• Include these codes as defined in https://fevir.net/resources/CodeSystem/181513 version 1.0.0-ballot

  Code	Display	Definition	Definition (core metadata concept)	Synonym (core metadata concept)
  SEVCO:00002	Selection Bias	A bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interest	A bias resulting from methods used to select subjects or data, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study sample and the population of interest
  SEVCO:00016	Confounding Covariate Bias	A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared.	A situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by another variable. For confounding covariate bias to occur the distorting variable must be (1) associated with the exposure and the outcome, (2) not in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome, and (3) unequally distributed between the groups being compared.
  SEVCO:00017	Performance Bias	A bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure.	A bias resulting from differences between the received exposure and the intended exposure.	Performance Adherence Bias
  SEVCO:00019	Attrition Bias	A bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion.	A bias due to absence of expected participation or data collection after selection for study inclusion.	Missing data bias
  SEVCO:00020	Detection Bias	A bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable.	A bias due to distortions in any process involved in the determination of the recorded values for a variable.
  SEVCO:00021	Analysis Bias	A bias related to the analytic process applied to the data.	A bias related to the analytic process applied to the data.
  SEVCO:00023	Reporting Bias	A bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings.	A bias due to distortions in the selection of or representation of information in study results or research findings.
  SEVCO:00026	Synthesis Bias	A bias in the conduct of a systematic review resulting from methods used to select, manipulate or interpret data for evidence synthesis.	A bias in the conduct of a systematic review resulting from methods used to select, manipulate or interpret data for evidence synthesis.
  SEVCO:00028	Qualitative Research Bias	A bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research.	A bias specific to the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research.
  SEVCO:00029	Mixed Methods Research Bias	A bias specific to the coordination of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research.	A bias specific to the coordination of design, conduct, analysis or reporting of qualitative research and quantitative research.
  SEVCO:00030	bias in validation assessment	A bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose.	A bias in the design, conduct or reporting of studies or analyses intended to evaluate the reliability and/or performance of a procedure for a specific predictive, classification, measurement, or communication purpose.	validation bias
  SEVCO:00370	Early Study Termination Bias	A bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned.	A bias due to the decision to end the study earlier than planned.	Bias due to early study termination
  SEVCO:00001	Bias	A systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation]).	A systematic distortion in research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference). Distortions in research results means differences between the reported results (findings, conclusions, effect estimates) and the actuality (the truth, the estimand [the quantity targeted for estimation])
  SEVCO:00003	Participant Selection Bias	A selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interest	A selection bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, factors that influence initial study participation, or differences between the study participants and the population of interest
  SEVCO:00004	Inappropriate selection criteria	A selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.	A selection bias resulting from inclusion and exclusion criteria used to select participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.	Selection bias due to inappropriate selection criteria
  SEVCO:00005	Inappropriate sampling strategy	A selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.	A selection bias resulting from the sampling frame, sampling procedure, or methods used to recruit participating subjects that could result in differences between the study participants and the population of interest.	Selection bias due to inappropriate sampling strategy
  SEVCO:00014	Inappropriate data source for participant selection	Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame.	Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame.	Participant selection bias due to inappropriate data source for sampling frame
  SEVCO:00006	Non-representative sample	A selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability.	A selection bias due to differences between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results (estimation of effect, association, or inference), limiting external validity or applicability.	Nonrepresentative sample
  SEVCO:00008	Inadequate enrollment of eligible subjects	A selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results.	A selection bias in which insufficient enrollment of eligible subjects results in differences (recognized or unrecognized) between the included participants and the population of interest that distorts the research results.	Non-representative sample due to inadequate enrollment
