Metadata
Title Appropriate Testing for PharyngitisFHIR
Version 1.1.000
Short Name CMS146FHIR
GUID (Version Independent) urn:uuid:9012731d-f909-4733-aca5-b14e66fe9acd
GUID (Version Specific) urn:uuid:f5065d63-f2b7-438c-b677-14862bdecd27
CMS Identifier 146FHIR
Effective Period 2026-01-01 through 2026-12-31
Steward (Publisher) National Committee for Quality Assurance
Developer National Committee for Quality Assurance
Description

The percentage of episodes for patients 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date and a group A streptococcus (strep) test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date
Copyright

This Physician Performance Measure (Measure) and related data specifications are owned and were developed by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). NCQA is not responsible for any use of the Measure. NCQA makes no representations, warranties or endorsements about the quality of any product, test or protocol identified as numerator compliant or otherwise identified as meeting the requirements of the measure or specification. NCQA makes no representations, warranties, or endorsement about the quality of any organization or physician that uses or reports performance measures and NCQA has no liability to anyone who relies on such measures or specifications. NCQA holds a copyright in the Measure. The Measure may be used for internal, noncommercial purposes (e.g., use by healthcare providers in connection with their practices) without obtaining approval from NCQA. All other uses, including a commercial use (including but not limited to vendors using or embedding the measures and specifications into any product or service to calculate measure results for customers for any purpose), must be approved by NCQA and are subject to a license at the discretion of NCQA. (C) 2012-2025 National Committee for Quality Assurance. All Rights Reserved. Limited proprietary coding is contained in the Measure specifications for user convenience. Users of proprietary code sets should obtain all necessary licenses from the owners of the code sets. NCQA disclaims all liability for use or accuracy of any third-party codes contained in the specifications. CPT(R) codes, descriptions and other data are copyright 2025. American Medical Association. All rights reserved. CPT is a trademark of the American Medical Association. Fee schedules, relative value units, conversion factors and/or related components are not assigned by the AMA, are not part of CPT, and the AMA is not recommending their use. The AMA does not directly or indirectly practice medicine or dispense medical services. The AMA assumes no liability for data contained or not contained herein. Applicable FARS/DFARS restrictions apply to government use. Some measure specifications contain coding from LOINC(R) (https://loinc.org). The LOINC table, LOINC codes, LOINC panels and form file, LOINC linguistic variants file, LOINC/RSNA Radiology Playbook, and LOINC/IEEE Medical Device Code Mapping Table are copyright 2004-2025 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. and the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Committee, and are available at no cost under the license at https://loinc.org/kb/license/. This material contains SNOMED Clinical Terms(R) (SNOMED CT[R]) copyright 2004-2024 International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation. ICD-10 copyright 2025 World Health Organization. All Rights Reserved. Some measures use RxNorm, a standardized nomenclature and coding for clinical drugs and drug delivery devices, which is made publicly available courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. NLM is not responsible for the measures and does not endorse or recommend this or any other product. “HL7” is the registered trademark of Health Level Seven International.
Disclaimer

The performance Measure is not a clinical guideline and does not establish a standard of medical care, and has not been tested for all potential applications. THE MEASURE AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. Due to technical limitations, registered trademarks are indicated by (R) or [R] and unregistered trademarks are indicated by (TM) or [TM].
Rationale

Group A streptococcal (GAS) bacterial infections and other infections that cause pharyngitis (which are most often viral) often produce the same signs and symptoms (Shulman et al., 2012). The American Academy of Pediatrics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America all recommend a diagnostic test for Strep A to improve diagnostic accuracy and avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment (Linder et al., 2005). Estimated economic costs of pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis in the United States range from $224 million to $539 million per year, including indirect costs related to parental work losses. At a higher level, the economic cost of antibiotic resistance varies but has extended as high as $20 billion in excess direct healthcare costs, with additional costs to society for lost productivity as high as $35 billion a year (2008 dollars) (Pfoh et al., 2008).
Clinical Recommendation Statement

Infectious Disease Society of America (Shulman et al., 2012) The Infectious Diseases Society of America "recommends swabbing the throat and testing for GAS pharyngitis by rapid antigen detection test (RADT) and/or culture because the clinical features alone do not reliably discriminate between GAS and viral pharyngitis except when overt viral features like rhinorrhea, cough, oral ulcers, and/or hoarseness are present"
Citation

Linder, J. A., Bates, D. W., Lee, G. M., et al. (2005). Antibiotic Treatment of Children with Sore Throat. JAMA, 294(18), 2315-2322.
Citation

Pfoh, E., Wessels, M.R., Goldmann, D., et al. (2008). Burden and Economic Cost of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis. Pediatrics, 121(2), 229-234. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-0484
Citation

Shulman, S. T., Bisno, A. L., Clegg, H. W., et al. (2012). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: 2012 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 55(10), E86-E102. doi:10.1093/cid/cis629
Guidance (Usage) This is an episode of care measure that examines all eligible episodes for the patient. The intent is to determine whether antibiotics are being ordered appropriately. Antibiotics should only be ordered if a strep test has been performed to confirm a bacterial infection. Antibiotics should not be ordered for viral infections. Antibiotics should be ordered on or three days after the episode date. This eCQM is an episode-based measure. An episode is defined as each eligible encounter for patients aged 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period. This FHIR-based measure has been derived from the QDM-based measure: CMS146v14. Please refer to the HL7 QI-Core Implementation Guide (https://hl7.org/fhir/us/qicore/STU6/) for more information on QI-Core and mapping recommendations from QDM to QI-Core STU 6. (https://hl7.org/fhir/us/qicore/STU6/qdm-to-qicore.html).
Measure Group (Rate) (ID: Group_1)
Basis Encounter
Scoring Proportion
Improvement Notation Increased score indicates improvement
Type Process
Rate Aggregation None
Initial Population ID: InitialPopulation_1
Description:

Outpatient, telephone, virtual encounter (i.e., e-visit or virtual check-in), or emergency department (ED) visits with a diagnosis of pharyngitis or tonsillitis from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period and an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date among patients 3 years or older

Criteria: Initial Population
Denominator ID: Denominator_1
Description:

Equals Initial Population

Criteria: Denominator
Denominator Exclusion ID: DenominatorExclusion_1
Description:

Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had hospice care for any part of the measurement period. Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had a comorbid condition during the 12 months prior to or on the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient is taking antibiotics in the 30 days prior to the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient had a competing diagnosis on or three days after the episode date.

