal Article</span></p><p><b>artifactAssessment</b>: Classifier added by Computable Publishing LLC</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>classification</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type citation-subset}\">Citation subset</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/licensee/elements_descriptions.html#citationsubset IM}\">IM</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>contributorship</b></p><p><b>complete</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/contributor0\">Tlayjeh H</a></p><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: H</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/contributor1\">Mhish OH</a></p><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: OH</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/contributor2\">Enani MA</a></p><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: MA</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medical Specialties, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/contributor3\">Alruwaili A</a></p><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: A</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: Clinical Pharmacy Department, Pharmacy Services Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/contributor4\">Tleyjeh R</a></p><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: R</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/contributor5\">Thalib L</a></p><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: L</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/contributor6\">Hassett L</a></p><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: L</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: Mayo Clinic Libraries, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/contributor7\">Arabi YM</a></p><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: YM</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/contributor8\">Kashour T</a></p><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: T</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>entry</b></p><p><b>contributor</b>: <a href=\"#hc105/contributor9\">Tleyjeh IM</a></p><p><b>forenameInitials</b>: IM</p><p><b>affiliation</b>: College of Medicine, Al Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medical Specialties, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: Tleyjeh.Imad@mayo.edu.</p></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: ArtifactAssessment #keywords0</b></p><a name=\"105/keywords0\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/keywords0\"> </a><p><b>artifact</b>: <a href=\"#hc105\">Citation 33008778 Association of corticosteroids use and outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></p><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">COVID-19</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">Corticosteroids</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">Efficacy</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">Meta-analysis</span></p></blockquote></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor0</b></p><a name=\"105/contributor0\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/contributor0\"> </a><p><b>name</b>: Haytham Tlayjeh </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor1</b></p><a name=\"105/contributor1\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/contributor1\"> </a><p><b>name</b>: Olaa H Mhish </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor2</b></p><a name=\"105/contributor2\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/contributor2\"> </a><p><b>name</b>: Mushira A Enani </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor3</b></p><a name=\"105/contributor3\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/contributor3\"> </a><p><b>name</b>: Alya Alruwaili </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor4</b></p><a name=\"105/contributor4\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/contributor4\"> </a><p><b>name</b>: Rana Tleyjeh </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor5</b></p><a name=\"105/contributor5\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/contributor5\"> </a><p><b>name</b>: Lukman Thalib </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor6</b></p><a name=\"105/contributor6\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/contributor6\"> </a><p><b>name</b>: Leslie Hassett </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor7</b></p><a name=\"105/contributor7\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/contributor7\"> </a><p><b>name</b>: Yaseen M Arabi </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor8</b></p><a name=\"105/contributor8\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/contributor8\"> </a><p><b>name</b>: Tarek Kashour </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: Practitioner #contributor9</b></p><a name=\"105/contributor9\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/contributor9\"> </a><p><b>name</b>: Imad M Tleyjeh </p></blockquote><hr/><blockquote><p class=\"res-header-id\"><b>Generated Narrative: ArtifactAssessment #meshHeading0</b></p><a name=\"105/meshHeading0\"> </a><a name=\"hc105/meshHeading0\"> </a><p><b>artifact</b>: <a href=\"#hc105\">Citation 33008778 Association of corticosteroids use and outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a></p><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D000305}\">Adrenal Cortex Hormones</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ Q000627}\">therapeutic use</span></p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is Major topic</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:{https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser C49488}\">Yes</span></td></tr></table></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D000073640}\">Betacoronavirus</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D000086382}\">COVID-19</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D018352}\">Coronavirus Infections</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ Q000188}\">drug therapy</span></p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is Major topic</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:{https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser C49488}\">Yes</span></td></tr></table></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D006760}\">Hospitalization</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D006801}\">Humans</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D064887}\">Observational Studies as Topic</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D058873}\">Pandemics</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D011024}\">Pneumonia, Viral</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></p></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>component</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ Q000188}\">drug