  SEVCO:00012	Non-representative sample due to timing or duration of exposure	A selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation.	A selection bias in which the timing or duration of exposure influences the outcome, and the timing or duration of exposure in the sample does not represent that of the population of interest. This selection bias may occur when the selection for study participation is not coincident with the initiation of the exposure or intervention under investigation.	Mismatch in start of intervention and start of follow-up
  SEVCO:00013	Depletion of susceptibles	A non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication.	A non-representative sample due to exclusion of susceptible participants who have already had an outcome due to prior exposure. For example, the inclusion of prevalent users of a medication misrepresents the initial adverse effects rate by excluding persons who do not tolerate the medication.	Non-representative sample due to depletion of susceptibles
  SEVCO:00009	Post-baseline factors influence enrollment selection	A selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollment	A selection bias in which factors observed after study entry, baseline, or start of follow-up influence enrollment	Participant selection bias due to post-baseline factors
  SEVCO:00212	Participant selection bias due to early study termination	A selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment.	A selection bias due to premature closure of study enrollment.	Early termination bias affecting enrollment
  SEVCO:00010	Factor associated with exposure influences enrollment selection	A selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollment	A selection bias in which a factor associated with the exposure under investigation influences study enrollment	Participant selection bias due to factor associated wiith exposure
  SEVCO:00011	Factor associated with outcome influences enrollment selection	A selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollment	A selection bias in which a factor associated with the outcome under investigation influences study enrollment	Participant selection bias due to factor associated wiith outcome
  SEVCO:00015	Study Selection Bias	A selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interest	A selection bias resulting from factors that influence study selection, from methods used to include or exclude studies for evidence synthesis, or from differences between the study sample and the population of interest
  SEVCO:00262	Bias in Study Eligibility Criteria
  SEVCO:00273	Study eligibility criteria not prespecified
  SEVCO:00274	Study eligibility criteria not appropriate for review question
  SEVCO:00275	Study eligibility criteria ambiguous
  SEVCO:00276	Study eligibility criteria limits for study characteristics not appropriate
  SEVCO:00277	Study eligibility criteria limits for information sources not appropriate
  SEVCO:00263	Database search sources not appropriate
  SEVCO:00264	Non-database search sources inadequate
  SEVCO:00265	Search strategy not sensitive
  SEVCO:00266	Search strategy limits for information sources not appropriate
  SEVCO:00267	Study eligibility criteria not adhered to
  SEVCO:00268	Error in study selection not minimized
  SEVCO:00269	Language bias
  SEVCO:00270	Geography bias
  SEVCO:00271	One-sided reference bias
  SEVCO:00272	Publication Bias affecting study selection
  SEVCO:00032	Allocation Bias	A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome.	A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods for assignment of the independent variable by the investigator to evaluate a response or outcome.
  SEVCO:00031	Inadequate allocation concealment	An allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignment	An allocation bias resulting from awareness of the assigned intervention before study enrolment and intervention assignment
  SEVCO:00278	Bias due to non-randomized allocation	An allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random.	An allocation bias resulting from a process of assigning participants or subjects to different groups or conditions which is not random.	Bias due to non-random allocation
  SEVCO:00033	Comparator Selection Bias	A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group.	A confounding covariate bias resulting from methods used to select participating subjects, or factors that influence study participation, for the comparator group.	Comparison Selection Bias
  SEVCO:00034	Confounding difference	A confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized.	A confounding covariate bias in which the unequal distribution of a potentially distorting variable is recognized.	Recognized confounding difference
  SEVCO:00280	Confounding by time of observation	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed.	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the time at which the outcome is measured or observed.	Confounding by follow-up time
  SEVCO:00281	Lead time bias	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment.	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the length of time that the participant has had the condition of interest at study enrollment.	Starting time bias
  SEVCO:00282	Confounding influencing adherence to intervention	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention.	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is associated with deviations from the intended intervention.
  SEVCO:00284	Confounding by indication	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure.	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for receiving an exposure.
  SEVCO:00388	Confounding by contraindication	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure.	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is the reason for not receiving an exposure.
  SEVCO:00390	time-varying confounding affected by past exposure	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure.	A confounding covariate bias in which the distorting variable is itself influenced by the exposure.