Criteria: Denominator Exclusions
Numerator ID: Numerator_1
Description:

A group A streptococcus test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date

Criteria: Numerator
Stratifier ID: Stratification_1_1
Description: - 3-17 years
Stratifier ID: Stratification_1_2
Description: - 18-64 years
Stratifier ID: Stratification_1_3
Description: - 65 years and older
Supplemental Data Guidance Guidance For every patient evaluated by this measure also identify payer, race, ethnicity and sex
Supplemental Data Elements
Supplemental Data Element ID: sde-ethnicity
Usage Code: Supplemental Data
Description: SDE Ethnicity
Logic Definition: SDE Ethnicity
Supplemental Data Element ID: sde-payer
Usage Code: Supplemental Data
Description: SDE Payer
Logic Definition: SDE Payer
Supplemental Data Element ID: sde-race
Usage Code: Supplemental Data
Description: SDE Race
Logic Definition: SDE Race
Supplemental Data Element ID: sde-sex
Usage Code: Supplemental Data
Description: SDE Sex
Logic Definition: SDE Sex
Measure Logic
Primary Library CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis
Contents Population Criteria
Logic Definitions
Terminology
Dependencies
Data Requirements
Parameters
Population Criteria
Measure Group (Rate) (ID: Group_1)
Initial Population 
define "Initial Population":
  "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic" EncounterWithPharyngitis
    where AgeInYearsAt(date from start of "Measurement Period") >= 3
    return EncounterWithPharyngitis
Definition
Denominator 
define "Denominator":
  "Initial Population"
Definition
Denominator Exclusion 
define "Denominator Exclusions":
  "Encounters and Assessments with Hospice Patient"
    union Antibiotic."Encounter with Comorbid Condition History" ( "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic", ( [ConditionEncounterDiagnosis: "Comorbid Conditions for Respiratory Conditions"] ).verified ( ) )
    union Antibiotic."Encounter with Antibiotic Medication History" ( "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic", ( [MedicationRequest: "Antibiotic Medications for Pharyngitis"] ).isMedicationActive ( ) )
    union Antibiotic."Encounter with Competing Diagnosis History" ( "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic", ( [ConditionEncounterDiagnosis: "Competing Conditions for Respiratory Conditions"] ).verified ( ) )
Definition
Numerator 
define "Numerator":
  from
    "Group A Streptococcus Lab Test With Result" GroupAStreptococcusTest,
    "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic" EncounterWithPharyngitis
    where GroupAStreptococcusTest.effective.toInterval ( ) starts during day of Interval[( end of EncounterWithPharyngitis.period ) - 3 days, ( end of EncounterWithPharyngitis.period ) + 3 days]
    return EncounterWithPharyngitis
Definition
Stratifier 
define "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic":
  from
    "Encounter With Antibiotic Ordered Within Three Days" VisitWithAntibiotic,
    "Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis" AcutePharyngitisTonsillitis
    where AcutePharyngitisTonsillitis.prevalenceInterval ( ) starts during day of VisitWithAntibiotic.period
    return VisitWithAntibiotic
Definition
Stratifier 
define "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic":
  from
    "Encounter With Antibiotic Ordered Within Three Days" VisitWithAntibiotic,
    "Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis" AcutePharyngitisTonsillitis
    where AcutePharyngitisTonsillitis.prevalenceInterval ( ) starts during day of VisitWithAntibiotic.period
    return VisitWithAntibiotic
Definition
Stratifier 
define "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic":
  from
    "Encounter With Antibiotic Ordered Within Three Days" VisitWithAntibiotic,
    "Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis" AcutePharyngitisTonsillitis
    where AcutePharyngitisTonsillitis.prevalenceInterval ( ) starts during day of VisitWithAntibiotic.period
    return VisitWithAntibiotic
Definition
Logic Definitions
Logic Definition Library Name: Hospice 
define "Has Hospice Services":
  exists ((([USQualityCore.Encounter: "Encounter Inpatient"]).isEncounterPerformed()) InpatientEncounter
      where (InpatientEncounter.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition ~ "Discharge to home for hospice care (procedure)"
          or InpatientEncounter.hospitalization.dischargeDisposition ~ "Discharge to healthcare facility for hospice care (procedure)"
      )
        and InpatientEncounter.period ends during day of "Measurement Period"
  )
    or exists ((([USQualityCore.Encounter: "Hospice Encounter"]).isEncounterPerformed()) HospiceEncounter
        where HospiceEncounter.period overlaps day of "Measurement Period"
    )
    // TODO: Shouldn't need to specify a code path here (see https://jira.hl7.org/browse/FHIR-53941)
    or exists ((([USQualityCore.ObservationScreeningAssessment: code ~ "Hospice care [Minimum Data Set]"]).isAssessmentPerformed()) HospiceAssessment
        where HospiceAssessment.value ~ "Yes (qualifier value)"
          and HospiceAssessment.effective.toInterval() overlaps day of "Measurement Period"
    )
    or exists ((([USQualityCore.ServiceRequest: "Hospice Care Ambulatory"]).isInterventionOrder()) HospiceOrder
        where HospiceOrder.authoredOn during day of "Measurement Period"
    )
    or exists ((([USQualityCore.Procedure: "Hospice Care Ambulatory"]).isInterventionPerformed()) HospicePerformed
        where HospicePerformed.performed.toInterval() overlaps day of "Measurement Period"
    )
    // TODO: Consider whether to keep this as the union of Problems and EncounterDiagnosis
    or exists ((([FHIR.Condition: "Hospice Diagnosis"]).verified()) HospiceCareDiagnosis
        where HospiceCareDiagnosis.prevalenceInterval() overlaps day of "Measurement Period"
    )
Logic Definition Library Name: SupplementalDataElements 
define "SDE Sex":
  case
    when Patient.sex() = '248153007' then "Male (finding)"
    when Patient.sex() = '248152002' then "Female (finding)"
    else null
  end
Logic Definition Library Name: SupplementalDataElements 
define "SDE Payer":
  [USQualityCore.Coverage: type in "Payer Type"] Payer
    return {
      code: Payer.type,
      period: Payer.period
    }
Logic Definition Library Name: SupplementalDataElements 
define "SDE Ethnicity":
  (Patient.ethnicity()) E
    return Tuple {
      codes: { E.ombCategory } union E.detailed,
      display: E.text
    }
Logic Definition Library Name: SupplementalDataElements 
define "SDE Race":
  (Patient.race()) R
    return Tuple {
      codes: R.ombCategory union R.detailed,
      display: R.text
    }
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "SDE Sex":
  SDE."SDE Sex"
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "Group A Streptococcus Lab Test With Result":
  ( ( [LaboratoryResultObservation: "Group A Streptococcus Test"] ).isLaboratoryTestPerformed ( ) ) GroupAStreptococcusTest
    where GroupAStreptococcusTest.value is not null
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "Qualifying Encounters":
  ( ( [Encounter: "Emergency Department Evaluation and Management Visit"]
      union [Encounter: "Home Healthcare Services"]
      union [Encounter: "Medical Disability Exam"]
      union [Encounter: "Office Visit"]
      union [Encounter: "Telephone Visits"]
      union [Encounter: "Virtual Encounter"]
      union [Encounter: "Outpatient Consultation"]
      union [Encounter: "Preventive Care Services Established Office Visit, 18 and Up"]
      union [Encounter: "Preventive Care Services Group Counseling"]
      union ( [Encounter] E
          where exists ( ( E.type ) T
              where T ~ "Unlisted preventive medicine service"
          )
      )
      union [Encounter: "Preventive Care Services, Initial Office Visit, 0 to 17"]
      union [Encounter: "Preventive Care Services Individual Counseling"]
      union [Encounter: "Preventive Care Services Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up"]
      union [Encounter: "Preventive Care, Established Office Visit, 0 to 17"]
  ).isEncounterPerformed ( ) ) ValidEncounter
    where ValidEncounter.period ends during day of Interval[( start of "Measurement Period" ), ( end of "Measurement Period" ) - 3 days]
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "Encounter With Antibiotic Ordered Within Three Days":
  "Qualifying Encounters" EDOrAmbulatoryVisit
    with ( ( [MedicationRequest: "Antibiotic Medications for Pharyngitis"] ).isMedicationOrder ( ) ) AntibioticOrdered
      such that EDOrAmbulatoryVisit.period.toInterval ( ) starts 3 days or less on or before day of AntibioticOrdered.authoredOn
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis":
  ( [ConditionEncounterDiagnosis: "Acute Pharyngitis"]
      union [ConditionEncounterDiagnosis: "Acute Tonsillitis"]
  ).verified ( )
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic":
  from
    "Encounter With Antibiotic Ordered Within Three Days" VisitWithAntibiotic,
    "Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis" AcutePharyngitisTonsillitis
    where AcutePharyngitisTonsillitis.prevalenceInterval ( ) starts during day of VisitWithAntibiotic.period
    return VisitWithAntibiotic
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "Numerator":
  from
    "Group A Streptococcus Lab Test With Result" GroupAStreptococcusTest,
    "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic" EncounterWithPharyngitis
    where GroupAStreptococcusTest.effective.toInterval ( ) starts during day of Interval[( end of EncounterWithPharyngitis.period ) - 3 days, ( end of EncounterWithPharyngitis.period ) + 3 days]
    return EncounterWithPharyngitis
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "Initial Population":
  "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic" EncounterWithPharyngitis
    where AgeInYearsAt(date from start of "Measurement Period") >= 3
    return EncounterWithPharyngitis
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "Denominator":
  "Initial Population"
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "SDE Payer":
  SDE."SDE Payer"
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "SDE Ethnicity":
  SDE."SDE Ethnicity"
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "Encounters and Assessments with Hospice Patient":
  "Initial Population" EligibleEncounters
    where Hospice."Has Hospice Services"
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "Denominator Exclusions":
  "Encounters and Assessments with Hospice Patient"
    union Antibiotic."Encounter with Comorbid Condition History" ( "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic", ( [ConditionEncounterDiagnosis: "Comorbid Conditions for Respiratory Conditions"] ).verified ( ) )
    union Antibiotic."Encounter with Antibiotic Medication History" ( "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic", ( [MedicationRequest: "Antibiotic Medications for Pharyngitis"] ).isMedicationActive ( ) )
    union Antibiotic."Encounter with Competing Diagnosis History" ( "Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic", ( [ConditionEncounterDiagnosis: "Competing Conditions for Respiratory Conditions"] ).verified ( ) )
Logic Definition Library Name: CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis 
define "SDE Race":
  SDE."SDE Race"
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRCommon 
/*
@description: Returns the single extension (if present) on the given resource with the specified url.
@comment: This function uses singleton from to ensure that a run-time exception is thrown if there
is more than one extension on the given resource with the specified url.
*/
define fluent function ext(domainResource DomainResource, url String):
  singleton from domainResource.exts(url)
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRCommon 
/*
@description: Returns any extensions defined on the given resource with the specified url
*/
define fluent function exts(domainResource DomainResource, url String):
  domainResource.extension E
    where E.url = url
    return E
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRCommon 
/*
@description: Normalizes a value that is a choice of timing-valued types to an equivalent interval
@comment: Normalizes a choice type of FHIR.dateTime, FHIR.Period, FHIR.Timing, FHIR.instance, FHIR.string, FHIR.Age, or FHIR.Range types
to an equivalent interval. This selection of choice types is a superset of the majority of choice types that are used as possible
representations for timing-valued elements in FHIR, allowing this function to be used across any resource.

