define "Initial Population":
  ( "Patient is Male" )
    and "Has Qualifying Encounter"
    and "Has Qualifying BPH Diagnosis"

define "Denominator":
  "Initial Population"
    and "Urinary Symptom Score Within 1 Month After Initial BPH Diagnosis" is not null
    and "Urinary Symptom Score 6 to 12 Months After Initial BPH Diagnosis" is not null

define "Denominator Exclusions":
  exists ( "Urinary Retention Diagnosis Starts Within 1 Year After Initial BPH Diagnosis" )
    or ( "Has Initial BPH Diagnosis Starts During or Within 30 Days After End of Hospitalization" is not null )
    or ( "Morbid Obesity Diagnosis or BMI Exam Result Greater Than or Equal to 40 Starts On or Before Follow Up USS Assessment" )

define "Numerator":
  "Urinary Symptom Score Improvement Greater Than or Equal To 3"

define "SDE Sex":
  case
    when Patient.sex() = '248153007' then "Male (finding)"
    when Patient.sex() = '248152002' then "Female (finding)"
    else null
  end

define "SDE Payer":
  [USQualityCore.Coverage: type in "Payer Type"] Payer
    return {
      code: Payer.type,
      period: Payer.period
    }

define "SDE Ethnicity":
  (Patient.ethnicity()) E
    return Tuple {
      codes: { E.ombCategory } union E.detailed,
      display: E.text
    }

define "SDE Race":
  (Patient.race()) R
    return Tuple {
      codes: R.ombCategory union R.detailed,
      display: R.text
    }

define "SDE Sex":
  SDE."SDE Sex"

define "Documented IPSS Assessment Result":
  [ObservationScreeningAssessment: "International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS]"] IPSSAssessment
    where IPSSAssessment.status in { 'final', 'amended', 'corrected' }
      and IPSSAssessment.value is not null
    return {
      effectiveDatetime: IPSSAssessment.effective.earliest ( ),
      valueInteger: IPSSAssessment.value as FHIR.integer
    }

define "AUA Symptom Index and Quality of Life Assessment Result":
  [ObservationScreeningAssessment: "American Urological Association Symptom Index [AUASI]"] AUASIAssessment
    let LastQOLOnDate: Last([ObservationScreeningAssessment: "If you were to spend the rest of your life with your urinary condition just the way it is now, how would you feel about that [IPSS]"] QOLAssessment
        where QOLAssessment.effective.earliest() same day as AUASIAssessment.effective.earliest()
          and QOLAssessment.status in { 'final', 'amended', 'corrected' }
          and QOLAssessment.value is not null
        sort by effective.earliest()
    )
    where AUASIAssessment.status in { 'final', 'amended', 'corrected' }
      and AUASIAssessment.value is not null
    return {
      effectiveDatetime: AUASIAssessment.effective.earliest ( ),
      valueInteger: ( AUASIAssessment.value as FHIR.integer ) + ( LastQOLOnDate.value as FHIR.integer )
    }

define "Urinary Symptom Score Assessment":
  "Documented IPSS Assessment Result"
    union "AUA Symptom Index and Quality of Life Assessment Result"

define "Initial BPH Diagnosis Starts Within 6 Months Before the Measurement Period":
  First(([ConditionProblemsHealthConcerns: "Benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms"]
      union [ConditionEncounterDiagnosis: "Benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms"]) NewBPHDiagnosis
      where NewBPHDiagnosis.onset.toInterval ( ) starts during Interval[start of "Measurement Period" - 6 months, start of "Measurement Period"]
        and NewBPHDiagnosis.verificationStatusIsNotInvalid ( )
      sort by start of onset.toInterval ( )
  )

define "Urinary Symptom Score Within 1 Month After Initial BPH Diagnosis":
  First("Urinary Symptom Score Assessment" USSAssessment
      with "Initial BPH Diagnosis Starts Within 6 Months Before the Measurement Period" InitialBPHDiagnosis
        such that USSAssessment.effectiveDatetime 1 month or less on or after day of start of InitialBPHDiagnosis.onset.toInterval ( )
      sort by effectiveDatetime
  )

define "Urinary Symptom Score 6 to 12 Months After Initial BPH Diagnosis":
  Last("Urinary Symptom Score Assessment" USSAssessment
      with "Initial BPH Diagnosis Starts Within 6 Months Before the Measurement Period" InitialBPHDiagnosis
        such that difference in months between start of InitialBPHDiagnosis.onset.toInterval ( ) and USSAssessment.effectiveDatetime in Interval[6, 12]
      sort by effectiveDatetime
  )