therapy</span></p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is Major topic</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:{https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser C49488}\">Yes</span></td></tr></table></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D016032}\">Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D000086402}\">SARS-CoV-2</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></td></tr></table></blockquote><blockquote><p><b>content</b></p><p><b>type</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type mesh-heading}\">components (if present) include qualifier codings</span></p><p><b>classifier</b>: <span title=\"Codes:{https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/ D016896}\">Treatment Outcome</span></p><p><b>freeToShare</b>: true</p><h3>Components</h3><table class=\"grid\"><tr><td style=\"display: none\">-</td><td><b>Type</b></td><td><b>Classifier</b></td></tr><tr><td style=\"display: none\">*</td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">qualifier</span></td><td><span title=\"Codes:\">is not a major topic</span></td></tr></table></blockquote></blockquote></div>"^^rdf:XMLLiteral ] ] ; # fhir:contained ( [ a fhir:ArtifactAssessment ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "keywords0" ] ; fhir:artifact [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <#> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "#" ] ; fhir:type [ fhir:v "Citation"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l fhir:Citation ] ] ; ( fhir:content [ ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "COVID-19" ] ] ) ] [ ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "Corticosteroids" ] ] ) ] [ ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "Efficacy" ] ] ) ] [ ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "Meta-analysis" ] ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:Practitioner ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "contributor0" ] ; ( fhir:name [ fhir:family [ fhir:v "Tlayjeh" ] ; ( fhir:given [ fhir:v "Haytham" ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:Practitioner ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "contributor1" ] ; ( fhir:name [ fhir:family [ fhir:v "Mhish" ] ; ( fhir:given [ fhir:v "Olaa H" ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:Practitioner ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "contributor2" ] ; ( fhir:name [ fhir:family [ fhir:v "Enani" ] ; ( fhir:given [ fhir:v "Mushira A" ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:Practitioner ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "contributor3" ] ; ( fhir:name [ fhir:family [ fhir:v "Alruwaili" ] ; ( fhir:given [ fhir:v "Alya" ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:Practitioner ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "contributor4" ] ; ( fhir:name [ fhir:family [ fhir:v "Tleyjeh" ] ; ( fhir:given [ fhir:v "Rana" ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:Practitioner ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "contributor5" ] ; ( fhir:name [ fhir:family [ fhir:v "Thalib" ] ; ( fhir:given [ fhir:v "Lukman" ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:Practitioner ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "contributor6" ] ; ( fhir:name [ fhir:family [ fhir:v "Hassett" ] ; ( fhir:given [ fhir:v "Leslie" ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:Practitioner ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "contributor7" ] ; ( fhir:name [ fhir:family [ fhir:v "Arabi" ] ; ( fhir:given [ fhir:v "Yaseen M" ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:Practitioner ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "contributor8" ] ; ( fhir:name [ fhir:family [ fhir:v "Kashour" ] ; ( fhir:given [ fhir:v "Tarek" ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:Practitioner ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "contributor9" ] ; ( fhir:name [ fhir:family [ fhir:v "Tleyjeh" ] ; ( fhir:given [ fhir:v "Imad M" ] ) ] ) ] [ a fhir:ArtifactAssessment ; fhir:id [ fhir:v "meshHeading0" ] ; fhir:artifact [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <#> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "#" ] ; fhir:type [ fhir:v "Citation"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l fhir:Citation ] ] ; ( fhir:content [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D000305" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Adrenal Cortex Hormones" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "Q000627" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "therapeutic use" ] ] ) ] ) ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is Major topic" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "C49488" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Yes" ] ] ) ] ) ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D000073640" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Betacoronavirus" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D000086382" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "COVID-19" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D018352" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Coronavirus Infections" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "Q000188" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "drug therapy" ] ] ) ] ) ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is Major topic" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "C49488" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Yes" ] ] ) ] ) ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D006760" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Hospitalization" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D006801" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Humans" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D064887" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Observational Studies as Topic" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D058873" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Pandemics" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D011024" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Pneumonia, Viral" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "Q000188" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "drug therapy" ] ] ) ] ) ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is Major topic" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://ncithesaurus.