The input can be provided as a dateTime, Period, Timing, instant, string, Age, or Range.
The intent of this function is to provide a clear and concise mechanism to treat single
elements that have multiple possible representations as intervals so that logic doesn't have to account
for the variability. More complex calculations (such as medication request period or dispense period
calculation) need specific guidance and consideration. That guidance may make use of this function, but
the focus of this function is on single element calculations where the semantics are unambiguous.
If the input is a dateTime, the result a DateTime Interval beginning and ending on that dateTime.
If the input is a Period, the result is a DateTime Interval.
If the input is a Timing, an error is raised indicating a single interval cannot be computed from a Timing.
If the input is an instant, the result is a DateTime Interval beginning and ending on that instant.
If the input is a string, an error is raised indicating a single interval cannot be computed from a string.
If the input is an Age, the result is a DateTime Interval beginning when the patient was the given Age,
and ending immediately prior to when the patient was the given Age plus one year.
If the input is a Range, the result is a DateTime Interval beginning when the patient was the Age given
by the low end of the Range, and ending immediately prior to when the patient was the Age given by the
high end of the Range plus one year.

NOTE: Due to the
complexity of determining a single interval from a Timing or String type, this function will throw a run-time exception if it is used
with a Timing or String.
*/
define fluent function toInterval(choice Choice<FHIR.dateTime, FHIR.Period, FHIR.Timing, FHIR.instant, FHIR.string, FHIR.Age, FHIR.Range>):
  case
    when choice is FHIR.dateTime then
      Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.dateTime), FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.dateTime)]
    when choice is FHIR.Period then
      FHIRHelpers.ToInterval(choice as FHIR.Period)
    when choice is FHIR.instant then
      Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.instant), FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(choice as FHIR.instant)]
    when choice is FHIR.Age then
      Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity(choice as FHIR.Age),
        FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity(choice as FHIR.Age) + 1 year)
    when choice is FHIR.Range then
      Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity((choice as FHIR.Range).low),
        FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity((choice as FHIR.Range).high) + 1 year)
    when choice is FHIR.Timing then
      Message(null as Interval<DateTime>, true, 'NOT_IMPLEMENTED', 'Error', 'Calculation of an interval from a Timing value is not supported')
    when choice is FHIR.string then
      Message(null as Interval<DateTime>, true, 'NOT_IMPLEMENTED', 'Error', 'Calculation of an interval from a String value is not supported')
    else
      null as Interval<DateTime>
  end
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRCommon 
/*
@description: Returns conditions in the given list that either have no verification status or have a verification status of confirmed, unconfirmed, provisional, or differential
*/
define fluent function verified(conditions List<FHIR.Condition>):
  conditions C
    where C.verificationStatus is not null implies
      (C.verificationStatus ~ "confirmed"
        or C.verificationStatus ~ "unconfirmed"
        or C.verificationStatus ~ "provisional"
        or C.verificationStatus ~ "differential"
      )
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRCommon 
/*
@description: Returns an interval representing the normalized prevalence period of a given Condition resource.
@comment: Uses the toInterval and toAbatementInterval functions to determine the widest potential interval from
onset to abatement as specified in the given Condition.
*/
define fluent function prevalenceInterval(condition Condition):
if condition.clinicalStatus ~ "active"
  or condition.clinicalStatus ~ "recurrence"
  or condition.clinicalStatus ~ "relapse" then
  Interval[start of condition.onset.toInterval(), end of condition.abatementInterval()]
else
  (end of condition.abatementInterval()) abatementDate
    return 
	  if abatementDate is null then
        Interval[start of condition.onset.toInterval(), abatementDate)
      else
        Interval[start of condition.onset.toInterval(), abatementDate]
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRCommon 
/*
@description: Returns an interval representing the normalized Abatement of a given Condition resource.
@comment: @comment: If the abatement element of the Condition is represented as a DateTime, the result
is an interval beginning and ending on that DateTime.
If the abatement is represented as a Quantity, the quantity is expected to be a calendar-duration and is interpreted as the age of the patient. The
result is an interval from the date the patient turned that age to immediately before one year later.
If the abatement is represented as a Quantity Interval, the quantities are expected to be calendar-durations and are interpreted as an age range during
which the abatement occurred. The result is an interval from the date the patient turned the starting age of the quantity interval, and ending immediately
before one year later than the date the patient turned the ending age of the quantity interval.