define "Urinary Symptom Score Change":
  from
    "Urinary Symptom Score Within 1 Month After Initial BPH Diagnosis" FirstUSSAssessment,
    "Urinary Symptom Score 6 to 12 Months After Initial BPH Diagnosis" FollowUpUSSAssessment
    let USSChange: ( FirstUSSAssessment.valueInteger ) - ( FollowUpUSSAssessment.valueInteger )
    return USSChange

define "Urinary Symptom Score Improvement Greater Than or Equal To 3":
  ( "Urinary Symptom Score Change" USSImprovement
      where USSImprovement >= 3
  ) is not null

define "Numerator":
  "Urinary Symptom Score Improvement Greater Than or Equal To 3"

define "Patient is Male":
  SDE."SDE Sex" ~ SDE."Male (finding)"

define "Has Qualifying Encounter":
  exists ( [Encounter: "Office Visit"] ValidEncounter
      where ValidEncounter.period during day of "Measurement Period"
        and ValidEncounter.class !~ "virtual"
        and ValidEncounter.status = 'finished'
  )

define "Has Qualifying BPH Diagnosis":
  "Initial BPH Diagnosis Starts Within 6 Months Before the Measurement Period" is not null

define "Initial Population":
  ( "Patient is Male" )
    and "Has Qualifying Encounter"
    and "Has Qualifying BPH Diagnosis"

define "Denominator":
  "Initial Population"
    and "Urinary Symptom Score Within 1 Month After Initial BPH Diagnosis" is not null
    and "Urinary Symptom Score 6 to 12 Months After Initial BPH Diagnosis" is not null

define "SDE Payer":
  SDE."SDE Payer"

define "SDE Ethnicity":
  SDE."SDE Ethnicity"

define "Urinary Retention Diagnosis Starts Within 1 Year After Initial BPH Diagnosis":
  ( [ConditionProblemsHealthConcerns: "Urinary Retention"]
    union [ConditionEncounterDiagnosis: "Urinary Retention"] ) UrinaryRetention
    with "Initial BPH Diagnosis Starts Within 6 Months Before the Measurement Period" InitialBPHDiagnosis
      such that UrinaryRetention.onset.toInterval ( ) starts 1 year or less on or after day of start of InitialBPHDiagnosis.onset.toInterval ( )
    where UrinaryRetention.verificationStatusIsNotInvalid ( )

define "Has Initial BPH Diagnosis Starts During or Within 30 Days After End of Hospitalization":
  "Initial BPH Diagnosis Starts Within 6 Months Before the Measurement Period" InitialBPHDiagnosis
    with [Encounter: "Hospital Services for Urology Care"] UrologyHospitalServices
      such that InitialBPHDiagnosis.onset.toInterval ( ) starts during Interval[start of UrologyHospitalServices.period, end of UrologyHospitalServices.period + 31 days]
        and UrologyHospitalServices.status = 'finished'

define "Morbid Obesity Diagnosis On or Before Follow Up USS Assessment":
  ( [ConditionProblemsHealthConcerns: "Morbid Obesity"]
    union [ConditionEncounterDiagnosis: "Morbid Obesity"] ) MorbidObesityDiagnosis
    with "Urinary Symptom Score 6 to 12 Months After Initial BPH Diagnosis" FollowUpUSSAssessment
      such that MorbidObesityDiagnosis.onset.toInterval ( ) overlaps "Measurement Period"
        and MorbidObesityDiagnosis.onset.toInterval ( ) starts on or before FollowUpUSSAssessment.effectiveDatetime
    where MorbidObesityDiagnosis.verificationStatusIsNotInvalid ( )

/*
* @code: Body mass index (BMI) [Ratio] - 39156-5
* @profile: http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/bmi
*/


define "BMI Exam Result Greater Than or Equal To 40 During Measurement Period and On or Before Follow Up USS Assessment":
  exists ( ["USCore.BMIProfile"] BMIExam
      with "Urinary Symptom Score 6 to 12 Months After Initial BPH Diagnosis" FollowUpUSSAssessment
        such that BMIExam.value >= 40 'kg/m2'
          and BMIExam.status in { 'final', 'amended', 'corrected' }
          and BMIExam.effective.earliest ( ) during day of "Measurement Period"
          and BMIExam.effective.earliest ( ) on or before FollowUpUSSAssessment.effectiveDatetime
      return BMIExam.effective.earliest ( )
  )

define "Morbid Obesity Diagnosis or BMI Exam Result Greater Than or Equal to 40 Starts On or Before Follow Up USS Assessment":
  exists "Morbid Obesity Diagnosis On or Before Follow Up USS Assessment"
    or "BMI Exam Result Greater Than or Equal To 40 During Measurement Period and On or Before Follow Up USS Assessment"