  SEVCO:00035	Inadequate blinding of participants	A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participants	A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by participants	Lack of blinding of participants
  SEVCO:00036	Inadequate blinding of intervention deliverers	A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the intervention	A performance bias due to awareness of the allocated intervention by individuals providing or delivering the intervention	Lack of blinding of intervention deliverers
  SEVCO:00037	Deviation from study intervention protocol	A performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocol	A performance bias in which the intervention received differs from the intervention specified in the study protocol
  SEVCO:00038	Deviation from standard of care	A performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected care	A performance bias in which the intervention or exposure received differs from the from the usual practice or expected care
  SEVCO:00039	Nonadherence of implementation	A performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected intervention	A performance bias in which the intervention deliverers do not completely adhere to the expected intervention	Nonadherence of interventionalist
  SEVCO:00040	Nonadherence of participants	A performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposure	A performance bias in which the participants do not completely adhere to the expected intervention or exposure
  SEVCO:00041	Imbalance in deviations from intended intervention	A performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being compared	A performance bias in which the degree of performance bias is unequally distributed between groups being compared	Asymmetry in adherence between groups
  SEVCO:00286	Attrition bias due to participant attrition	A bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion.	A bias due to absence of expected participation due to participant dropout, withdrawal or non-participation after selection for study inclusion.
  SEVCO:00287	Attrition bias due to missing data	A bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion.	A bias due to data loss or absence of data collection from participants after selection for study inclusion.
  SEVCO:00386	Attrition bias due to missing outcome data	An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable.	An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the dependent variable.
  SEVCO:00288	Attrition bias due to missing exposure data	An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention.	An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the independent variable(s) of primary interest, such as exposure or intervention.	Attrition bias due to missing intervention data
  SEVCO:00289	Attrition bias due to missing modifier data	An attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifier	An attrition bias due to missing data specific to a confounder or effect modifier
  SEVCO:00387	Attrition bias due to missing data about attrition	An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data.	An attrition bias due to missing data specific to the extent of or reasons for missing data.
  SEVCO:00290	Imbalance in missing data	An attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared.	An attrition bias in which the degree of missing data is unequally distributed between groups being compared.
  SEVCO:00291	Inadequate response rate	An attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys.	An attrition bias in which the reason for absence of data collection is a low response rate to data collection surveys.
  SEVCO:00042	Outcome Detection Bias	A detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined.	A detection bias due to distortions in how an outcome is determined.
  SEVCO:00047	Cognitive Interpretive Bias for outcome determination	An outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.	An outcome detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.	Subjectivity bias for outcome determination
  SEVCO:00048	Bias due to lack of masking for outcome determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest.	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the exposure of interest.	Awareness bias for outcome determination
  SEVCO:00049	Observer bias for outcome determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.
  SEVCO:00052	Confirmation bias for outcome determination	An observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.	An observer bias for outcome determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.	Previous opinion bias for outcome determination
  SEVCO:00050	Recall bias for outcome determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.
  SEVCO:00051	Apprehension bias for outcome determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.	Hawthorne effect for outcome determination
  SEVCO:00053	Hypothetical assessment bias for outcome determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation.	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response. The response may be a behavior or valuation.	Subjunctivity bias for outcome determination
  SEVCO:00054	Mimicry bias for outcome determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome.	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the outcome.
  SEVCO:00057	Unacceptability bias for outcome determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome.	A cognitive interpretive bias for outcome determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an outcome.	Unacceptable disease bias for outcome determination
  SEVCO:00058	Outcome Ascertainment Bias	An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.	An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.	Ascertainment Bias for outcome determination
  SEVCO:00097	Nonrepresentative observation period for outcome of interest	An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest.	An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the period used for observation of the outcome and the period for the outcome of interest.	Misaligned follow up period for outcome of interest
  SEVCO:00098	Nonrepresentative context for outcome ascertainment	An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest.	An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the outcome is observed and the intended context for the outcome of interest.