NOTE: Due to the complexity of determining an interval from a String, this function will throw
a run-time exception if used with a Condition instance that has a String as the abatement value.
*/
define fluent function abatementInterval(condition Condition):
  if condition.abatement is FHIR.dateTime then
    Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(condition.abatement as FHIR.dateTime), FHIRHelpers.ToDateTime(condition.abatement as FHIR.dateTime)]
  else if condition.abatement is FHIR.Period then
    FHIRHelpers.ToInterval(condition.abatement as FHIR.Period)
  else if condition.abatement is FHIR.string then
    Message(null as Interval<DateTime>, true, 'NOT_IMPLEMENTED', 'Error', 'Calculation of an interval from a String value is not supported')
  else if condition.abatement is FHIR.Age then
    Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity(condition.abatement as FHIR.Age),
      FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity(condition.abatement as FHIR.Age) + 1 year)
  else if condition.abatement is FHIR.Range then
    Interval[FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity((condition.abatement as FHIR.Range).low),
      FHIRHelpers.ToDate(Patient.birthDate) + FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity((condition.abatement as FHIR.Range).high) + 1 year)
  else if condition.abatement is FHIR.boolean then
    Interval[end of condition.onset.toInterval(), condition.recordedDate)
  else 
    null
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRCommon 
/*
@description: Returns the single extension (if present) on the given element with the specified url.
@comment: This function uses singleton from to ensure that a run-time exception is thrown if there
is more than one extension on the given element with the specified url.
*/
define fluent function ext(element Element, url String):
  singleton from element.exts(url)
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRCommon 
/*
@description: Returns any extensions defined on the given element with the specified url.
*/
define fluent function exts(element Element, url String):
  element.extension E
    where E.url = url
    return E
Logic Definition Library Name: CumulativeMedicationDuration 
/*
Calculates the Medication Period for a single MedicationRequest.
MedicationRequest instances provided to this function are expected
to conform to the [MMEMedicationRequest](http://build.fhir.org/ig/cqframework/opioid-mme-r4/StructureDefinition-mmemedicationrequest.html)
profile, which expects:
* 1 and only 1 dosageInstruction, multiple dosageInstruction elements will result in an error
* 1 and only 1 doseAndRate, multiple doseAndRate elements will result in an error
* 1 timing with 1 repeat, missing timing or repeat elements will result in a null
* frequency, frequencyMax, defaulting to 1
* period, periodUnit, defaulting to 1 'd'
* timeOfDay
* doseQuantity or doseRange, missing doseQuantity and doseRange will result in a null
Note that MedicationRequest status is not considered by this calculation, as the
list of MedicationRequest instances provided to this function should already have
considered appropriate statuses, depending on the use case, typically `completed`.

NOTE: Updated return to use "date from end of boundsPeriod" to ensure result is Interval<Date>
*/
define fluent function medicationRequestPeriod(Request MedicationRequest):
  Request R
    let
      dosage: singleton from R.dosageInstruction,
      doseAndRate: singleton from dosage.doseAndRate,
      timing: dosage.timing,
      frequency: Coalesce(timing.repeat.frequencyMax, timing.repeat.frequency),
      period: Quantity(timing.repeat.period, timing.repeat.periodUnit),
      doseRange: doseAndRate.dose as FHIR.Range,
      doseQuantity: doseAndRate.dose as FHIR.SimpleQuantity,

      dose: Coalesce(end of doseRange, doseQuantity),
      dosesPerDay: Coalesce(ToDaily(frequency, period), Count(timing.repeat.timeOfDay), 1.0),
      boundsPeriod: timing.repeat.bounds as Period,
      // TODO: this isn't working as expected, convert results in null
      //daysSupply: (convert(R.dispenseRequest.expectedSupplyDuration) to days).value,
      daysSupply: (R.dispenseRequest.expectedSupplyDuration).value,
      quantity: R.dispenseRequest.quantity,
      refills: Coalesce(R.dispenseRequest.numberOfRepeatsAllowed, 0),
      startDate:
        Coalesce(
          date from start of boundsPeriod,
          date from R.authoredOn,
          date from start of R.dispenseRequest.validityPeriod
        ),
      totalDaysSupplied: Coalesce(daysSupply, quantity.value / (dose.value * dosesPerDay)) * (1 + refills)
    return
      if startDate is not null and totalDaysSupplied is not null then
        Interval[startDate, startDate + Quantity(totalDaysSupplied - 1, 'day') ]
      else if startDate is not null and boundsPeriod."end" is not null then
        Interval[startDate, date from end of boundsPeriod]
      else
        null
Logic Definition Library Name: CumulativeMedicationDuration 
/**********************************************************************/
/* Functions in this region are copied from opioid-mme-r4             */
/**********************************************************************/

define function Quantity(value Decimal, unit String):
  if value is not null then
    System.Quantity { value: value, unit: unit }
  else
    null
Logic Definition Library Name: CumulativeMedicationDuration 
/*
 Goal is to get to number of days
 Two broad approaches to the calculation:
  1) Based on supply and frequency, calculate the number of expected days the medication will cover/has covered
  2) Based on relevant period, determine a covered interval and calculate the length of that interval in days

This topic covers several use cases and illustrates how to calculate Cumulative
Medication Duration for each type of medication resource using the supply and
frequency approach.
*/

/*
  For the first approach, we need to get from frequency to a frequency/day
  So we define ToDaily
*/