define "Denominator Exclusions":
  exists ( "Urinary Retention Diagnosis Starts Within 1 Year After Initial BPH Diagnosis" )
    or ( "Has Initial BPH Diagnosis Starts During or Within 30 Days After End of Hospitalization" is not null )
    or ( "Morbid Obesity Diagnosis or BMI Exam Result Greater Than or Equal to 40 Starts On or Before Follow Up USS Assessment" )

define "SDE Race":
  SDE."SDE Race"

define fluent function verificationStatusIsNotInvalid(condition Choice<"ConditionEncounterDiagnosis", "ConditionProblemsHealthConcerns">):
  condition.verificationStatus is null
    or not ( condition.verificationStatus ~ Status."unconfirmed"
        or condition.verificationStatus ~ Status."refuted"
        or condition.verificationStatus ~ Status."entered-in-error"
    )

define function ToString(value string): value.value

define function ToString(value uri): value.value

define function ToString(value ObservationStatus): value.value

define function ToDateTime(value dateTime): value.value

/*
@description: Converts the given [Period](https://hl7.org/fhir/datatypes.html#Period)
value to a CQL DateTime Interval
@comment: If the start value of the given period is unspecified, the starting
boundary of the resulting interval will be open (meaning the start of the interval
is unknown, as opposed to interpreted as the beginning of time).
*/
define function ToInterval(period FHIR.Period):
    if period is null then
        null
    else
        if period."start" is null then
            Interval(period."start".value, period."end".value]
        else
            Interval[period."start".value, period."end".value]

define function ToDateTime(value instant): value.value

define function ToDate(value date): value.value

/*
@description: Converts the given FHIR [Quantity](https://hl7.org/fhir/datatypes.html#Quantity) 
value to a CQL Quantity
@comment: If the given quantity has a comparator specified, a runtime error is raised. If the given quantity
has a system other than UCUM (i.e. `http://unitsofmeasure.org`) or CQL calendar units (i.e. `http://hl7.org/fhirpath/CodeSystem/calendar-units`)
an error is raised. For UCUM to calendar units, the `ToCalendarUnit` function is used.
@seealso: ToCalendarUnit
*/
define function ToQuantity(quantity FHIR.Quantity):
    case
        when quantity is null then null
        when quantity.value is null then null
        when quantity.comparator is not null then
            Message(null, true, 'FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity.ComparatorQuantityNotSupported', 'Error', 'FHIR Quantity value has a comparator and cannot be converted to a System.Quantity value.')
        when quantity.system is null or quantity.system.value = 'http://unitsofmeasure.org'
              or quantity.system.value = 'http://hl7.org/fhirpath/CodeSystem/calendar-units' then
            System.Quantity { value: quantity.value.value, unit: ToCalendarUnit(Coalesce(quantity.code.value, quantity.unit.value, '1')) }
        else
            Message(null, true, 'FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity.InvalidFHIRQuantity', 'Error', 'Invalid FHIR Quantity code: ' & quantity.unit.value & ' (' & quantity.system.value & '|' & quantity.code.value & ')')
    end

/*
@description: Converts a UCUM definite duration unit to a CQL calendar duration
unit using conversions specified in the [quantities](https://cql.hl7.org/02-authorsguide.html#quantities) 
topic of the CQL specification.
@comment: Note that for durations above days (or weeks), the conversion is understood to be approximate
*/
define function ToCalendarUnit(unit System.String):
    case unit
        when 'ms' then 'millisecond'
        when 's' then 'second'
        when 'min' then 'minute'
        when 'h' then 'hour'
        when 'd' then 'day'
        when 'wk' then 'week'
        when 'mo' then 'month'
        when 'a' then 'year'
        else unit
    end

define function ToInteger(value integer): value.value

/*
@description: Converts the given FHIR [CodeableConcept](https://hl7.org/fhir/datatypes.html#CodeableConcept) value to a CQL Concept.
*/
define function ToConcept(concept FHIR.CodeableConcept):
    if concept is null then
        null
    else
        System.Concept {
            codes: concept.coding C return ToCode(C),
            display: concept.text.value
        }

/*
@description: Converts the given FHIR [Coding](https://hl7.org/fhir/datatypes.html#Coding) value to a CQL Code.
*/
define function ToCode(coding FHIR.Coding):
    if coding is null then
        null
    else
        System.Code {
          code: coding.code.value,
          system: coding.system.value,
          version: coding.version.value,
          display: coding.display.value
        }

define function ToString(value EncounterStatus): value.value

/*
@description: Returns the single extension (if present) on the given resource with the specified url.
@comment: This function uses singleton from to ensure that a run-time exception is thrown if there
is more than one extension on the given resource with the specified url.
*/
define fluent function ext(domainResource DomainResource, url String):
  singleton from domainResource.exts(url)

/*
@description: Returns any extensions defined on the given resource with the specified url
*/
define fluent function exts(domainResource DomainResource, url String):
  domainResource.extension E
    where E.url = url
    return E