  SEVCO:00099	Inconsistency in outcome ascertainment	An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.	An outcome ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.	Imbalance in outcome ascertainment
  SEVCO:00059	Outcome Measurement Bias	An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured.	An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are measured.	Measurement Bias for outcome determination
  SEVCO:00100	Inappropriate method for outcome measurement	An outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.	An outcome measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.	Inappropriate outcome measurement method
  SEVCO:00101	Insensitive measure bias for outcome determination	An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present.	An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the outcome when the outcome is present.	Inadequate sensitivity for outcome measure
  SEVCO:00211	Nonspecific measure bias for outcome determination	An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent.	An outcome measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the outcome when the outcome is absent.	Inadequate specificity for outcome measure
  SEVCO:00103	Inappropriate application of method for outcome measurement	An outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.	An outcome measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.
  SEVCO:00104	Inconsistency in outcome measurement	An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.	An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.
  SEVCO:00243	Inconsistency in instruments used for outcome measurement	An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement.	An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments used for measurement.
  SEVCO:00244	Inconsistency in processes used for outcome measurement	An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.	An outcome measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.
  SEVCO:00240	Imbalance in outcome measurement	An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.	An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed outcomes are measured.
  SEVCO:00245	Imbalance in instruments used for outcome measurement	An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.	An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.
  SEVCO:00246	Imbalance in processes used for outcome measurement	An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.	An outcome measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.
  SEVCO:00060	Outcome Classification Bias	An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified.	An outcome detection bias due to distortions in how the observed outcomes are classified.	Outcome Misclassification Bias
  SEVCO:00061	Outcome Classification System Bias	An outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification.	An outcome classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for outcome classification.	Outcome definition bias
  SEVCO:00105	Nonrepresentative definition for outcome classification	An outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement.	An outcome classification system bias due to a mismatch between the outcome of interest and the definition or threshold used for outcome measurement.
  SEVCO:00108	Surrogate marker bias for outcome classification	An outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome.	An outcome classification system bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the outcome rather than direct observation of the outcome.	Substitution bias for outcome classification
  SEVCO:00106	Post-hoc definition of outcome	An outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data.	An outcome classification system bias due to defining the outcome after interacting with the study data.	No prespecified definition for outcome classification
  SEVCO:00062	Outcome Classification Process Bias	An outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification.	An outcome classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for outcome classification.	Classification Process Bias for outcome determination
  SEVCO:00063	Incorporation Bias for outcome determination	An outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification.	An outcome classification bias due to the inclusion of the exposure under investigation in the method or process used for outcome classification.
  SEVCO:00043	Exposure Detection Bias	A detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined.	A detection bias due to distortions in how an exposure of interest is determined.
  SEVCO:00055	Cognitive Interpretive Bias for exposure determination	An exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.	An exposure detection bias due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.	Subjectivity bias for exposure determination
  SEVCO:00056	Bias due to lack of masking for exposure determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures.	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to awareness of the participant's status with respect to the outcome of interest or other relevant exposures.	Awareness bias for exposure determination
  SEVCO:00238	Observer bias for exposure determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to subjective interpretations in the process of observing and recording information.
  SEVCO:00239	Confirmation bias for exposure determination	An observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.	An observer bias for exposure determination due to previous opinions or knowledge of a subject’s prior exposures or assessments.	Previous opinion bias for exposure determination
  SEVCO:00214	Recall bias for exposure determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences.
  SEVCO:00215	Apprehension bias for exposure determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a study participant's responding or behaving differently when aware of being observed.	Hawthorne effect for exposure determination
  SEVCO:00216	Hypothetical assessment bias for exposure determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response.	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a difference between an individual’s report of an imagined or hypothetical response from their actual response.	Subjunctivity bias for exposure determination
  SEVCO:00217	Mimicry bias for exposure determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure.	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to a misinterpretation of observations that resemble the exposure.
  SEVCO:00218	Unacceptability bias for exposure determination	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure.	A cognitive interpretive bias for exposure determination due to distortions in response, response values, or recording of responses resulting from perception of the social unacceptability of an exposure.	Unacceptable disease bias for exposure determination
  SEVCO:00219	Exposure Ascertainment Bias	An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.	An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the data are collected.	Data collection bias for exposure determination
  SEVCO:00220	Nonrepresentative observation period for exposure of interest	An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest.	An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the time period used for observation of the exposure and the intended time period for the exposure of interest.	Misaligned follow up period for exposure of interest
  SEVCO:00221	Nonrepresentative context for exposure ascertainment	An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest.	An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences in the context in which the exposure is observed and the intended context for the exposure of interest.