/*
  Calculates daily frequency given frequency within a period
*/
define function ToDaily(frequency System.Integer, period System.Quantity):
  case period.unit
    when 'h' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value)
    when 'min' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) * 60
    when 's' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) * 60 * 60
    when 'd' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / 24
    when 'wk' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / (24 * 7)
    when 'mo' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / (24 * 30) /* assuming 30 days in month */
    when 'a' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / (24 * 365) /* assuming 365 days in year */
    when 'hour' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value)
    when 'minute' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) * 60
    when 'second' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) * 60 * 60
    when 'day' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / 24
    when 'week' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / (24 * 7)
    when 'month' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / (24 * 30) /* assuming 30 days in month */
    when 'year' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / (24 * 365) /* assuming 365 days in year */
    when 'hours' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value)
    when 'minutes' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) * 60
    when 'seconds' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) * 60 * 60
    when 'days' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / 24
    when 'weeks' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / (24 * 7)
    when 'months' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / (24 * 30) /* assuming 30 days in month */
    when 'years' then frequency * (24.0 / period.value) / (24 * 365) /* assuming 365 days in year */
    else Message(null, true, 'CMDLogic.ToDaily.UnknownUnit', ErrorLevel, 'Unknown unit ' & period.unit)
  end
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToString(value string): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToString(value uri): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToString(value ObservationStatus): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToString(value EncounterStatus): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
/*
@description: Converts the given FHIR [CodeableConcept](https://hl7.org/fhir/datatypes.html#CodeableConcept) value to a CQL Concept.
*/
define function ToConcept(concept FHIR.CodeableConcept):
    if concept is null then
        null
    else
        System.Concept {
            codes: concept.coding C return ToCode(C),
            display: concept.text.value
        }
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
/*
@description: Converts the given FHIR [Coding](https://hl7.org/fhir/datatypes.html#Coding) value to a CQL Code.
*/
define function ToCode(coding FHIR.Coding):
    if coding is null then
        null
    else
        System.Code {
          code: coding.code.value,
          system: coding.system.value,
          version: coding.version.value,
          display: coding.display.value
        }
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
/*
@description: Converts the given [Period](https://hl7.org/fhir/datatypes.html#Period)
value to a CQL DateTime Interval
@comment: If the start value of the given period is unspecified, the starting
boundary of the resulting interval will be open (meaning the start of the interval
is unknown, as opposed to interpreted as the beginning of time).
*/
define function ToInterval(period FHIR.Period):
    if period is null then
        null
    else
        if period."start" is null then
            Interval(period."start".value, period."end".value]
        else
            Interval[period."start".value, period."end".value]
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToString(value MedicationRequestStatus): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToString(value MedicationRequestIntent): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToDateTime(value dateTime): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToDateTime(value instant): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToDate(value date): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
/*
@description: Converts the given FHIR [Quantity](https://hl7.org/fhir/datatypes.html#Quantity) 
value to a CQL Quantity
@comment: If the given quantity has a comparator specified, a runtime error is raised. If the given quantity
has a system other than UCUM (i.e. `http://unitsofmeasure.org`) or CQL calendar units (i.e. `http://hl7.org/fhirpath/CodeSystem/calendar-units`)
an error is raised. For UCUM to calendar units, the `ToCalendarUnit` function is used.
@seealso: ToCalendarUnit
*/
define function ToQuantity(quantity FHIR.Quantity):
    case
        when quantity is null then null
        when quantity.value is null then null
        when quantity.comparator is not null then
            Message(null, true, 'FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity.ComparatorQuantityNotSupported', 'Error', 'FHIR Quantity value has a comparator and cannot be converted to a System.Quantity value.')
        when quantity.system is null or quantity.system.value = 'http://unitsofmeasure.org'
              or quantity.system.value = 'http://hl7.org/fhirpath/CodeSystem/calendar-units' then
            System.Quantity { value: quantity.value.value, unit: ToCalendarUnit(Coalesce(quantity.code.value, quantity.unit.value, '1')) }
        else
            Message(null, true, 'FHIRHelpers.ToQuantity.InvalidFHIRQuantity', 'Error', 'Invalid FHIR Quantity code: ' & quantity.unit.value & ' (' & quantity.system.value & '|' & quantity.code.value & ')')
    end
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
/*
@description: Converts a UCUM definite duration unit to a CQL calendar duration
unit using conversions specified in the [quantities](https://cql.hl7.org/02-authorsguide.html#quantities) 
topic of the CQL specification.
@comment: Note that for durations above days (or weeks), the conversion is understood to be approximate
*/
define function ToCalendarUnit(unit System.String):
    case unit
        when 'ms' then 'millisecond'
        when 's' then 'second'
        when 'min' then 'minute'
        when 'h' then 'hour'
        when 'd' then 'day'
        when 'wk' then 'week'
        when 'mo' then 'month'
        when 'a' then 'year'
        else unit
    end
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToString(value ServiceRequestStatus): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToString(value ServiceRequestIntent): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToString(value ProcedureStatus): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToDecimal(value decimal): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToString(value UnitsOfTime): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
/*
@description: Converts the given FHIR [Range](https://hl7.org/fhir/datatypes.html#Range) value to a CQL Interval of Quantity
*/
define function ToInterval(range FHIR.Range):
    if range is null then
        null
    else
        Interval[ToQuantity(range.low), ToQuantity(range.high)]
Logic Definition Library Name: FHIRHelpers 
define function ToInteger(value integer): value.value
Logic Definition Library Name: Status 
//Laboratory Test, Performed
define fluent function isLaboratoryTestPerformed(Obs List<LaboratoryResultObservation>):
  Obs O
    where O.status in { 'final', 'amended', 'corrected' }
Logic Definition Library Name: Status 
//Encounter, Performed
//General usage unless required otherwise by measure intent (e.g., follow-up encounters)
define fluent function isEncounterPerformed(Enc List<FHIR.Encounter>):
  Enc E
    where E.status = 'finished'
Logic Definition Library Name: Status 
//Medication, Order
define fluent function isMedicationOrder(MedicationRequest List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>):
  MedicationRequest M
    where M.status in { 'active', 'completed' }
    and M.intent in {'order', 'original-order', 'reflex-order', 'filler-order', 'instance-order'}
Logic Definition Library Name: Status 
//Assessment, Performed
define fluent function isAssessmentPerformed(Obs List<ObservationScreeningAssessment>):
  Obs O
    where O.status in { 'final', 'amended', 'corrected' }
Logic Definition Library Name: Status 
//Intervention, Order
define fluent function isInterventionOrder(ServiceRequest List<FHIR.ServiceRequest>):
  ServiceRequest S
    where S.status in { 'active', 'completed' }
      and S.intent in {'order', 'original-order', 'reflex-order', 'filler-order', 'instance-order'}
Logic Definition Library Name: Status 
//Intervention, Performed
define fluent function isInterventionPerformed(Proc List<FHIR.Procedure>):
  Proc P
    where P.status ~ 'completed'
Logic Definition Library Name: Status 
//Medication, Active
define fluent function isMedicationActive(MedicationRequest List<FHIR.MedicationRequest>):
  MedicationRequest M
    where M.status = 'active'
      and M.intent in {'order', 'original-order', 'reflex-order', 'filler-order', 'instance-order'}
Logic Definition Library Name: Antibiotic 
define function "Encounter with Comorbid Condition History"(episodes List<Encounter>, comorbidConditions List<Condition>):
  episodes episode
      with comorbidConditions comcondition
        such that date from start of comcondition.prevalenceInterval() during Interval[date from start of episode.period - 1 year, date from start of episode.period]
      return episode
Logic Definition Library Name: Antibiotic 
define function "Encounter with Antibiotic Medication History"(episodes List<Encounter>, antibioticMedications List<MedicationRequest>):
   episodes episode
    with antibioticMedications ActiveMedication