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "C49488" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Yes" ] ] ) ] ) ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016032" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D000086402" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "SARS-CoV-2" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "mesh-heading" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MeSH heading" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "components (if present) include qualifier codings" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016896" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Treatment Outcome" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:freeToShare [ fhir:v true ] ; ( fhir:component [ fhir:type [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "qualifier" ] ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "is not a major topic" ] ] ) ] ) ] ) ] ) ; # fhir:extension ( [ fhir:url [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/ebm/StructureDefinition/artifact-publication-status"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/ebm/StructureDefinition/artifact-publication-status> ] ; fhir:value [ a fhir:CodeableConcept ; ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-status-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/cited-artifact-status-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "active" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Active" ] ] ) ] ] ) ; # fhir:url [ fhir:v "https://fevir.net/resources/Citation/105"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://fevir.net/resources/Citation/105> ] ; # fhir:identifier ( [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v2-0203"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v2-0203> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "ACSN" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Accession ID" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "FEvIR Object Identifier" ] ] ; fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://fevir.net/FOI"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://fevir.net/FOI> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "105" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "Computable Publishing LLC" ] ] ] [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "33008778" ] ] ) ; # fhir:title [ fhir:v "33008778 Association of corticosteroids use and outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis."] ; # fhir:status [ fhir:v "active"] ; # fhir:author ( [ fhir:name [ fhir:v "Computable Publishing®: MEDLINE-to-FEvIR Converter" ] ] ) ; # fhir:publisher [ fhir:v "Computable Publishing LLC"] ; # fhir:contact ( [ ( fhir:telecom [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "email" ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "support@computablepublishing.com" ] ] ) ] ) ; # fhir:description [ fhir:v "This Citation Resource is referenced in an example for the EBMonFHIR Implementation Guide."] ; # fhir:useContext ( [ fhir:code [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "fevir-platform-use" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "FEvIR Platform Use" ] ] ; fhir:value [ a fhir:CodeableConcept ; ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "medline-base" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Medline Base" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ] ) ; # fhir:copyright [ fhir:v "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"] ; # fhir:approvalDate [ fhir:v "2020-11-16"^^xsd:date] ; # fhir:lastReviewDate [ fhir:v "2023-11-12"^^xsd:date] ; # fhir:classification ( [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "citation-source" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Citation Source" ] ] ) ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "MEDLINE" ] ] ) ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-classification-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/citation-classification-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "medline-owner" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "MEDLINE Citation Owner" ] ] ) ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/licensee/elements_descriptions.html#owner_value"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/licensee/elements_descriptions.html#owner_value> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "National Library of Medicine, Index Section" ] ; fhir:userSelected [ fhir:v false ] ] ) ] ) ] ) ; # fhir:currentState ( [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v 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"http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "pubmed-pubstatus-medline" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "PubMed Pubstatus of Medline" ] ] ) ] ; fhir:period [ fhir:end [ fhir:v "2020-11-18T06:00:00.000Z"^^xsd:dateTime ] ] ] [ fhir:activity [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "pubmed-pubstatus-entrez" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "PubMed Pubstatus of Entrez" ] ] ) ] ; fhir:period [ fhir:end [ fhir:v "2020-10-03T05:25:00.000Z"^^xsd:dateTime ] ] ] [ fhir:activity [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-status-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "pubmed-pubstatus-pmc-release" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "PubMed Pubstatus of PMC release" ] ] ) ] ; fhir:period [ fhir:end [ fhir:v "2020-09-29"^^xsd:date ] ] ] ) ; # fhir:citedArtifact [ ( fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "33008778" ] ] [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "PMC7522674" ] ] [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://doi.org"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://doi.org> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "10.1016/j.jiph.2020.09.008" ] ] [ fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v2-0203"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/v2-0203> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "ACSN" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Accession ID" ] ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "pii" ] ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "S1876-0341(20)30663-8" ] ] ) ; ( fhir:title [ ( fhir:type [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/title-type"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/title-type> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "primary" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Primary title" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:text [ fhir:v "Association of corticosteroids use and outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis." ] ] ) ; ( fhir:abstract [ fhir:text [ fhir:v "**BACKGROUND:** To systematically review the literature about the association between systemic corticosteroid therapy (CST) and outcomes of COVID-19 patients.\n**METHODS:** We searched Medline, Embase, EBM Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, and preprints up to July 20, 2020. We included observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCT) that assessed COVID-19 patients treated with CST. We pooled adjusted effect estimates of mortality and other outcomes using a random effect model, among studies at low or moderate risk for bias. We assessed the certainty of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach.\n**RESULTS:** Out of 1067 citations screened for eligibility, one RCT and 19 cohort studies were included (16,977 hospitalized patients). Ten studies (1 RCT and 9 cohorts) with 10,278 patients examined the effect of CST on short term mortality. The pooled adjusted RR was 0.92 (95% CI 0.69-1.22, I<sup>2</sup> = 81.94%). This effect was observed across all stages of disease severity. Four cohort studies examined the effect of CST on composite outcome of death, ICU admission and mechanical ventilation need. The pooled adjusted RR was 0.41(0.23-0.73, I<sup>2</sup> = 78.69%). Six cohort studies examined the effect of CST on delayed viral clearance. The pooled adjusted RR was 1.47(95% CI 1.11-1.93, I<sup>2</sup> = 43.38%).\n**CONCLUSION:** In this systematic review, as of July 2020, heterogeneous and low certainty cumulative evidence based on observational studies and one RCT suggests that CST was not associated with reduction in short-term mortality but possibly with a delay in viral clearance in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 of different severities. However, the discordant results between the single RCT and observational studies as well as the heterogeneity observed across observational studies, call for caution in using observational data and suggests the need for more RCTs to identify the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients' population that could benefit from CST." ] ; fhir:copyright [ fhir:v "Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved." ] ] ) ; ( fhir:relatesTo [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Chen G., Wu D., Guo W., Cao Y., Huang D., Wang H. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(5):2620–2629." ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32217835/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32217835/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "32217835" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Zhang W., Zhao Y., Zhang F., Wang Q., Li T., Liu Z. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol. 2020;214" ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32222466/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32222466/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "32222466" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Wiersinga W.J., Rhodes A., Cheng A.C., Peacock S.J., Prescott H.C. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;324(8):782–793." ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32648899/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32648899/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "32648899" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Ackermann M., Verleden S.E., Kuehnel M., Haverich A., Welte T., Laenger F. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(2):120–128." ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32437596/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32437596/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "32437596" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Varga Z., Flammer A.J., Steiger P., Haberecker M., Andermatt R., Zinkernagel A.S. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417–1418." ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325026/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32325026/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "32325026" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Lewis S.R., Pritchard M.W., Thomas C.M., Smith A.F. Pharmacological agents for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;7" ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31334568/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31334568/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "31334568" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Stockman L.J., Bellamy R., Garner P. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006;3(9):e343." ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16968120/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16968120/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "16968120" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Arabi Y.M., Mandourah Y., Al-Hameed F., Sindi A.A., Almekhlafi G.A., Hussein M.A. Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(6):757–767." ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29161116/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29161116/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "29161116" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Ye Z., Wang Y., Colunga-Lozano L.E., Prasad M., Tangamornsuksan W., Rochwerg B. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in COVID-19 based on evidence for COVID-19, other coronavirus infections, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2020;192(27):E756–E767." ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32409522/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32409522/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "32409522" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Shang L., Zhao J., Hu Y., Du R., Cao B. On the use of corticosteroids for 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):683–684." ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32122468/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32122468/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "32122468" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Russell C.D., Millar J.E., Baillie J.K. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):473–475." ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32043983/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32043983/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "32043983" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Wu C., Chen X., Cai Y., Xia J., Zhou X., Xu S. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020" ] ; fhir:target [ a fhir:Reference ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32167524/> ; fhir:reference [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32167524/" ] ; fhir:identifier [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov> ] ; fhir:value [ fhir:v "32167524" ] ; fhir:assigner [ fhir:display [ fhir:v "NLM" ] ] ] ] ] [ fhir:type [ fhir:v "cites" ] ; ( fhir:classifier [ ( fhir:coding [ fhir:system [ fhir:v "http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier"^^xsd:anyURI ; fhir:l <http://hl7.org/fhir/citation-artifact-classifier> ] ; fhir:code [ fhir:v "D016428" ] ; fhir:display [ fhir:v "Journal Article" ] ] ) ] ) ; fhir:citation [ fhir:v "Anglemyer A., Horvath H.T., Bero L. Healthcare outcomes assessed with observational study designs compared with those assessed in randomized trials. 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Package hl7.fhir.uv.ebm#1.0.0-ballot3 based on FHIR 6.0.0-ballot3.
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2026-06-12
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