  SEVCO:00222	Inconsistency in exposure ascertainment	An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.	An exposure ascertainment bias due to differences within or between groups in how the data are collected.	Imbalance in exposure ascertainment
  SEVCO:00223	Exposure Measurement Bias	An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured.	An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are measured.	Measurement Bias for exposure determination
  SEVCO:00224	Inappropriate method for exposure measurement	An exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.	An exposure measurement bias due to use of an incorrect method or protocol.	Inappropriate exposure measurement method
  SEVCO:00225	Insensitive measure bias for exposure determination	An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present.	An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that does not reliably detect the exposure when the exposure is present.	Inadequate sensitivity for exposure determination
  SEVCO:00226	Nonspecific measure bias for exposure determination	An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent.	An exposure measurement bias due to use of a method that falsely detects the exposure when the exposure is absent.	Inadequate specificity for exposure measure
  SEVCO:00228	Inappropriate application of method for exposure measurement	An exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.	An exposure measurement bias due to inappropriate application of the method or protocol.	Inappropriate exposure measurement conduct
  SEVCO:00229	Inconsistency in exposure measurement	An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured.	An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in how the observed exposures are measured.
  SEVCO:00247	Inconsistency in instruments used for exposure measurement	An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement.	An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the instruments for measurement.
  SEVCO:00248	Inconsistency in processes used for exposure measurement	An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.	An exposure measurement bias due to differences within groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.
  SEVCO:00241	Imbalance in exposure measurement	An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured.	An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in how the observed exposures are measured.
  SEVCO:00249	Imbalance in instruments used for exposure measurement	An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.	An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the instruments used for measurement.
  SEVCO:00250	Imbalance in processes used for exposure measurement	An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.	An exposure measurement bias due to differences between groups in the processes by which the instruments are used for measurement.
  SEVCO:00230	Exposure Classification Bias	An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified.	An exposure detection bias due to distortions in how the observed exposures are classified.	Exposure Misclassification Bias
  SEVCO:00231	Exposure Definition Bias	An exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification.	An exposure classification bias resulting from the definition or threshold used for exposure classification.	Threshold Bias for exposure determination
  SEVCO:00232	Nonrepresentative definition for exposure classification	An exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement.	An exposure definition bias due to a mismatch between the exposure of interest and the definition or threshold used for exposure measurement.
  SEVCO:00233	Surrogate marker bias for exposure classification	An exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure.	An exposure definition bias due to use of a definition that is proxy for the exposure rather than direct observation of the exposure.	Proxy bias for exposure classification
  SEVCO:00234	Post-hoc definition of exposure	An exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data.	An exposure definition bias due to definition of the exposure after interacting with the study data.	No prespecified definition for exposure classification
  SEVCO:00236	Classification process bias for exposure determination	An exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification.	An exposure classification bias resulting from the application of the method used for exposure classification.
  SEVCO:00237	Incorporation Bias for exposure determination	An exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification.	An exposure classification bias due to the inclusion of the outcome or other relevant exposures under investigation in the method or process used for exposure classification.
  SEVCO:00044	Confounder Detection Bias	A detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined.	A detection bias due to distortions in how the data for a potential confounder are determined.
  SEVCO:00045	Detection Bias related to the reference standard	A detection bias due to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined.	A detection bias due to distortions in how the reference standard result is determined.	Bias for reference standard result determination
  SEVCO:00046	Detection Bias related to the index test	A detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined.	A detection bias due to distortions in how the index test result is determined.	Bias for index test result determination
  SEVCO:00383	Data Entry Bias	A detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values.	A detection bias due to differences between measured values and recorded values.	Data Recording Bias
  SEVCO:00389	Inappropriate time interval between predictor assessment and outcome determination	A detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model.	A detection bias involving the time interval between the observation of the predictor and outcome, where the interval used by the study differs from the interval assumed by the predictive model.