      such that ActiveMedication.medicationRequestPeriod() overlaps day of Interval[date from start of episode.period  - 30 days, date from start of episode.period - 1 day]
Logic Definition Library Name: Antibiotic 
define function "Encounter with Competing Diagnosis History"(episodes List<Encounter>, competingConditions List<Condition>):
  episodes episode
      with competingConditions competcondition
        such that competcondition.prevalenceInterval() starts 3 days or less on or after day of start of episode.period
      return episode
Logic Definition Library Name: USCoreCommon 
/*
@description: Returns the sex element as defined for the USCore patient profile
*/
define fluent function sex(patient Patient):
  patient.ext('http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-sex').value as FHIR.code
Logic Definition Library Name: USCoreCommon 
define fluent function ethnicity(patient Patient):
  (patient.ext('http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-ethnicity')) E
    return {
      ombCategory: E.ext('ombCategory').value as FHIR.Coding,
      detailed: (E.exts('detailed')) d return d.value as FHIR.Coding,
      text: E.ext('text').value as FHIR.string
    }
Logic Definition Library Name: USCoreCommon 
define fluent function race(patient Patient):
  (patient.ext('http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-race')) E
    return {
      ombCategory: (E.exts('ombCategory')) o return o.value as FHIR.Coding,
      detailed: (E.exts('detailed')) d return d.value as FHIR.Coding,
      text: E.ext('text').value as FHIR.string
    }
Terminology
Code System Description: Code system SNOMEDCT
Resource: SNOMED CT (all versions)
Canonical URL: http://snomed.info/sct
Code System Description: Code system CPT
Resource: Current Procedural Terminology (CPT®)
Canonical URL: http://www.ama-assn.org/go/cpt
Code System Description: Code system ConditionVerificationStatusCodes
Resource: ConditionVerificationStatus
Canonical URL: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-ver-status
Code System Description: Code system ConditionClinicalStatusCodes
Resource: Condition Clinical Status Codes
Canonical URL: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-clinical
Code System Description: Code system LOINC
Resource: Logical Observation Identifiers, Names and Codes (LOINC)
Canonical URL: http://loinc.org
Value Set Description: Value set Group A Streptococcus Test
Resource: Group A Streptococcus Test
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.198.12.1012
Value Set Description: Value set Emergency Department Evaluation and Management Visit
Resource: Emergency Department Evaluation and Management Visit
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1010
Value Set Description: Value set Home Healthcare Services
Resource: Home Healthcare Services
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1016
Value Set Description: Value set Medical Disability Exam
Resource: Medical Disability Exam
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1073
Value Set Description: Value set Office Visit
Resource: Office Visit
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1001
Value Set Description: Value set Telephone Visits
Resource: Telephone Visits
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1080
Value Set Description: Value set Virtual Encounter
Resource: Virtual Encounter
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1089
Value Set Description: Value set Outpatient Consultation
Resource: Outpatient Consultation
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1008
Value Set Description: Value set Preventive Care Services Established Office Visit, 18 and Up
Resource: Preventive Care Services Established Office Visit, 18 and Up
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1025
Value Set Description: Value set Preventive Care Services Group Counseling
Resource: Preventive Care Services Group Counseling
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1027
Value Set Description: Value set Preventive Care Services, Initial Office Visit, 0 to 17
Resource: Preventive Care Services, Initial Office Visit, 0 to 17
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1022
Value Set Description: Value set Preventive Care Services Individual Counseling
Resource: Preventive Care Services Individual Counseling
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1026
Value Set Description: Value set Preventive Care Services Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up
Resource: Preventive Care Services Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1023
Value Set Description: Value set Preventive Care, Established Office Visit, 0 to 17
Resource: Preventive Care, Established Office Visit, 0 to 17
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.101.12.1024
Value Set Description: Value set Antibiotic Medications for Pharyngitis
Resource: Antibiotic Medications for Pharyngitis
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.196.12.1001
Value Set Description: Value set Acute Pharyngitis
Resource: Acute Pharyngitis
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.102.12.1011
Value Set Description: Value set Acute Tonsillitis
Resource: Acute Tonsillitis
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.102.12.1012
Value Set Description: Value set Payer Type
Resource: Payer Type
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.114222.4.11.3591
Value Set Description: Value set Encounter Inpatient
Resource: Encounter Inpatient
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.666.5.307
Value Set Description: Value set Hospice Encounter
Resource: Hospice Encounter
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1003
Value Set Description: Value set Hospice Care Ambulatory
Resource: Hospice Care Ambulatory
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.526.3.1584
Value Set Description: Value set Hospice Diagnosis
Resource: Hospice Diagnosis
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.1165
Value Set Description: Value set Comorbid Conditions for Respiratory Conditions
Resource: Comorbid Conditions for Respiratory Conditions
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.102.12.1025
Value Set Description: Value set Competing Conditions for Respiratory Conditions
Resource: Competing Conditions for Respiratory Conditions
Canonical URL: http://cts.nlm.nih.gov/fhir/ValueSet/2.16.840.1.113883.3.464.1003.102.12.1017
Direct Reference Code Display: Male (finding)
Code: 248153007
System: http://snomed.info/sct
Direct Reference Code Display: Female (finding)
Code: 248152002
System: http://snomed.info/sct
Direct Reference Code Display: Unlisted preventive medicine service
Code: 99429
System: http://www.ama-assn.org/go/cpt
Direct Reference Code Code: confirmed
System: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-ver-status
Direct Reference Code Code: unconfirmed
System: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-ver-status
Direct Reference Code Code: provisional
System: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-ver-status
Direct Reference Code Code: differential
System: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-ver-status
Direct Reference Code Code: active
System: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-clinical
Direct Reference Code Code: recurrence
System: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-clinical
Direct Reference Code Code: relapse
System: http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/condition-clinical
Direct Reference Code Display: Discharge to home for hospice care (procedure)
Code: 428361000124107
System: http://snomed.info/sct
Direct Reference Code Display: Discharge to healthcare facility for hospice care (procedure)
Code: 428371000124100
System: http://snomed.info/sct
Direct Reference Code Display: Yes (qualifier value)
Code: 373066001
System: http://snomed.info/sct
Direct Reference Code Display: Hospice care [Minimum Data Set]
Code: 45755-6
System: http://loinc.org
Dependencies
Dependency Description: USQualityCore model information
Resource: https://madie.cms.gov/Library/USQualityCore-ModelInfo|0.1.0-cibuild
Canonical URL: https://madie.cms.gov/Library/USQualityCore-ModelInfo|0.1.0-cibuild
Dependency Description: USCore model information
Resource: http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cql/Library/USCore-ModelInfo|6.1.0-derived
Canonical URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cql/Library/USCore-ModelInfo|6.1.0-derived
Dependency Description: FHIR model information
Resource: http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cql/Library/FHIR-ModelInfo|4.0.1
Canonical URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cql/Library/FHIR-ModelInfo|4.0.1
Dependency Description: Library SDE
Resource: SupplementalDataElements version: 6.1.000
Canonical URL: https://madie.cms.gov/Library/SupplementalDataElements|6.1.000
Dependency Description: Library FHIRHelpers
Resource: http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cql/Library/FHIRHelpers|4.0.1
Canonical URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cql/Library/FHIRHelpers|4.0.1
Dependency Description: Library USCommon
Resource: http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cql/Library/USCoreCommon|2.0.0-ballot
Canonical URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cql/Library/USCoreCommon|2.0.0-ballot
Dependency Description: Library FHIRCommon
Resource: http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cql/Library/FHIRCommon|2.0.0
Canonical URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/cql/Library/FHIRCommon|2.0.0
Dependency Description: Library Status
Resource: Status version: 2.1.000
Canonical URL: https://madie.cms.gov/Library/Status|2.1.000
Dependency Description: Library Hospice
Resource: Hospice version: 7.1.000
Canonical URL: https://madie.cms.gov/Library/Hospice|7.1.000
Dependency Description: Library Antibiotic
Resource: Antibiotic version: 2.1.000
Canonical URL: https://madie.cms.gov/Library/Antibiotic|2.1.000
Dependency Description: Library CMD