/*
@description: Given an interval, return the starting point if the interval has a starting boundary specified,
otherwise, return the ending point
*/
define fluent function earliest(choice Choice<FHIR.dateTime, FHIR.Period, FHIR.Age, FHIR.Range>):
  (choice.toInterval()) period
    return
      if (period.hasStart()) then start of period
      else end of period

/*
@description: Normalizes a value that is a choice of timing-valued types to an equivalent interval
@comment: Normalizes a choice type of FHIR.dateTime, FHIR.Period, FHIR.Timing, FHIR.instance, FHIR.string, FHIR.Age, or FHIR.Range types
to an equivalent interval. This selection of choice types is a superset of the majority of choice types that are used as possible
representations for timing-valued elements in FHIR, allowing this function to be used across any resource.

The input can be provided as a dateTime, Period, Timing, instant, string, Age, or Range.
The intent of this function is to provide a clear and concise mechanism to treat single
elements that have multiple possible representations as intervals so that logic doesn't have to account
for the variability. More complex calculations (such as medication request period or dispense period
calculation) need specific guidance and consideration. That guidance may make use of this function, but
the focus of this function is on single element calculations where the semantics are unambiguous.
If the input is a dateTime, the result a DateTime Interval beginning and ending on that dateTime.
If the input is a Period, the result is a DateTime Interval.
If the input is a Timing, an error is raised indicating a single interval cannot be computed from a Timing.
If the input is an instant, the result is a DateTime Interval beginning and ending on that instant.
If the input is a string, an error is raised indicating a single interval cannot be computed from a string.
If the input is an Age, the result is a DateTime Interval beginning when the patient was the given Age,
and ending immediately prior to when the patient was the given Age plus one year.
If the input is a Range, the result is a DateTime Interval beginning when the patient was the Age given
by the low end of the Range, and ending immediately prior to when the patient was the Age given by the
high end of the Range plus one year.

NOTE: Due to the
complexity of determining a single interval from a Timing or String type, this function will throw a run-time exception if it is used
with a Timing or String.
*/
define fluent function toInterval(choice Choice<FHIR.dateTime, FHIR.Period, FHIR.Timing, FHIR.instant, FHIR.string, FHIR.Age, FHIR.Range>):
  case
    when choice is FHIR.dateTime then
      Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.dateTime), FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.dateTime)]
    when choice is FHIR.Period then
      FHIRHelpers.ToInterval(choice as FHIR.Period)
    when choice is FHIR.instant then
      Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.instant), FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.instant)]
    when choice is FHIR.Age then
      Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity(choice as FHIR.Age),
        FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity(choice as FHIR.Age) + 1 year)
    when choice is FHIR.Range then
      Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity((choice as FHIR.Range).low),
        FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity((choice as FHIR.Range).high) + 1 year)
    when choice is FHIR.Timing then
      Message(null as Interval<DateTime>, true, 'NOT_IMPLEMENTED', 'Error', 'Calculation of an interval from a Timing value is not supported')
    when choice is FHIR.string then
      Message(null as Interval<DateTime>, true, 'NOT_IMPLEMENTED', 'Error', 'Calculation of an interval from a String value is not supported')
    else
      null as Interval<DateTime>
  end

/*
@description: Given an interval, return true if the interval has a starting boundary specified
(i.e. the start of the interval is not null and not the minimum DateTime value)
*/
define fluent function hasStart(period Interval<DateTime>):
  not ( start of period is null
      or start of period = minimum DateTime
  )

/*
@description: Returns the single extension (if present) on the given element with the specified url.
@comment: This function uses singleton from to ensure that a run-time exception is thrown if there
is more than one extension on the given element with the specified url.
*/
define fluent function ext(element Element, url String):
  singleton from element.exts(url)

/*
@description: Returns any extensions defined on the given element with the specified url.
*/
define fluent function exts(element Element, url String):
  element.extension E
    where E.url = url
    return E

/*
@description: Returns the sex element as defined for the USCore patient profile
*/
define fluent function sex(patient Patient):
  patient.ext('http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-sex').value as FHIR.code

define fluent function ethnicity(patient Patient):
  (patient.ext('http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-ethnicity')) E
    return {
      ombCategory: E.ext('ombCategory').value as FHIR.Coding,
      detailed: (E.exts('detailed')) d return d.value as FHIR.Coding,
      text: E.ext('text').value as FHIR.string
    }

define fluent function race(patient Patient):
  (patient.ext('http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-race')) E
    return {
      ombCategory: (E.exts('ombCategory')) o return o.value as FHIR.Coding,
      detailed: (E.exts('detailed')) d return d.value as FHIR.Coding,
      text: E.ext('text').value as FHIR.string
    }