  SEVCO:00022	Bias related to selection of the analysis	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied.	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of analysis methods before the analysis is applied.	Analysis Selection Bias
  SEVCO:00376	Bias related to selection of the data for analysis	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of data included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.
  SEVCO:00213	Bias due to post-baseline factors influencing selection of the data for analysis	A bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment.	A bias related to selection of the data analysis based on participant characteristics observed after study enrollment.
  SEVCO:00312	Missing or inadequate intention-to-treat analysis	A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study.	A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the original assignment to comparison groups in an interventional study.	Inadequate as-randomized analysis
  SEVCO:00313	Missing or inadequate per-protocol analysis	A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol.	A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the study protocol.
  SEVCO:00381	Missing or inadequate as-treated analysis	A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received.	A bias related to selection of the data analysis in which data are not completely analyzed according to the interventions actually received.
  SEVCO:00377	Bias related to selection of the variables for analysis	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of variables included in the analysis before the analysis is applied.
  SEVCO:00292	Bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied.	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for adjustment for confounding before the analysis is applied.
  SEVCO:00299	Bias controlling for time-varying confounding	A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent.	A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding in which the confounding is time-dependent.
  SEVCO:00301	Inadequate adherence effect analysis	A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence.	A bias related to selection of the variables for adjustment for confounding by adherence.	Bias controlling for confounding by adherence
  SEVCO:00302	Predictors included in outcome definition	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable.	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the variables for estimation of association in which one variable is incorporated in the definition of the other variable.
  SEVCO:00319	Bias related to selection of predictors based on univariable analysis	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors).	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the predictor variables for estimation of association in which predictors are selected based on statistically significant univariable associations (without adjustment for other predictors).
  SEVCO:00378	Bias related to selection of the analytic framework	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied.	An analysis bias due to inappropriate choice of the analytic framework before the analysis is applied.	Bias related to selection of the statistical framework
  SEVCO:00297	Inappropriate statistical model	A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis.	A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the analytic model does not match the dataset characteristics or does not match the intention of the analysis.	Inappropriate analytic model
  SEVCO:00375	Inappropriate modeling of censoring	An inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible.	An inappropriate statistical model due to inappropriate accounting for ranges of potential observation in which data observation is not possible.
  SEVCO:00316	Bias due to selection of the statistical significance threshold	An analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance.	An analysis bias resulting from selection of an inappropriate threshold for statistical significance.	Bias related to selection of the threshold for statistical significance
  SEVCO:00317	Bias related to multiple comparison adjustment	An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result.	An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which does not appropriately account for the effect of multiple comparisons on the statistical probability related to the result.
  SEVCO:00382	Mismatch of significance threshold and purpose	An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant.	An analysis bias resulting from selection of a threshold for statistical significance which is inappropriate due to a mismatch between (1) how the statistical probability related to the result is determined and (2) the purpose for categorizing the result as statistically significant.
  SEVCO:00304	Immortal time bias	A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred.	A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which an outcome variable includes an observation period during which the outcome could not have occurred.
  SEVCO:00293	Inadequate sample size	A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework.	A bias related to selection of the analytic framework in which the sample size invalidates the assumptions of the analytic framework.	Inadequate numbers for analysis
  SEVCO:00294	Bias related to execution of the analysis	An analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis.	An analysis bias due to inappropriate decisions pertaining to preparation of data for analysis and/or conduct of the analysis.	Bias in processing of data
  SEVCO:00305	Incomplete analysis	An analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process.	An analysis bias due to absence of a component of the analytic process.	Incomplete analysis process
  SEVCO:00306	Inappropriate handling of uninterpretable data	An analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values.	An analysis bias due to omission of uninterpretable values, or their replacement with inappropriate values.
  SEVCO:00307	Inappropriate handling of missing data	An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data.	An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data.
  SEVCO:00308	Inappropriate handling of variables	An analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype.	An analysis bias due to processing a variable in an incorrect role or with an incorrect datatype.