Resource: http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cql/Library/CumulativeMedicationDuration|2.0.0-ballot
Canonical URL: http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cql/Library/CumulativeMedicationDuration|2.0.0-ballot
Data Requirements
Data Requirement Type: Patient
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-patient
Must Support Elements: ombCategory, detailed, text
Data Requirement Type: Observation
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-observation-lab
Must Support Elements: code, value, status
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
ValueSet: Group A Streptococcus Test
Data Requirement Type: Observation
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-observation-lab
Must Support Elements: code, value, effective, status
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
ValueSet: Group A Streptococcus Test
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Emergency Department Evaluation and Management Visit
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Home Healthcare Services
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Medical Disability Exam
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Office Visit
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Telephone Visits
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Virtual Encounter
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Outpatient Consultation
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Preventive Care Services Established Office Visit, 18 and Up
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Preventive Care Services Group Counseling
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Preventive Care Services, Initial Office Visit, 0 to 17
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Preventive Care Services Individual Counseling
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Preventive Care Services Initial Office Visit, 18 and Up
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): Encounter
Must Support Elements: type, status, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Preventive Care, Established Office Visit, 0 to 17
Data Requirement Type: Patient
Profile(s): Patient
Must Support Elements: birthDate
Data Requirement Type: Medication
Profile(s): Medication
Must Support Elements: id, code
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
ValueSet: Antibiotic Medications for Pharyngitis
Data Requirement Type: MedicationRequest
Profile(s): MedicationRequest
Must Support Elements: medication, status, intent, authoredOn, dosageInstruction, dispenseRequest, dispenseRequest.expectedSupplyDuration, dispenseRequest.expectedSupplyDuration.value, dispenseRequest.quantity, dispenseRequest.numberOfRepeatsAllowed, dispenseRequest.validityPeriod
Code Filter(s):
Path: medication
ValueSet: Antibiotic Medications for Pharyngitis
Data Requirement Type: MedicationRequest
Profile(s): MedicationRequest
Must Support Elements: medication.reference, status, intent, authoredOn, dosageInstruction, dispenseRequest, dispenseRequest.expectedSupplyDuration, dispenseRequest.expectedSupplyDuration.value, dispenseRequest.quantity, dispenseRequest.numberOfRepeatsAllowed, dispenseRequest.validityPeriod
Data Requirement Type: Condition
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-condition-encounter-diagnosis
Must Support Elements: code
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
ValueSet: Acute Pharyngitis
Data Requirement Type: Condition
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-condition-encounter-diagnosis
Must Support Elements: code
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
ValueSet: Acute Tonsillitis
Data Requirement Type: Condition
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-condition-encounter-diagnosis
Must Support Elements: code
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
ValueSet: Comorbid Conditions for Respiratory Conditions
Data Requirement Type: Condition
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-condition-encounter-diagnosis
Must Support Elements: code
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
ValueSet: Competing Conditions for Respiratory Conditions
Data Requirement Type: Condition
Profile(s): Condition
Must Support Elements: abatement, verificationStatus, onset, recordedDate, clinicalStatus
Data Requirement Type: Condition
Profile(s): Condition
Must Support Elements: code, verificationStatus
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
ValueSet: Hospice Diagnosis
Data Requirement Type: Coverage
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-coverage
Must Support Elements: type, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Payer Type
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-encounter
Must Support Elements: type, hospitalization, hospitalization.dischargeDisposition, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Encounter Inpatient
Data Requirement Type: Encounter
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-encounter
Must Support Elements: type, period
Code Filter(s):
Path: type
ValueSet: Hospice Encounter
Data Requirement Type: Observation
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-observation-screening-assessment
Must Support Elements: code, value, effective, status
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
Code(s): LOINC: 45755-6 (Hospice care [Minimum Data Set])
Path: value
Data Requirement Type: ServiceRequest
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-servicerequest
Must Support Elements: code, authoredOn
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
ValueSet: Hospice Care Ambulatory
Data Requirement Type: Procedure
Profile(s): http://fhir.org/guides/astp/us-quality-core/StructureDefinition/us-quality-core-procedure
Must Support Elements: code, performed
Code Filter(s):
Path: code
ValueSet: Hospice Care Ambulatory
Parameters
Name Use Card. Type Documentation
Measurement Period In 0..1 Period
ErrorLevel In 0..1 string
SDE Sex Out 0..1 Coding
Numerator Out 0..* Encounter
Denominator Out 0..* Encounter
SDE Payer Out 0..* Resource
Initial Population Out 0..* Encounter
Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic Out 0..* Encounter
SDE Ethnicity Out 0..1 Resource
Denominator Exclusions Out 0..* Encounter
SDE Race Out 0..1 Resource
Generated using version 0.5.4 of the sample-content-ig Liquid templates
<status value="active"/> <experimental value="false"/> <date value="2026-01-16T18:18:13+00:00"/> <publisher value="National Committee for Quality Assurance"/> <contact> <telecom> <system value="url"/> <value value="https://www.ncqa.org/"/> </telecom> </contact> <description value="The percentage of episodes for patients 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date and a group A streptococcus (strep) test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date"/> <usage value="This is an episode of care measure that examines all eligible episodes for the patient. The intent is to determine whether antibiotics are being ordered appropriately. Antibiotics should only be ordered if a strep test has been performed to confirm a bacterial infection. Antibiotics should not be ordered for viral infections. Antibiotics should be ordered on or three days after the episode date. This eCQM is an episode-based measure. An episode is defined as each eligible encounter for patients aged 3 years and older with a diagnosis of pharyngitis that resulted in an antibiotic order from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period. This FHIR-based measure has been derived from the QDM-based measure: CMS146v14. Please refer to the HL7 QI-Core Implementation Guide (https://hl7.org/fhir/us/qicore/STU6/) for more information on QI-Core and mapping recommendations from QDM to QI-Core STU 6. (https://hl7.org/fhir/us/qicore/STU6/qdm-to-qicore.html)."/> <copyright value="This Physician Performance Measure (Measure) and related data specifications are owned and were developed by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). NCQA is not responsible for any use of the Measure. NCQA makes no representations, warranties or endorsements about the quality of any product, test or protocol identified as numerator compliant or otherwise identified as meeting the requirements of the measure or specification. NCQA makes no representations, warranties, or endorsement about the quality of any organization or physician that uses or reports performance measures and NCQA has no liability to anyone who relies on such measures or specifications. NCQA holds a copyright in the Measure. The Measure may be used for internal, noncommercial purposes (e.g., use by healthcare providers in connection with their practices) without obtaining approval from NCQA. All other uses, including a commercial use (including but not limited to vendors using or embedding the measures and specifications into any product or service to calculate measure results for customers for any purpose), must be approved by NCQA and are subject to a license at the discretion of NCQA. (C) 2012-2025 National Committee for Quality Assurance. All Rights Reserved. Limited proprietary coding is contained in the Measure specifications for user convenience. Users of proprietary code sets should obtain all necessary licenses from the owners of the code sets. NCQA disclaims all liability for use or accuracy of any third-party codes contained in the specifications. CPT(R) codes, descriptions and other data are copyright 2025. American Medical Association. All rights reserved. CPT is a trademark of the American Medical Association. Fee schedules, relative value units, conversion factors and/or related components are not assigned by the AMA, are not part of CPT, and the AMA is not recommending their use. The AMA does not directly or indirectly practice medicine or dispense medical services. The AMA assumes no liability for data contained or not contained herein. Applicable FARS/DFARS restrictions apply to government use. Some measure specifications contain coding from LOINC(R) (https://loinc.org). The LOINC table, LOINC codes, LOINC panels and form file, LOINC linguistic variants file, LOINC/RSNA Radiology Playbook, and LOINC/IEEE Medical Device Code Mapping Table are copyright 2004-2025 Regenstrief Institute, Inc. and the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Committee, and are available at no cost under the license at https://loinc.org/kb/license/. This material contains SNOMED Clinical Terms(R) (SNOMED CT[R]) copyright 2004-2024 International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation. ICD-10 copyright 2025 World Health Organization. All Rights Reserved. Some measures use RxNorm, a standardized nomenclature and coding for clinical drugs and drug delivery devices, which is made publicly available courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. NLM is not responsible for the measures and does not endorse or recommend this or any other product. “HL7” is the registered trademark of Health Level Seven International."/> <effectivePeriod> <start value="2026-01-01"/> <end value="2026-12-31"/> </effectivePeriod> <author> <name value="National Committee for Quality Assurance"/> <telecom> <system value="url"/> <value value="https://www.ncqa.org/"/> </telecom> </author> <relatedArtifact> <type value="citation"/> <citation value="Linder, J. A., Bates, D. W., Lee, G. M., et al. (2005). Antibiotic Treatment of Children with Sore Throat. JAMA, 294(18), 2315-2322."/> </relatedArtifact> <relatedArtifact> <type value="citation"/> <citation value="Pfoh, E., Wessels, M.R., Goldmann, D., et al. (2008). Burden and Economic Cost of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis. Pediatrics, 121(2), 229-234. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-0484"/> </relatedArtifact> <relatedArtifact> <type value="citation"/> <citation value="Shulman, S. T., Bisno, A. L., Clegg, H. W., et al. (2012). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: 2012 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 55(10), E86-E102. doi:10.1093/cid/cis629"/> </relatedArtifact> <library value="https://madie.cms.gov/Library/CMS146FHIRApproTestPharyngitis"/> <disclaimer value="The performance Measure is not a clinical guideline and does not establish a standard of medical care, and has not been tested for all potential applications. THE MEASURE AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. Due to technical limitations, registered trademarks are indicated by (R) or [R] and unregistered trademarks are indicated by (TM) or [TM]."/> <rationale value="Group A streptococcal (GAS) bacterial infections and other infections that cause pharyngitis (which are most often viral) often produce the same signs and symptoms (Shulman et al., 2012). The American Academy of Pediatrics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America all recommend a diagnostic test for Strep A to improve diagnostic accuracy and avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment (Linder et al., 2005). Estimated economic costs of pediatric streptococcal pharyngitis in the United States range from $224 million to $539 million per year, including indirect costs related to parental work losses. At a higher level, the economic cost of antibiotic resistance varies but has extended as high as $20 billion in excess direct healthcare costs, with additional costs to society for lost productivity as high as $35 billion a year (2008 dollars) (Pfoh et al., 2008)."/> <clinicalRecommendationStatement value="Infectious Disease Society of America (Shulman et al., 2012) The Infectious Diseases Society of America "recommends swabbing the throat and testing for GAS pharyngitis by rapid antigen detection test (RADT) and/or culture because the clinical features alone do not reliably discriminate between GAS and viral pharyngitis except when overt viral features like rhinorrhea, cough, oral ulcers, and/or hoarseness are present""/> <group id="Group_1"> <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cqfmeasures/StructureDefinition/cqfm-scoring"> <valueCodeableConcept> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-scoring"/> <code value="proportion"/> <display value="Proportion"/> </coding> </valueCodeableConcept> </extension> <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cqfmeasures/StructureDefinition/cqfm-populationBasis"> <valueCode value="Encounter"/> </extension> <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cqfmeasures/StructureDefinition/cqfm-type"> <valueCodeableConcept> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-type"/> <code value="process"/> <display value="Process"/> </coding> </valueCodeableConcept> </extension> <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cqfmeasures/StructureDefinition/cqfm-rateAggregation"> <valueCode value="None"/> </extension> <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cqfmeasures/StructureDefinition/cqfm-improvementNotation"> <valueCodeableConcept> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-improvement-notation"/> <code value="increase"/> <display value="Increased score indicates improvement"/> </coding> </valueCodeableConcept> </extension> <population id="InitialPopulation_1"> <code> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-population"/> <code value="initial-population"/> <display value="Initial Population"/> </coding> </code> <description value="Outpatient, telephone, virtual encounter (i.e., e-visit or virtual check-in), or emergency department (ED) visits with a diagnosis of pharyngitis or tonsillitis from January 1 to December 28 of the measurement period and an antibiotic order on or three days after the episode date among patients 3 years or older"/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="Initial Population"/> </criteria> </population> <population id="Denominator_1"> <code> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-population"/> <code value="denominator"/> <display value="Denominator"/> </coding> </code> <description value="Equals Initial Population"/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="Denominator"/> </criteria> </population> <population id="DenominatorExclusion_1"> <code> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-population"/> <code value="denominator-exclusion"/> <display value="Denominator Exclusion"/> </coding> </code> <description value="Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had hospice care for any part of the measurement period. Exclude pharyngitis episodes when the patient had a comorbid condition during the 12 months prior to or on the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient is taking antibiotics in the 30 days prior to the episode date. Exclude pharyngitis episodes where the patient had a competing diagnosis on or three days after the episode date."/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="Denominator Exclusions"/> </criteria> </population> <population id="Numerator_1"> <code> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-population"/> <code value="numerator"/> <display value="Numerator"/> </coding> </code> <description value="A group A streptococcus test in the seven-day period from three days prior to the episode date through three days after the episode date"/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="Numerator"/> </criteria> </population> <stratifier id="Stratification_1_1"> <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cqfmeasures/StructureDefinition/cqfm-appliesTo"> <valueCodeableConcept> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-population"/> <code value="initial-population"/> <display value="Initial Population"/> </coding> </valueCodeableConcept> </extension> <description value="- 3-17 years"/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic"/> </criteria> </stratifier> <stratifier id="Stratification_1_2"> <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cqfmeasures/StructureDefinition/cqfm-appliesTo"> <valueCodeableConcept> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-population"/> <code value="initial-population"/> <display value="Initial Population"/> </coding> </valueCodeableConcept> </extension> <description value="- 18-64 years"/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic"/> </criteria> </stratifier> <stratifier id="Stratification_1_3"> <extension url="http://hl7.org/fhir/us/cqfmeasures/StructureDefinition/cqfm-appliesTo"> <valueCodeableConcept> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-population"/> <code value="initial-population"/> <display value="Initial Population"/> </coding> </valueCodeableConcept> </extension> <description value="- 65 years and older"/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="Encounter With Pharyngitis or Tonsillitis With Antibiotic"/> </criteria> </stratifier> </group> <supplementalData id="sde-ethnicity"> <usage> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-data-usage"/> <code value="supplemental-data"/> </coding> </usage> <description value="SDE Ethnicity"/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="SDE Ethnicity"/> </criteria> </supplementalData> <supplementalData id="sde-payer"> <usage> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-data-usage"/> <code value="supplemental-data"/> </coding> </usage> <description value="SDE Payer"/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="SDE Payer"/> </criteria> </supplementalData> <supplementalData id="sde-race"> <usage> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-data-usage"/> <code value="supplemental-data"/> </coding> </usage> <description value="SDE Race"/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="SDE Race"/> </criteria> </supplementalData> <supplementalData id="sde-sex"> <usage> <coding> <system value="http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/measure-data-usage"/> <code value="supplemental-data"/> </coding> </usage> <description value="SDE Sex"/> <criteria> <language value="text/cql-identifier"/> <expression value="SDE Sex"/> </criteria> </supplementalData> </Measure>