  SEVCO:00300	Bias in adjustment for selection bias	An analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis.	An analysis bias due to inappropriate application of adjustment techniques for correction of bias in the selection of participants for analysis.
  SEVCO:00309	Data Transition Bias	An analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis.	An analysis bias due to differences between recorded data and data used for analysis.
  SEVCO:00311	Inappropriate handling of missing confounder data	An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder.	An analysis bias due to use of non-representative values in place of missing data for variables in the role of confounder.
  SEVCO:00298	Computational Implementation Bias	An analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data.	An analysis bias due to miscalculations in the processing of the data.	Programming Error
  SEVCO:00324	Reported analysis not following pre-specified analysis plan	An analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan.	An analysis bias in which the reported analysis does not match the pre-specified analysis plan.
  SEVCO:00303	Collider bias	An analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest).	An analysis bias in which an estimation of association between two variables is distorted by controlling for a third variable affected by both variables of interest (or factors causing the variables of interest).
  SEVCO:00314	Preliminary analysis bias	An analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available.	An analysis bias related to analysis of data before the complete dataset is available.	Interim analysis bias
  SEVCO:00295	Data-dredging bias	An analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results.	An analysis bias involving use of data analyses that are not pre-specified and fully disclosed, to select analyses with desirable results.	Fishing expedition bias
  SEVCO:00322	final model not corresponding to multivariable analysis	An analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis.	An analysis bias in which the predictors and coefficients in the final model do not match the predictors and coefficients reported in the multivariable analysis.
  SEVCO:00310	Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis	A bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.	A bias related to the analytic process due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.
  SEVCO:00379	Cognitive Interpretive Bias affecting analysis selection	A bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.	A bias related to selection of the analysis due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.
  SEVCO:00315	Availability bias affecting analysis selection	A Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection.	A Cognitive Interpretive Bias due to the use of information which is most readily available, rather than information which is most representative, affecting analysis selection.
  SEVCO:00380	Cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis	A bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.	A bias in processing of data due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.
  SEVCO:00296	Lack of blinding of data analysts	A cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups.	A cognitive interpretive bias affecting execution of the analysis due to the analyst's awareness of the participants' status with respect to the variables defining the comparison groups.	Lack of masking of data analysts
  SEVCO:00392	Inappropriate weighting bias	An analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand.	An analysis bias in which the weights used in model construction do not align with the target of estimation or estimand.
  SEVCO:00320	Inappropriate evaluation of predictive model performance measures	An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.	An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of a performance measure (such as calibration or discrimination) is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.
  SEVCO:00393	Inappropriate evaluation of calibration of predictive model	An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.	An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of calibration is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.
  SEVCO:00394	Inappropriate evaluation of discrimination of predictive model	An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.	An analysis bias in which the method for analysis of discrimination is not adequate or suitable for the predictive model.
  SEVCO:00321	model overfitting	An analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied.	An analysis bias, specific to predictive model development studies, in which strategies to mitigate overfitting are not adequately applied.
  SEVCO:00024	Selective Reporting Bias	A reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported.	A reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of the results or research findings that are reported.
  SEVCO:00330	Selective Outcome Reporting	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings.	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcomes are reported within results or research findings.	Outcome reporting bias
  SEVCO:00336	Selective outcome measure reporting	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome.	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which outcome measures are reported for an outcome.	Selective outcome measure reporting within outcome domain
  SEVCO:00331	Selective subgroup reporting	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported.	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of subsets of groups of participants for which results or research findings are reported.	Selective subgroup analysis reporting
  SEVCO:00331a	Selective comparison reporting	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported.	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of comparison groups for which results or research findings are reported.
  SEVCO:00333	Selective analysis reporting from repeated analyses at multiple times	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study.	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed at multiple points in time in a longitudinal study.
  SEVCO:00334	Selective analysis reporting from multiple analytic models	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways.	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which analyses are reported for an outcome that was analyzed in multiple ways.
  SEVCO:00335	Selective threshold reporting bias	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported.	A selective reporting bias due to inappropriate selection of which thresholds (used for definitions of the variables) are reported.	Selective cutoff reporting bias
  SEVCO:00025	Cognitive interpretive bias in reporting	A distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.	A distortion in the representation of study results or research findings due to the subjective nature of human interpretation.	Cognitive interpretive reporting bias
  SEVCO:00338	Interpretation of results not addressing potential for bias	A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias.	A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby the reported interpretation of results does not adequately address potential for bias.	Interpretation of results not addressing risk of bias
  SEVCO:00328	Results emphasized based on statistical significance	A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention.	A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting whereby results with statistical significance are given exaggerated attention.
  SEVCO:00340	Confirmation bias in reporting	A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses.	A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to the influence of an individual’s ideas, beliefs or hypotheses.
  SEVCO:00329	External validity bias	A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported.	A cognitive interpretive bias in reporting due to a mismatch between what the observed data represent and the results that were reported.
  SEVCO:00327	Early dissemination bias	A reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports.	A reporting bias due to publication or reporting of results or research findings that change in subsequent reports.	Premature dissemination bias
  SEVCO:00384	Fabrication Bias	A reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study.	A reporting bias resulting from intentional misrepresentation of any part of the study.	Fraud
  SEVCO:00325	Inadequate reporting of methods	A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results.	A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of methods to determine the validity of the results.	Inadequate methods reporting bias
  SEVCO:00326	Inadequate explanation of participant withdrawals	A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment.	A reporting bias due to insufficient reporting of reasons for withdrawals of participants after study enrollment.	Inadequate explanation of participant attrition
  SEVCO:00345	Synthesis missing eligible studies
  SEVCO:00346	Study parameters not appropriate for synthesis
  SEVCO:00347	Heterogeneity not addressed
  SEVCO:00348	Inconsistency within sensitivity analyses
  SEVCO:00349	Biases in studies influence synthesis
  SEVCO:00350	Synthesis Information Bias
  SEVCO:00351	Insufficient study characteristics available for proper results interpretation
  SEVCO:00352	Incomplete collection of relevant study results for synthesis
  SEVCO:00353	Methodologic quality assessment inadequate
  SEVCO:00354	Error in risk of bias assessment not minimized
  SEVCO:00369	Error in data collection not minimized
  SEVCO:00356	Inappropriate qualitative approach
  SEVCO:00357	Inadequate qualitative data collection methods
  SEVCO:00358	Inappropriate qualitative analysis
  SEVCO:00359	Unsubstantiated interpretation of results
  SEVCO:00360	Incoherence between data, analysis, and interpretation
  SEVCO:00361	Inadequate rationale for mixed methods design
  SEVCO:00362	Ineffective integration of study components
  SEVCO:00363	Inappropriate interpretation of integration of qualitative and quantitative findings
  SEVCO:00364	Inadequate handling of inconsistency
  SEVCO:00368	bias in external validation assessment	A bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure.	A bias in validation assessment using a sample source that differs from those used in the derivation of the procedure.	inadequate external validation assessment
  SEVCO:00367	bias in internal validation assessment	A bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure.	A bias in validation assessment specific to a validation assessment that uses the same sample source that was used in the derivation of the procedure.	inadequate internal validation assessment
  SEVCO:00371	Early study termination bias due to competing interests	An early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual interests.	An early study termination bias due to the decision to end the study being influenced by financial, commercial, legal, political, social, professional, or intellectual interests.
  SEVCO:00372	Early study termination bias due to unplanned use of interim analysis	An early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study.	An early study termination bias due to awareness of study results without following a preplanned protocol for how interim results will influence the decision to terminate the study.
  SEVCO:00373	Early study termination bias due to inappropriate statistical stopping rule	An early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study.	An early study termination bias due to use of an inappropriate model or threshold in the analysis used for determination to end the study.
  SEVCO:00374	Early study termination bias due to external factors	An early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis.	An early study termination bias due to a decision to end the study based on factors other than the results of interim analysis.

Expansion based on codesystem Scientific Evidence Code System (SEVCO) -- EXAMPLE VERSION for EBMonFHIR Implementation Guide v1.0.0-ballot (CodeSystem)

This value set contains 224 concepts.